国际贸易实务英语(刘法公)F新版5-6

Unit Five

Packing and Marking

Packing is one of the important ways to realize the value of commodities. It protects and prettifies commodities and forms an important process in the storage, transportation, and sales of commodities. In international trade, packing is also decisive in identifying commodities. Hence, packing is one of the key terms in business communication and negotiation.

5. 1

Cargoes that Need Packing

Cargoes fall into three groups:

(1) Bulk cargoes or cargoes in bulk: like wheat, mineral ore, coal, etc.

(2) Nude cargoes: like planks, vehicles, bronze or steel plates or blocks.

(3) Packed cargoes: all the other cargoes.

T he first two groups of cargoes do not need packing while the third group does.

5. 2

Packing for Transportation

Packing can be either for transportation or for sales. Packing for transportation is also called big packing or outer packing while packing for sales is also called small packing or inner packing. To stand long transportation of the ocean and rough handling of cargoes, and for other purposes, the outer packing of the cargoes should meet the following requirements: be solid and durable, adaptable to the changing climates at the loading and unloading ports and transit areas; be uniform so as to convenience storage, stowing, calculation, cargo inspection and identification; have the least weight, volume, and cost increase. As packing materials, wood must be disinfected and many countries forbid straw to be used for the packing of imported goods.

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5. 2. 1

Packing Variety

Exported commodities are variegated and quite different from one another in nature, so is their outer packing. Outer packing can be unit outer packing and assemblage outer packing. Containers for unit outer packing are usually: 1) cases, which include wooden cases, carton, plastic cases; 2) drums or casks, which include wooden casks, iron drums, barrels, hogsheads, plastic casks; 3) bags, which include paper bags, gunny sacks, plastic bags; 4) crates and baskets; 5) bundles, bales, carboys, bomb, etc..

To convenience transportation, unit goods are assembled or consolidated into large containers. This we call assemblage outer packing. Containers for this purpose include flexible containers, pallet, and containers. Flexible containers are bags made of fiber able to hold powdery commodities, like cement, flint, powder rubber, etc.; pallets are a kind of portable platforms intended for handling, storing, or moving materials and packages; large containers are one of the most important inventions of the 20th century in transportation.

Containers are of different sizes, but now the universally-used containers in international trade are 8? ?8? ?20?(8ft.?8ft.?20ft.) and 8? ?8??40?, with the former being taken as the standard container unit, called TEU(Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit). It has a dead weight of 18 metric tons and a capacity of 31-35 cubic meters.

?Activities for Comprehension:

1) Why should commodities be packed and what are the requirements

of packing for transportation?

2) What container is suitable for outer packing of a bicycle?

3) How many washing machines can a TEU hold if the size of a unit outer

packing of the washing machine is 1m.? 0.4 m.? 0.5m.?

Exercises

1. Translate the following into Chinese:

nude cargo ______ unit outer packing ________

bulk cargo ______ assemblage outer packing ________

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packed cargo ______ packing for transportation ________

carboy ______ flexible container ________

case ______ gunny bag ________

crate ______ bundle ________

pallet ______ bale ________

transit areas ______ drum ________

cask ______ bomb ________

2.Rewrite this sentence into three short sentences:

The outer packing of the cargoes should be solid and durable, adaptable to the changing climates at the loading and unloading ports and transit areas; be uniform so as to convenience storage, stowing, calculation, cargo inspection and identification and have the least weight, volume, and cost increase.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/938056574.html,modities are given in the left column, and packing means in the right

column. Please match each commodity with the right means of packing:

( ) cotton A. bale

( ) fertilizer B. carton

( ) daily consumer products C. bomb

( ) acid fluid D. crate

( ) wool E. barrel

( ) petrol F. plastic bag

( ) vegetable G. chest

( ) tea H. carboy

4.Put the following into English:

玻璃器皿__________ 液体物品__________

鲜活商品__________ 空气流通__________

包装物料__________ 体积过大__________

分量过重__________ 明文规定__________

5. 3

Packing for Sales.

Packing for sales, or inner packing, or small packing, will not only protect, but also prettify commodities. It provides some necessary information about the quality, function, origin, usage and some other things about the commodities. Inner packing plays a very important part in sales promotion. Various forms of inner packing have been developed to meet the demands of consumers and marketing competitions, including suspensible packing, transparent packing, portable packing, window packing, gift packing, etc.

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Inner packing should be artistically attractive. With the development of consuming taste and science and technology, inner packing becomes something like a kind of art. Good inner packing may impress consumers with creative designs and suitable colors. Of course, it should also help to make itself easy for people to carry and use the commodities.

Inner packing should also meet the different tastes and requirements of people in different countries. People of different social systems, religions, and social customs are quite different in their favorable designs and colors. Some even have their own taboos, e.g.: among the symbols for inner packing, Islamic people do not like to see pigs and pandas; Italians do not like to see chrysanthemum; British and southeast Asian people do not like to see elephants; French people do not like to see peaches; while Japanese people favor tortoises and ducks but dislike lotus. Also among colors for inner packing, Brazilians dislike to see purple, yellow, dark brown; Venezuelans favor yellow but dislike red, green, tawny, black, and white; French people do not like green and Germans do not like to see red, black, dark brown, and deep blue.

Activities for Comprehension:

1) What commodities require suspensible packing? Give two examples.

2) Please identify Chinese favorite symbols and colors and their taboos, and

if possible, tell why.

3) Do you buy a shirt according to its packing or according to its price

or

according to its quality or what else? Why?

Exercises

1.Find in the text the English equivalents to the following terms:

消费品味__________ 礼品式包装__________

美化商品__________ 便携式包装__________

民族习俗__________ 透明式包装__________

创意设计__________ 悬挂式包装__________

2.Translate the following sentences into English:

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1) 包装材料的选用和装潢设计要考虑到商品的质量和身价。

2) 高档商品配上高档的包装，以显其优质与名贵。

3）使中低档商品穿上高档包装会过量提高商品的成本，影响产品的销路。

4）一味讲究节约，使高档商品穿上低档包装，也会影响商品的销售。

3)Rewrite the following paragraph into 3 sentences, each beginning with

“Good inner packing”:

Inner packing should be artistically attractive. With the development of consuming taste and science and technology, inner packing becomes something like a kind of art. Good inner packing may impress consumers with creative designs and suitable colors. Of course, it should also help to make itself easy for people to carry and use the commodities.

5. 4

Marking

Marking means to have some designs, letters, words, or numbers stenciled on the transportation packing of cargoes. It is used for identification, for understanding the place of origin, for simplifying the examination of documents, for keeping the secret of business, and for the protection of cargoes. Marks can be of various kinds.

5. 4. 1

Shipping Marks

Shipping marks are not only stenciled on the transportation packing of cargoes but also appear on the invoices, insurance documents, bills of lading and some other documents. Previously it consisted of a particular geometric figure, abbreviations or initials of a consignee, the unloading port, and the package number. Now to promote the application of electronic data interchange, relative United Nations organizations and some major trading nations have developed new standard shipping marks, which have been adopted in China.

The new shipping marks consist of the following four parts.

5. 4. 1. 1

Abbreviations of Consignees or Buyers

No full name is to be used here. But in railway or highway transportation, full names are required.

5. 4. 1. 2

Reference No.

It is one of the Numbers of the shipping documents and should not be too long.

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5. 4. 1. 3

The Name of the Unloading Port

It should be clear and complete. In case the name refers to more than one place, it should be followed by the name of its country. If the cargo needs transshipment, the place names of the transshipment should be given as,

e.g.: Berlin via Singapore Brussels via Tokyo

But if the transshipment is done by multi-modal transportation, it is unnecessary to list the transshipment port.

For cargoes which are to be carried to a free port or a free trade zone, the name of the destination should be preceded with “free”. Optional ports should be preceded with “option”, e.g: Option Hamburg, Rotterdam

For goods to be transported by OCP (0ver-land common point), both unloading ports and the destinations of the OCP should be listed.

e.g.: Seattle OCP Boston

5. 4. 1. 4

Package No.

Exporters should list in the shipping mark the total number of the whole lot of cargoes and number the individual packages consecutively so as to convenience the verification of each individual consignment of the whole patch.

e.g.: No.1-100 No.2-100 No.40/100 No. 50/100

Here is a shipping mark:

ARATRO

SC 9870678

LC 9856342

TRIPOLI

(LIBYA)

N0.38/80

Generally shipping marks are made by exporters. The parties need not discuss this matter while negotiating the contract. But the shipping mark must appear in shipping documents. Should the shipping mark be made by the importer, the seller should get it sometime before the shipping documents are made, and also, the marks must be identical with that designated by the buyer, especially under the payment of L/C.

5. 4. 2

Indicative Marks and Warning Marks

Indicative marks are to remind the porters and the container-openers that improper handling might cause damage to the goods. They consist of figures and written languages. For exported commodities, English is used.

China and many other countries in the world demand warning marks on 56

dangerous cargoes like explosives, corrosives, radioactives, oxidizers, and combustibles or inflammables. The warning marks are to remind the handlers to take necessary safety measures.

5. 4. 3

Dimension Mark, Weight Mark, and Mark of the Place of Origin Sometimes according to the stipulations of the relevant regulations or laws of the importing country, or upon the request of the importer, it is the practice of the sellers to supply the dimensions of the package which may be used in customary entry or in assessing the freight. Moreover, it is preferable for the gross and the net weight to be likewise shown. And also, in many cases and in many countries, the place of origin needs to be printed on the outer package.

e.g.: GROSS WEIGHT 500 kg

NET WEIGHT 450 kg

MEASUREMENT 1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0m

MADE IN P.R. CHINA

Activities for Comprehension:

1) What is the use of marking?

2) Why are indicative marks necessary?

3) Judge whether the following statements are true or false:

a. Shipping marks are only stenciled on the outer packing of the goods.

b. Full name of the consignee should be given in the shipping mark.

c. Under any case, the transhipment port should be in the shipping mark.

d. If a patch of goods is to be carried to “FREE SHANGHAI”, it means

the goods would be carried to the free trade zone of Shanghai.

e. In “Seattle OCP Boston”, Boston is the unloading port.

f. If a package No. reads No.40/50, it means the package is the 40th of

the whole lot which has 50 packages altogether.

g. Usually it is the buyers who make the shipping marks.

h. Indicative marks are to to remind handlers to take necessary safety

measures.

5. 4. 4

Universal Product Code

Universal Product Code,shortened as UPC, and also called linear code,

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refers to the electronic identification code attached on the commodities. This is necessary on the commodities sold on international markets as without UPC, commodities can not be sold in super markets.

5. 5

Neutral Packing and Brand Supplied by the Customers

Neutral packing is the one that makes no mention of the country of origin. This is sometimes needed because the exporters want to break down the high tariff duties or to avoid the problems caused by the import quota imposed by the importing countries on their exports, or for some other marketing reasons. Sometimes the importer may ask the exporter to use a specified brand, under such cases the contract should stipulate that the brand or trade mark is to be supplied by the exporter and the exporter should answer for all the disputes arising hereof. Also some importers ask the exporters to provide some daily commodities without brand or trade mark in order to save cost. Such goods might either show or do not show the place of their origins. They might also possess or do not possess a brand or trade mark.

Exercises

1. Give the Chinese equivalents to the following terms:

stencil__________ identification_____________

initials__________ indicative marks__________

consignee________ insurance document_______

invoice__________ geometric figure__________

transhipment______ verification______________

abbreviation______ OCP___________________

UPC____________ dimension_______________

specified brand_____ corrosive________________

radioactive________ combustibles_____________

2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

1)Packing must be suitable for ocean shipment and sufficiently strong to withstand

rough handling.

2)Bales must be press-packed and hooped, with adequate inside waterproof

protection and the outer wrapping must comprise good quality canvas.

3)Cases or other outside containers must be externally of the smallest cubic 58

dimension consistent with adequate protection of the goods.

4)Packages must bear full marks and shipping numbers stencilled in good quality

stencil ink in large plain characters on two sides and one end of each package. 5)All bales must be marked “use no hooks”.

3. Substitute each underlined word with one you are familiar with:

Sometimes the importer may ask the exporter to use a specified brand, under such cases the contract should stipulate that the brand or trade mark is to be supplied by the exporter and the exporter should answer for all the disputes arising hereof. Also some importers ask the exporters to provide some daily commodities without brand or trade mark in order to save cost. Such goods might either show or do not show the place of their origins. They might also possess or do not possess a brand or trade mark.

Language Features For Unit Five

This unit is full of long sentences with unique structures and different vocabulary. The text is written in a descriptive style. Sentences, verbal structures, and compound noun phrases, may gather together in a paragraph. It might be said that this unit is well-written as if the language on the topic of packing should also be as beautiful as a package. Detailed language features can be analyzed in this way:

1. Many V + -ing forms are used either as independent nouns or attributes. This kind of V + -ing forms indicates the process of an action. They are called gerunds in traditional grammar of English. In speaking and writing, we can learn to use as many gerunds as we like to express any process of a verb. Some of the gerunds in this unit are cited here: (1) packing (2) warning marks (3) handling (4) stowing (5) loading ports (6) shipping document

The differences between gerunds and present participles lie in that gerunds can stand as independent nouns, but present participles can…t; gerunds can have their objects, but present participles can?t; when used as attributive, gerunds indicate functions of the nouns they modify, but present participles indicate actions of the nouns they modify. Let…s compare the expressions:

(1) gerunds:

A. shipping marks --- marks for shipping

B. frying pan --- pan for frying

(2) present participles:

A. boiling water --- water that is boiling

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B. participating nations --- nations that participate

2. A lot of terms for different containers gather in this unit, offering us a wide choice of them for various materials. Some terms do not mean superficially, deserving our special notice. For example:

(1) flexible container: does not mean 活动集装箱, but means 软包装

(2) carboy: does not mean 开车男子, but means 坛子

(3) bomb: does not mean 炸弹, but means 铁罐

(4) drum: does not mean 鼓, but means 圆肚桶

3. Language rules and samples for marking are provided for us to follow. Each marking step has special language requirements. We should learn to understand and use the language pattern for marking. Marks are used not only for marking, but also for communication. Abbreviations of consignees or buyers are not given casually. They are the short forms agreed upon by both sides internationally. For example:

WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization - 世界知识产权组织

WPO: World Packaging Organization - 世界包装组织

WTO: World Trade Organization–世界贸易组织

UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization–联合国教科文组织

ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations–东南亚国家联盟

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Unit Six

Price of Goods

The price of the goods is certainly among the chief terms discussed in business negotiation. Here in this unit we will focus on the various links and liabilities in international business transaction, the price terms, commission and discount, and the price clause in contracts.

6. 1

The links and liabilities

The various links and liabilities that might add to the cost and hence to the price of goods. They are listed consecutively in the following:

1) production or manufacture or purchase of the goods

2) storage, freight from the production site, purchase site or storage site to

the seaport, or in land delivery, the delivery spot at the frontier

3) export customs clearance, export commodity inspection, export license

and formalities

4) loading lighter

5) insurance

6) marine transportation or main carriage

7) unloading lighter

8) import licence, import customs clearance, import commodity inspection

9) land transportation from the seaport to the delivery spot

6. 2

Price Terms

Price terms are to divide the liabilities and costs between the sellers and

the buyers. There are altogether 13 terms and the terms are put into four groups. Before we come to the price terms we should mark that some of the

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price terms are applicable only to marine transportation while other terms are applicable to all modes of transportations.

6. 2. 1

Ex Works Terms

Ex works means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has made the goods available at his premises (i.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.) to the buyer. In particular, he is not responsible for loading the goods on the vehicle provided by the buyer or for clearing the goods for export. The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the seller…s premises to the desired destination. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller. This term should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out directly or indirectly the export formalities. This term may be written in this way:

US$ 100 per dozen ex works Ningbo

This is also called the departure term. Under this term, the seller only covers the cost and liabilities of the manufacture or purchase of the goods while the buyer answers for all the other costs and liabilities. So in the quotations of price by the seller, this should be the lowest as under this term, the seller has the least liabilities and risks. This term is not only applicable to marine transportation of the goods, but also to all the other modes of transportations, including multi-modal transport (MT).

Activities for Comprehension:

1) What links will be included in the price of the exporting goods?

2) How to understand the seller…s liabilities by Ex works terms?

3) Can you tell the reasons why exported goods are more expensive?

6. 2. 2

F Terms

F terms refer to FAS, FCA, FOB. They are different terms under which sellers or buyers fulfil their obligations in the delivery of goods. FAS is the short form of “Free Alongside Ship”, and FCA is the short form of “Free Carrier” while FOB is the sho rt form of “Free On Board”. They usually appear in a contract in the following way:

UK ￡ 556 per M/T FAS Ningbo

Can $ 60 per set FCA Shanghai

RMB ￥ 130 per hogshead FOB Ningbo

6. 2. 2. 1

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FAS --- Free Alongside Ship

Free Alongside Ship means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay or in lighters at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the loss or damage to their goods from that moment.

The FAS term requires the buyer to clear the goods for export. It should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out directly or indirectly the export formalities. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport.

Under this term, the seller answers for the cost and liabilities arising from the first 2 lists given in 6.1, that is, to be responsible for the production or purchase of the goods and the carriage of the goods to the loading port or, in land delivery, to the delivery palce at the frontier.

Certainly, under EXW and FAS, the seller should also render assistance to the buyer upon request for clearance of customs, cargo inspection, export formalities and insurance, etc..

Under FAS, the seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for placing the goods at the disposal of the buyer. The seller must provide at his own expense packaging that is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to the transport (modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before the sale contract is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.

6. 2. 2. 2

FCA Free Carrier

Free Carrier means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take the goods into his charge. When, according to the commercial practice, the seller…s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrier (such as in rail or airtransport) the seller may ac t at the buyer?s risk and expense.

This term may be used for any mode of transport, including multimodal transport.

Carrier means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of carriage by rail, road, sea, air, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. If the buyer instructs the seller to deliver the cargo to a person, e.g. a freight forwarder who is not a Carrier, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are in the custody of that person.

Transport Terminal means a railway terminal, a freight station, a container

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terminal or yard, a multi-purpose cargo terminal or any similar receiving point. Containers include any equipment used to unitize cargo, e.g. all types of containers and/or flats, whether ISO accepted or not, trailers, swap bodies, ro-ro equipment, igloos, and apply to all modes of transport.

Under this term, the seller is to answer for the liabilities and charges in the first four lists given in 6.1., including the purchase or manufacture of the goods, the freight from the production site to the site of delivery, export customs clearance and export commodity inspection. All the other charges and liabillities are to be born by the buyers.

6. 2. 2. 3

FOB Free on Board

Free on Board means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship…s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss or damage to the goods from that point.

The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport. When the ship…s rail serves no practical purpose, such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the FCA term is more appropriate.

Under this term, the seller has roughly the same liabilities as in the sales under FCA. The difference between FCA and FOB is that FOB is applicable only to marine transportation while FCA can be applied to all modes of transportations. The Particular Points about the Sales under FOB:

1) According to INCOTERMS 1990 (International Chamber of Commerce

T erms), the seller fulfils his obligations to deliver when the goods have passed o ver the ship…s rail at the named port of shipment, but it is often the practice that the seller sees the goods are delivered on board. Under such cases, the ship?s rail can be taken as the point where the seller and buyer divide their risks.

2) Under FOB, it is the buyer who arranges the ship for the shipment of the

g oods. So the parties must try to ensure that the goods and the boat arrive at the

s ame loading port at the same time. The loss caused by the untimely arrival or delay of the ship should be compensated by the buyer while the loss arising from the untimely arrival or delay of the goods will be covered by the seller.

U nder FOB, the seller sometimes also makes the charter party. But it is on t he buyer…s behalf and the cost as well as the risk should covered and borne by the buyer.

3) As the loading charges are concerned, it is usually covered by the

buyer as the freight charged by the liners includes the loading, trimming, stowing, and the unloading charges. But under voyage charter party, the parties need to clarify in their contract who should cover the loading, 64

trimming, or stowing charges. This is reflected in the variations of FOB:

FOB liner terms: the loading as well as trimming or stowing charges will be covered by the buyer.

FOB under tackle: the seller fulfils his delivery when it has placed the goods under the tackle.

FOB stowed: the seller will bear the cost of stowing as well as loading.

FOB trimmed: the seller will bear the cost of trimming as well as loading.

4) In trading with American businessmen, attentions should be given to

d ifferent interpretations of FOB. They often us

e “FOB vessel”, which has

d ifferent implications. Under this term, th

e seller is not obliged to

implement customs clearance, and the risk dividing point is not the sh ip…s

rail but the board of the ship.

Activities for Comprehension:

1) Judge whether the following statements are true or false:

a.FAS, FCA, FOB are different in the delivery points where one party

fulfils his obligation in the delivery of goods.

b.FOB is applicable only to marine transportation while FCA can be

applied to all modes of transportations.

c.Under FOB, it is the seller who makes the charter party.

d. A ship…s rail is the point where the seller and buyer divide their risks.

2) What are the advantages of FCA?

3) Please list the buyer…s responsibilities under FOB.

Exercises

1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following:

出口商品检验__________ 责任__________

FOB班轮条件__________ 清关__________

FOB吊钩下交货__________ 平舱__________

多式联运__________ 船舷__________

内陆水运__________ 理舱__________

2. Translate the following passages into Chinese:

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I n the case of rail transport when the goods constitute a wagon load, the seller

has to load the wagon or container in the appropriate manner. Delivery is completed when the loaded wagon or container is taken over by the railway or by another person acting on its behalf.

W hen the goods do not constitute a wagon or container load, delivery is

c omplete

d when th

e seller has handed over the goods at the railway receiving

point or loaded them into a vehicle provided by the railway.

3. Find out one mistake from A, B, C, D in each line of the following:

In some situations, it may not be possible at the time when the sale contract

A B C D

is entered into to decide precisely on the exact point or even the place where the

A B C D

goods should be delivered by the seller for carriage or in the final destination.

A B C D

For instance, references might have been made at this stage merely at a large

A B C D

place, e.g. seaport, and it is then usually stipulated that the buyer can have right

A B C D

or duties to name later on the more precisely point within the range or the

A B C D

place. If the buyer has a duty to name the precise point as aforesaid his failures

A B C D

to do so may result in liability to bear the risks and additional costs resulting by

A B C D

such failure.

6. 2. 3

C Terms

C Terms refer to CFR, CIF, CPT, and CIP. Under the C terms, the seller will cover the cost arising from the main carriage.

6. 2. 3. 1

CFR Cost and Freight

Cost and Freight means that the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship…s rail in the port of shipment. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.

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This term can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport. When the ship…s rail serves no practical purpose, CPT term is more appropriate to use. Under this term, the buyer will effect the insurance. The seller covers the cost of carriage but does not bear the risks arising from the carriage of the goods.

Some additional points about CFR:

1) Under this term, the seller arranges the charter party or rent the ship space.

A ccording to Incoterms 1990, he is obliged to contract on usaul terms at his

own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named port of destination by the usual route in a seagoing vessel (or, in inland waterway transport, an inland waterway vessel as appropriate) of the type normally used for the transport of the goods of the contract description. The buyer is not entitled to demand the seller to use a special boat, though such requirements can be met if the seller would grant his wish.

2) The discharge charges: like the business under FOB, if the cargoes are

c arrie

d by a liner, th

e discharge charges will be included in the freight and be

c overe

d by th

e seller. For voyage charter carriage, the parties should negotiate

to determine who should bear the unloading charges. This will result in the v ariations of CFR.

3) The terms under which the seller will bear the unloading charges:

CFR liner terms

CFR ex tackle

CFR landed

4) The term under which the unloading charges will be born by the buyer:

CFR ex ship…s hold

5) The seller under CFR must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods

h ave been delivered on board the vessel as well as any other notice required in

o rder to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to receive the goods.

6) Incoterms states that under CFR, the seller should provide the buyer, upon

r equest, with the necessary information for procuring insurance. This means that the seller is not obliged to notify the buyer of the shipment for the insurance of the goods. But some countries stipulate that the seller should notify the buyer of the shipment for the buyer to effect insurance, or the seller will bear the risks. Thus, to avoid disputes, the seller should give timely notice to the buyer to effect insurance.

6. 2. 3. 2

CIF Cost, Insurance, and Freight

CIF means that the seller has the same obligations as under CFR but with the addition that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer…s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and

67

pays the insurance premium.

The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is only required to obtain insurance on minimum coverage. The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport. When the ship…s rail serves no practical purposes such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the CIF term is more appropriate to use.

Some additional points about CIF:

1) Symbolic delivery

Under CIF, the seller is obliged to effect insurance, but he does not bear the risk of loss or damage to the goods during transit. Once he has delivered the goods and acquired the necessary documents, he is entitled to the payments of the goods even if the cargoes are lost. This is called symbolic delivery or documentary transaction. And if the goods are lost during transit, the buyer, instead of the seller, is to ask the insurance company to cover the losses, and usaually the seller will render the necessary support.

2) Insurance cover

The insurance should be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and, failing express agreement between the seller and the buyer to the contrary, and be in accordance with the minimum cover of Institute Cargo Clauses (Institute of London Underwriters). When required by the buyer, the seller shall provide, at the buyer…s expense, war, strikes, riots, and civil commotion risk insurances if procurable. The minimum insurance shall cover the price provided in the contract plus ten percent and shall be provided in the currency of the contract.

In practice, when two trading partners have reached an agreement under CIF, they usually stipulate in their contract what risks to cover and how much the insured amount is, so as to clarify the liabilities of the parties.

3) CIF varied

Like CFR, CIF has its variations when the goods are not to be carried by liners. Its variations have the same implications as FCA varied.

6. 2. 3. 3

CPT Carriage Paid to ( ... named place of destination )

Carriage Paid To ... means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occuring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.

Carrier means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of carriage, by rail, road, sea, air, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the 68

first carrier. The CPT term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.

This term may be used for any mode of transport including multimodal transport. Under this term, the seller has the same liabilities as under CIF, but this term is not only applicable to sea transportation, it is also applicable to other modes of transportation.

Activities for Comprehension:

1) Under CFR, who will effect the insurance and who will cover the cost of

carriage?

2)What does CPT mean?

3)Who is to clear the goods for export under CPT?

4) Under CIF, if the goods are lost during transit, who is to ask the insurance

company to cover the losses?

Exercises

1. Find in the context the English equivalents to the following terms:

卸货费________________

CFR吊钩交货________________

单据买卖________________

CFR班轮条件________________

投保________________

CFR舱底交货________________

班轮________________

象征性交货 ________________

2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

(1)The insurance should be contracted with an underwriter or an insurance

company of good repute.

(2)A negotiable bill of lading must cover the contract goods, be dated within

the period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from

the carrier at destination.

(3)It happens in commodity trades that goods are bought while they are

carried at sea and that, in such cases, the word “afloat” is added after the

69

trade term.

(4)Under the CFR- and CIF-terms, the risk for loss of or damage to the goods

would have passed from the seller to the buyer.

(5)The contract of carriage would determine the obligations of the shipper or

the sender with respect to handing over the goods for carriage to the carrier.

3. Please complete the following sentences:

(1) The chief difference between F terms and C terms is that _____________.

(2) Under CFR, ______________ should effect insurance.

(3) Under CIF ex tackle, __________should answer for the discharge charges.

(4) Under CIF ex hold, ___________should answer for the discharge charges.

(5) Under _______, the seller has the payment when the goods are lost during

transit.

(6) Under CIF, the insured amount should be __________ if the contracted

price is US$10,000.

(7) The whole forms of CPT, CFR, CIF and CIF are _________________

__________________ respectively.

6. 2. 4

D Terms

e.g. NKr 500 per unit DAF Narvik

SKr 800 per metric ton DES Malmo

US$ 900 per metric ton DDU Qingdao

US$ 750 per metric ton DEQ Macao

US$ 5000 per unit DDP Hongkong

As is shown above, there are five D terms: DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP.

D terms are different from C Terms in that under D terms, the seller is responsible for the arrival of the goods at the agreed place or point of destination. The seller must bear all the risks and costs in bringing the cargoes thereto. Hence, contracts under D terms mean arrival contracts while contracts under C Terms mean shipment contracts.

6. 2. 4. 1

DAF Delivered at Frontier (... named place)

DAF means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point and place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the adjoining country. The term “frontier” may be used for any frontier including that of the country of export and the frontier of a third country. Therefore, it is of vital importance that the frontier in question should be defined precisely by always naming the point and place in the term. The term is 70

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A．汪应洛 B．朱楚珠 C．俞茂宏 D．庄德 参考答案：B 7 ．1985年，俞茂宏教授在国际上首次提出更为全面的（）理论，被视为对强度理论的重大突破。 A．双剪强度理论 B．结构强度理论 C．多维强度理论 D．统一强度理论 参考答案：A 8 ．交通大学迁校60余年来，为国家培养与输送了大约（）万名各类专门人才 A．20万 B．21万 C．23万 D．25万 参考答案：D 9 ．学俊教授是我国热能动力工程学家，中国锅炉专业、热能工程学科的创始人之一，（）学科的先行者和奠基人。 A．单向热流物理 B．多相流热物理 C．双向热流物理 D．三向热流物理 参考答案：B 10 ．交通大学教育部热流科学与工程重点实验室成立，哪位教授作为奠基人和开拓者之一，功不可没。（） A．徐宗本 B．王锡凡 C．马知恩 D．文栓 参考答案：D 11 ．1959年3月22日，中共中央作出（），使得我校部分和部分以交通大学和交通大学名义同时进入全国16所重点学校的行列。 A．《关于在高等学校中确定一批重点学校的决定》

2019年绵阳市公需科目：人工智能与健康考试题与答案

2019年绵阳市公需科目：人工智能与健康考试题与答案 一、判断题(每题2分) 1.智慧社区包含的核心内容是它可以起到一个重要的桥梁作用，通过信息的收集，通过大数据的分析，通过物联网使服务的提供能够和需求结合在一起，最 终使人们得到更加优质的、更加相对便宜的、更加有效的、更加个性化的服务。 正确 错误 2.家庭规模缩小强化了代际支持能力。 正确 错误 3.中国的预期寿命排名较低。 正确 错误 4.从老龄研究的角度，智慧养老能够解决根本性的问题。 正确 错误 5.社区老年服务集成平台的预测作用包括准确得知老年人生活的种种需求。 正确 错误 6.对于如何高效率、低成本地解决养老问题只针对城市地区而言。 正确 错误 7.大数据的价值重在挖掘，而挖掘就是分析。

正确 错误 8.大数据在我们日常生活中很少接触到。 正确 错误 9.以大数据应用促进医药分离改革，遏制虚高药价。 正确 错误 10.当前世界的四大趋势包括“经济全球化”、“全球城市化”、“全球信息化”和“城市工业化”。 正确 错误 11.美国在人工智能方面取得了较好的成果。 正确 错误 12.《在英国发展人工智能》中提出了：数据、技术、研究、政策上的开放和投入四个方向。 正确 错误 13.1956年10月，中国科学院筹建了中科院自动化及远距离操纵研究所（后更名为中科院自动化所）。 正确 错误

14.20世纪80年代初期，钱学森等主张开展人工智能研究，中国的人工智能研 究进一步活跃起来。 正确 错误 15.人工智能在医疗领域还存在一些问题。 正确 错误 16.只要人类搞清楚的问题都容易被机器人所取代。 正确 错误 17.医联合体发生在基层和专科医院之间。 正确 错误 18.作为影响深远的颠覆性技术，人工智能可能改变就业结构、冲击法律与社会 伦理、侵犯个人隐私、挑战国际关系准则等，对企业管理、个人安全、社会稳 定乃至全球治理带来挑战。 正确 错误 19.我国新一代人工智能发展的指导思想和基本原则是要推动互联网、大数据、 人工智能和实体经济深度融合，培育新增长点，形成新动能。 正确 错误 20.2016年9月开始，微软的技术与研发部门和人工智能(AI)研究部门相互分离，各司其职。

国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英)

国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英） What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrie r, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.

绵阳市2017年直属学校公需科目及专业技术继续教育课程考试答案

绵阳市2017年直属学校（单位） 公需科目及专业技术继续教育课程考试答案 （由于每个人的答题顺序可能不一样，所以提供以下方法：1、Ctrl+C复制考试页面题目题干。2、Ctrl+F搜索本文档3、Ctrl+V粘贴题干到搜索框中。答案是我一道一道在百度上搜索过来的，达标没问题的。请叫我活雷锋。） 1.相对论是谁提出的（A）。 A、爱因斯坦 B、牛顿 C、霍金 D、波尔 2.狭义相对论的前提是（D） A、质量是相对的 B、空间是相对的 C、能量是相对的 D、同时性是相对的 3.核能的开发要素是（D） A、基于核物理学的伟大发展 B、基于特定的社会条件—第二次世界大战 C、基于现代的科学体质 D、以上都是 4.相对论所谓的相对性指的是在不同的（D） A、时间 B、地点 C、物体 D、质量 5.量子力学研究的是微观粒子的（D）物理学分制学科 A、质量规律 B、能量规律 C、变化规律 D、运动规律 6.以下哪项是19世纪60年代出现的横断学科（D） A、系统科学 B、信息科学 C、混沌学 D、以上都是 7.（A）是海王星的发现者 A、亚当斯和勒维耶 B、牛顿 C、爱因斯坦 D、波尔 8.以下哪项是过去100年出现的伟大模型(D)

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一、判断题(每题2分) 1.大数据是需要新处理模式，才能具有更强的决策、洞察和流程优化能力的海量和多样化的信息资产。( 正确) 正确 错误 2.改革开放以后，城乡差距、贫富差距、行业差距、地区差距都有明显缩小。(错误 )正确 错误 3.用随机分析的方法或者用抽样的方法来进行处理的数据叫大数据。( 错误) 正确 错误 4.大数据是一种数据的集合。( 正确 ) 正确 错误 5.十二五规划，国家把整个大数据定义为国家战略。(错误 ) 正确 错误 6.摩尔定律是戈登·摩尔提出来的。(正确 ) 正确 错误 7.计算机很容易回答为什么的问题。(错误 ) 正确 错误 8.未来的放射科医生可能是一台计算机，一个自动做影像识别的软件。( 正确) 正确 错误 9.大数据应用很大程度上是沙里淘金、废品利用、大海捞鱼。(正确 ) 错误 10.过去在管理体制中公共权力部门化，部门权利利益化，部门利益合法化还有推动信息的融合共享，给推动大数据业务协同带来了现实的障碍。(正确 ) 正确 错误 11.从供应链管理看，“互联网+”使网络化实时化成为产业链上下游协作的新趋势。(正确 ) 正确 错误 12.对于互联网发展带来的新挑战，我们应该持开放包容的态度。(正确 ) 正确 错误 13.互联网金融是传统行业与互联网相结合的新兴领域，其区别仅在于金融业务所采用的媒介不同。( 错误 ) 正确 错误 14.从十九大到二十大，是“两个一百年”奋斗目标的历史交汇期。从二〇二〇年到本

世纪中叶可以分两个阶段来安排。第一个阶段，从二〇二〇年到二〇三五年，奋斗目标是把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。(错误 ) 正确 错误 15.经济体制改革的重点是完善产权制度和要素市场化配置。(正确 ) 正确 错误 16.以人民为中心的理念，体现了治国理政为了谁，依靠谁和发展成果由谁享有，这是治国理政的核心问题。(正确 ) 正确 错误 17.意识形态决定文化前进方向和发展道路。建设社会主义意识形态，就是要使全体人民在理想信念、价值理念、道德观念上紧紧团结在一起。(正确 ) 正确 错误 18.在现阶段，我国社会的主要矛盾，是人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾。( 错误) 正确 错误 19.在新的历史条件下，要统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局和协调推进“四个全面”战略布局。( 正确) 正确 错误 20.中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国社会主要矛盾是人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。(正确 ) 正确 错误 二、单项选择(每题2分) 21.在我国进入大数据时代的背景下，国家把大数据定义为国家战略并命名为叫（ B）。 A.物联网战略 B.大数据战略 C.互联网战略 D.数据战略 22.中国的网民数量和网络规模位居全球(A )。 A.第一 B.第四 C.第二 D.第三 23.我国首次出现行政服务中心的雏形时被叫做（ C）。 A.政务银行 B.政务单元 C.政务超市 D.政务中心 24.银川市构建的智慧医疗系统不仅整合了银川市范围内的医疗信息资源，而且和( B)

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