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宁波大学3816细胞生物学考博真题试题2017年

细胞生物学-2011华中科技大学考博真题-参考答案

细胞生物学共五题每题20分 1.为什么说“被动运输是减少细胞与周围环境的差别，主动运输是细胞努力创造差别，维持生命活动。主要是从创造差异对细胞生命活动的意义方面来理解这一说法。主动运输涉及物质输入和输出细胞和细胞器，并且能够逆浓度梯度或电化学梯度。这种运输对于维持细胞和细胞器的正常功能来说起三个重要作用： ①保证了细胞或细胞器从周围环境中或表面摄取必需的营养物质，即使这些营养物质在周围环境中或表面的浓度很低； ②能够将细胞内的各种物质，如分泌物、代谢废物以及一些离子排到细胞外，即使这些物质在细胞外的浓度比细胞内的浓度高得多； ③能够维持一些无机离子在细胞内恒定和最适的浓度，特别是K+、Ca2+和H+的浓度。概括地说，主动运输主要是维持细胞内环境的稳定，以及在各种不同生理条件下细胞内环境的快速调整，这对细胞的生命活动来说是非常重要的。被动运输是只要膜两侧存在浓度梯度差，就会导致物质由高浓度向低浓度方向跨膜转运，不消耗能量。因此，只要细胞与周围环境存在差别，就会通过被动运输减少这种差别。主动运输是由载体蛋白介导的物质逆浓度梯度由低浓度一侧向高浓度一侧进行跨膜转运。由于活细胞内外的离子浓度是明显不同的，这种差异对于细胞的生存和功能是至关重要的。所以是主动运输是努力创造差别,维持生命的活力就不难理解了。 2.美国科学家发现一种新的细胞死亡方式，entoris即有些细胞可以直接进入周围细胞进而死亡，现在在多种细胞中发现这种现象，如卵巢、乳腺、肝癌细胞等。肿瘤的发生，现在有哪些治疗肿瘤的方法，这种方式的发现有什么意义。目前, 治疗肿瘤的主要方法有手术、放疗、化疗和生物治疗四大类，其他有效方法还有内分泌治疗、中医中药治疗、热疗、射频消融治疗和光动力治疗等局部或全身治疗方法, 各种方法各有其适应证及不良反应。对于每位具体的肿瘤患者没有固定的治疗模式可循。惟有全面掌握各种方法的适应证及其优缺点, 分清主次, 取长补短, 正确评估每位患者的疾病状态, 合理安排治疗程序, 多学科紧密合作, 共同努力, 才能达到最大程度提高患者生活质量, 延长生存期的目的。这种新形式有可能成为一种抑制肿瘤的新方法。阻止凋亡和噬菌作用等其他细胞死亡方式并不会中断entosis，这证明了entosis具有独特的作用机制。研究者Overholtzer认为，entosis可能的一个功能是抑制肿瘤。因为当在乳腺癌细胞系中用化学制剂抑制entosis后，细胞群落形成（colony formation，试管中肿瘤生长的指示剂）增长了10倍。因此，这种新的细胞死亡方式，可能为治疗肿瘤提供一种新的方法，利用entosis的抑制功能来对肿瘤的增殖进行控制。

2017年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2017年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解 PART Ⅰ Cloze (20 points) Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. During the mid–1980s, my family and I spent a (1)_____ year in the historic town of St. Andrews, Scotland. Comparing life there with life in America, we were impressed by a (2)_____ disconnection between national wealth and well-being. To most Americans, Scottish life would have seemed (3)_____. Incomes were about half that in the U.S. Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St. Andrews, 44 percent did not own a car, and we never met a family that owned two. Central heating in this place (4)_____ south of Iceland was, at that time, still a luxury. In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half summer stays since, we (5)_____ notice that, (6)_____ their simpler living, the Scots appeared (7)_____ joyful than Americans. We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher, but never about being underpaid or unable to afford wants. Within any country, such as our own, are rich people happier? In poor countries, being relatively well off does make (8)_____ somewhat better well off. But in affluent countries, where nearly everyone can afford life’s necessities, increasing affluence matters (9)_____ little. In the U.S., Canada, and Europe, the correlation between income and happiness is, as University of Michigan researcher noted in a 1980s 16–nation study, “virtually (10)_____”. Happiness is lower (11)_____ the very poor. But

2016年全国医学博士英语统考试题和参考答案

2016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷完整版注：本答案非旭晨考博网出，完整参考答案请及时关注《2017年旭晨医学考博英语一本通第11版》后续更新，将免费提供。 Listening Comprehension (30%) Section A 1. B. At three next Wednesday. 2. B. A piercing pain. 3. A. He is going to get married. 4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more. 5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him. 6. B. It's wise to be prepared. 7. B. He is a trouble-maker. 8. D. $30 9. C. Work out in the gym. 10. B. 232 11. A. Mary isn't his type. 12. A. Play tennis. 13. C. In the hospital. 14. A. She is seriously ill. 15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady. Section B Dialogue 16. A. A duodenal ulcer. 17. B. Try medical means. 18. A. Overweight. 19. C. He is a heavy smoker. 20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks. Passage One 21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity. 22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men. 23. B. In their 60s and 70s. 24. D. Iron. 25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity. Passage Two 26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty. 27. B. He is an investment advisor. 28. D. Fear. 29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing. 30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way. Part II Vocabulary (10%) Section A Directions: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C

武汉大学2017博士英语

武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.

全国医学博士英语统考真题及答案下载版

2016年全国医学博士英语统考答案 Listening Comprehension (30%) Section A 1. B. At three next Wednesday. 2. B. A piercing pain. 3. A. He is going to get married. 4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more. 5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him. 6. B. It's wise to be prepared. 7. B. He is a trouble-maker. 8. D. $30 9. C. Work out in the gym. 10. B. 232 11. A. Mary isn't his type. 12. A. Play tennis. 13. C. In the hospital. 14. A. She is seriously ill. 15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady. Section B Dialogue 16. A. A duodenal ulcer. 17. B. Try medical means. 18. A. Overweight. 19. C. He is a heavy smoker. 20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks. Passage One 21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity. 22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men. 23. B. In their 60s and 70s. 24. D. Iron. 25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity. Passage Two 26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty. 27. B. He is an investment advisor. 28. D. Fear. 29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.

2018年全国医学考博英语试题.doc教学文稿

2018年全国医学考博英语试题.d o c

2018MD 全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知 1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。 2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。 3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。 4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。 5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。国家医学考试中心

PAPER ONE Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） Section A Directions:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example You will hear Woman: I feel faint. Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day. Question: What’s the matter with the woman? You will read: A. She is sick. B. She was bitten by an ant. C. She is hungry. D. She spilled her paint. Here C is the right answer. Sample Answer A B C D Now let’s begin with question Number 1. 1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pints C. About 4 pints D. About 7 pints 2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work. C. Take some sleeping pills. D. Work harder to forget all her troubles. 3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor. B. He won’t complain anything. C. He is in good condition. D. He couldn’t be worse. 4. A. She is kidding. B. She will get a raise. C. The man will get a raise. D. The man will get a promotion. 5. A. Her daughter likes ball games. B. Her daughter is an exciting child. C. She and her daughter are good friends.

中科院生物物理所2011-2016年细胞生物学考博真题

目录 2011生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (2) 2012生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (3) 2013生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (4) 2014生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (5) 2015年生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (6) 2016生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (7)

简答题：8分/题 1.IPS 2.脂筏模型 3.细胞自噬 4.核糖体功能 5.端粒酶功能论述题：20分/题 1.你实验室的现有结果表面A蛋白的量升高将导致B蛋白功能增加，如果你接下来以此作为博士课题，你怎样开展后续工作。 2.囊跑运输的作用于调控？ 3.写出你所知道的肿瘤发生和表观遗传的关系？

简答题 1.细胞器的结构和其功能的联系？ 2.胚胎干细胞的特性及其功能？ 3.蛋白质翻译后修饰的作用？ 4.细胞骨架的主动调节机理？ 5.细胞与细胞间是如何联系的？ 6.为什么核膜在细胞周期中要崩解？论述题 1.细胞衰老机制及你认为该如何研究？ 2.给你一个新基因如何研究它的功能，用到什么技术？ 3.控制细胞大小的重要性以及控制细胞大小的机制？ 4.生化是工具，遗传是基础，细胞是主人，发育是未来。你怎么看这句话？

简答题 1.蛋白质分选的机制？ 2.细胞间连接的类型及功能？ 3.钙稳态及其维持机制？ 4.细胞凋亡的检测方法有哪些？ 5.细胞自噬？论述题:10分/题 1.什么是细胞周期？说明各个时期的复制、转录、翻译的变化。 2.以表观遗传学的角度谈谈你对细胞分化的认识。 3.如何设计实验来研究线粒体膜定位蛋白的功能。 4.谈谈你对细胞核重新编程的认识（2012年诺贝尔生理或医学奖）。

2017年北京清华大学考博英语真题

2017年北京清华大学考博英语真题 1. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to funds from armaments to health and education. A. derive B. deprive C. dispatch D. divert 2. To fund the event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD). A. beneficent B. expensive C. costly D. luxurious 3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone. A. outdone B. outweighed C. outrun D. outrivaled 4. With the economy of the country going strong, the mood is optimism. A. presiding B. circulating C. floating D. prevailing 5. The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking their in the jungle after dark. A. victim B. favorite C. prey D. sacrifice 6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to its 90,000-person workforce into independent micro teams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions. A. break out 、 B. break off C. break from D. break down 7. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and by its decisions. A. stand B. observe C. abide D. precede 8. Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very . A. obscure B. indefinite C. dubious D. intriguing 9. Please don’t too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right.

全国医学考博英语试题.doc

2017年上海交通大学考博英语试题回忆

2017年上海交通大学博士入学测试英语试题回忆阅读理解Passage One Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II. In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level. In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The construction of apartments in the United States. (B) Causes and effects of rent control (C) The fluctuations of rental prices (D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States. 2. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California? (A) rapid population growth (B) inflation (C) economic conditions during wartime (D) record-high housing prices 3. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to (A) protect tenants

2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】

2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解试卷一（Paper One） Part I Listening Comprehension (30%) Section A Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example. You will hear: Woman: I feel faint. Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day. Question: What’s the matter with the woman? You will read: A. She is sick. B. She was bitten by an ant. C. She is hungry. D. She spilled her paint.

2018年10月自考英语二真题及答案

2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语(二) 试卷 (课程代码00015) 本试卷共8页。满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。考生答题注意事项： 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一、二部分在“选择题答题区”作答。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡的相应代码涂黑。 3.第三一七部分在“非选择题答题区”作答。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。第一部分：阅读判断(第l～l0题，每题l分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该旬提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。

第二部分：阅渎选择(第11～15题，每题2分，共l0分) 阅渎下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。

第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子(第16～25题，每题l分，共10分) 阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的2项测试任务：(1)从第l6～20题后所给的6个选项中为第1～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)从第21～25题后所给的6个选项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。

第四部分：填句补文(第26～30题，每题2分，共10分) 下面的短文有5处空自，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌，请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。

对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题解析

对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题解析Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Thinner isn’t always better.A number of studies have__1___that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually___2___.For example,heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___of good health. Of even greater___5___is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.It is often defined___6___body mass index, or BMI.BMI___7__body mass divided by the square of height.An adult with a BMI of18to25is often considered to be normal weight.Between 25and30is overweight.And over30is considered obese.Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,and very severely obese. （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) While such numerical standards seem9,they are not.Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat.Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,10others with a low BMI may be in poor11.For example,many collegiate and professional football players12as obese,though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely,someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a