英美文化11 British Economy and Welfare

British Economy and Welfare

I.British Economy

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/943780890.html,ernment revenues are derived from several main sources, including income taxes(所得税),

corporate taxes(公司税), taxes on the sale of goods and services(营业税), and national

insurance contributions（国民保险分摊）. After World War II the government adopted

individual income tax rates that were among the highest in Europe. During the last two decades of the 20th century, individual income tax rates dropped, and corporate tax rates increased

slightly. A value-added tax(商品增值税), which levies a 17.5 percent tax on purchases,

generates nearly one-third of government revenues.

2.Service industries (服务行业)now provide about two-thirds of the GDP and three-fourths of

total employment.Although some services—for example, public transportation(公共交通), laundries(洗衣房), and movie theatres—have declined in favour of privately owned

goods—such as automobiles(汽车), washing machines, and television sets—this has stimulated increased demand for the related services that distribute(分销), maintain(养护，保养), and repair such products. Other growing service industries include hotels and catering(饮食服务;酒席承办,餐飲), air travel(空中旅行) and other leisure-related activities, distribution (particularly retailing,零售业), and finance(金融). Especially rapid growth has occurred in other business-support services, including computing systems(计算(机)系统) and software, management consultancy(管理顾问，咨询), advertising, and market research（市场调查，调研）, as well as the provision of exhibition（展覽筹办）and conference facilities（会议设施）.

Britain is also the base for some of the world's leading art auction houses（拍卖行）.

3.The United Kingdom's many cultural treasures—e.g., its historic castles, museums, and

theatres—make it a popular tourist destination. The tourism industry is a leading sector in the British economy, and each year more than 25 million tourists visit the country. London is among the world's most-visited cities.

II.The Welfare System

1.System of national insurance: Everybody who is working is obliged to contribute a fixed

amount each week to the national insurance fund which is supplemented by general taxation.

This fund is used for paying out benefits to people who are unemployed, or unable to earn

because of old age or sickness.

2.DSS(Department of Social Security社会保障部),and DH(Department of Health)卫生部

(formerly DHSS, Department of Health and Social Services卫生和社会保障部) are i n charge of the services. 社会保险部

3.Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health

Service. (国民保健制度,It was established by National Health Service Act of 1946 and

subsequent legislation.)

4.Supplementary benefits are provided for people whose incomes are too low for them to be able

to live at a minimum standard.

5.The Retirement Pension is also popularly called “old-age pension.” It may be received by any

man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work, and by any woman from the age of 60. A man may continue to work full time after he is 65, and in that case he gets no pension at first, but when he is over seventy he gets a

bigger pension whether he works or not. (If he has some small earnings from part-time work, his pension is reduced, but the reduction is less than the amount of his earnings.)

6.If a person becomes unemployed or unable to work because of sickness, he receives payments

from the insurance fund at the same rate as the retirement pensioners. One is entitled to

unemployment benefit for a period of between 5 and 19 months, when he has paid 156 weekly contributions he may receive sickness benefit for as long his sickness lasts. (If one becomes unable to work as a result of accidental injury at work, or of sickness caused by the conditions of his work, he is entitled to a special type of benefit at a higher degree.)

7.Some will get additional sums such as Disability Living Allowance（残疾人生活津贴）。

8.Many services are available for children, apart from the provision of education.

9.Family allowances (家庭津贴)are paid directly out of public money contributed by taxpayers,

and have nothing to do with the national insurance scheme (though naturally people regard them as part of the ordinary working of the welfare state). Nothing is paid for the first child of a family, but an allowance is made for all children after the first. (计划多生育政策，The payments, which are made at post offices, continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income tax. )

10.There are Supplementary Benefits (额外津贴)before and Income Support now(收入保障津贴)

for the poor people who can prove they have not enough to live on (they must apply for them). 11.The National Health Service (国民保健制度, started by the Labor government in 1948, Acts

were passed in 1946 for England and Wales, and Acts for Scotland were passed in

1947. )provides medical treatment both in hospital and outside.

12.Each person is free to choose a general practitioner(全科医师,专治小病或慢性病)in the area

where he lives. It is possible to arrange to be transferred to another doctor’s list, and a person away from home may go to any doctor. Every practitioner receives a fixed “capitation’ payment （人头费）from the health service funds of about one pound per year for each patient on his list.

He may take private patients and earn fees privately for providing medical services. The average doctor has a little over 2,000 people on his list; the maximum is around 3,500. Out of his

earnings he must usually provide a waiting room and consulting room for his patients, a car and

a secretary. (To ensure that patients can find him.)

13.A patient who needs specialist or hospital treatment is to be sent by his practitioner to a hospital

where all treatment is entirely free.

14.In 1974, England was divided into 14 regions, each with a University medical school and 72

areas.

15.Doctors in hospitals are in several grades, from the “housemen” or “residents”住院医生at the

bottom to the consultants (高级顾问医生, 会诊医生)at the top. The housemen (实习医生？) are newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience

under supervision. The consultants may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their time.

# Note: Expenditure on the treatment of sickness is much less per head of population, even as a percentage of national income, than in the United States. But real expenditure on welfare services in general is not remarkably high in comparison with other European countries.

III.Transportation and communication

1.The growth of automobile ownership (by the turn of the 21st century, nearly two-thirds of all

households had one automobile, and some had two or more), the decline in the use of local buses, and the transfer of much internal freight from rail to road increased the importance of

maintaining and developing road networks, particularly motorways (superhighways,高速公路) and trunk roads(干道). Intercity rail services （铁路直达客运，城际铁路）have been improved, as have commuter services（通勤）in major metropolitan areas. Similarly, air traffic （空中交通）has grown, particularly international flights（国际航班）. Although there has been

a downward trend in shipping and sea travel,most foreign trade still moves by sea.

However, the opening of the Channel Tunnel（海峡隧道a railway tunnel under the English Channel, linking the coasts of England and France, 49 km ，31 miles，long）rail link between England and France in 1994 had a big impact on cross-Channel passenger and freight patterns.

At peak periods the tunnel accommodates up to four passenger and four freight shuttletrains （往返火车）per hour in each direction.

2.During the 1980s British Telecom (BT,英国电信) was privatized, and the government

subsequently deregulated （撤销限制）the country's telecommunications sector. Although BT has continued to be the largest telecommunications company, several additional operators（经营者）provide extensive service for cable, wireless, fibre-optic（有钱，无钱与光导纤维）, and other telecommunications services. An independent regulatory agency（管理机构）, the Office of Telecommunications (OFTEL，电信部), oversees the sector(领域).

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/943780890.html,plementary material:

1.The U.K. budget is submitted to Parliament by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, （财政大臣,

负责国家每年的财政预算）who is responsible for its preparation. The emphasis of the

chancellor's budget speech is on taxation and the state of the economy, rather than on the detail of expenditures; public discussion is devoted mainly to the chancellor's tax proposals. The estimates of expenditures are sent to Parliament with less fanfare and are reviewed by the

departmental select committees on estimates of the House of Commons.

2.The Basic State Retirement Pension for a single person is ￡95.25 a week for a single person and

￡152.30 for a couple in 2009/10. Whether you get this can depend on how many national

insurance contribution years you have completed.

3.There are residential homes for old people, but some of these are in the building of old

nineteenth century “work-houses.”教养院, 贫民习艺所Much their organization and

physical conditions may have been improved, but they are still rather unattractive.

4.National Health Service: in Great Britain, a comprehensive public-health service under

government administration, established by the National Health Service Act of 1946 and

subsequent legislation. Virtually the entire population is covered, and health services are free except for certain minor charges.

The services provided are administered in three separate groups: general practitioner and dental services, hospital and specialist services, and local health authority services. General practitioners or family physicians give primary medical care to a group of persons who register with them. These doctors and dentists operate their own practices but are paid by the

government on a per capita basis (i.e., according to the number of people registered with them).

Their services are organized locally by an executive council. Physicians are free to contract in or out of the service and may have private patients while within the scheme. Hospital and specialist services are provided by professionals on government salaries working in government-owned hospitals and other facilities that are under the direction of regional authorities called hospital boards. Local health authority services provide maternity and child welfare, posthospital care,

home nursing, immunization, ambulance service, and various other preventive and educational services. They may also operate family-planning clinics, as well as day nurseries for children.

The National Health Service is financed primarily by general taxes, with smaller contributions coming from local taxes, payroll contributions, and patient fees. The service has managed to provide generally high levels of health care while keeping costs relatively low, but the system has come under increasing financial strain because the growth of medical technology has tended to make hospital stays progressively more expensive.

Bibliography

"National Health Service (NHS) ." Encyclop?dia Britannica. Encyclop?dia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclop?dia Britannica, 2009.

"United Kingdom." Encyclop?dia Britannica. Encyclop?dia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclop?dia Britannica, 2009.

朱永涛.英美文化基础教程.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991.

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