2019年考研英语一真题及答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语（一）试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.

When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.

9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.

If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights— you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.

Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.

18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.

1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All

2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come

3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until

4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally

5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away

6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] along

7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar

8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place

9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides

10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually

11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused

12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result

13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example

14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate

15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under

16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks

17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited

18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] Incidentally [D] Generally

19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings

20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

T ext 1

Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.

“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them a side to be eaten last.

The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”

In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its last survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.

Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism”, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Br itain’s new rule is

a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term, but for the long term.

21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to ________.

[A] enhance bankers’ sens e of responsibility

[B] help corporations achieve larger profits

[C] build a new system of financial regulation

[D] guarantee the bonuses of top executives

22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate ________.

[A]the conditions for generating quick profits

[B]g overnments’ impatience in decision-making

[C]the solid structure of publicly traded companies

[D]“short-termism” in economic activities

23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be ________.

[A]indirect

[B]adverse

[C]minimal

[D]temporary

24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate ________.

[A]the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”

[B]the significance of long-term thinking

[C]the approaches to promoting “long-termism”

[D]the prevalence of short-term thinking

25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A]Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

[B]Patience as a Corporate Virtue

[C]Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

[D]Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

Text 2

Grade inflation — the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades —is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force —a policy often buried deep in course catalog s called “grade forgiveness”— is helping raise GPAs.

Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.

The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.

College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade

itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without in curring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”

Tha t said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention — so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students — who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill —feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.

Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible — or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.

26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?

[A] The change of course catalogs.

[B] Students’ indif ference to GPAs.

[C] Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.

[D] The influence of consumer culture.

27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?

[A]To help freshmen adapt to college learning.

[B]To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.

[C]To prepare graduates for a challenging future.

[D]To increase universities’ inco me from tuition.

28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to ________.

[A]obtain more financial support

[B]boost their student enrollments

[C]improve their teaching quality

[D]meet local governments’ needs

29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 4, Para. 6) most probably mean?

[A] To counterbalance each other.

[B] To complement each other.

[C] To be identical with each other.

[D] To be contradictory to each other.

30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by ________.

[A] assessing its feasibility

[B] analyzing the causes behind it

[C] comparing different views on it

[D] listing its long-run effects

T ext 3

This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author

produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

Today the rapid growth of artificial i ntelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”

What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “W e are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or d eploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s high est values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.

31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it ________.

[A] fascinates AI scientists all over the world

[B] has remained popular for as long as 200 years

[C] involves some concerns raised by AI today

[D] has sparked serious ethical controversies

32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness ________.

[A] helps explain artificial intelligence

[B] can be misleading to robot making

[C] inspires popular sci-fi TV series

[D] is too limited for us to reproduce it

33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles ________.

[A] can hardly ever be found

[B] is still beyond our capacity

[C] causes little public concern

[D] has aroused much curiosity

34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of ________.

[A] affirmation

[B] skepticism

[C] contempt

[D] respect

35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants.

[B] Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI.

[C] The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable.

[D] AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control.

T ext 4

States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.

The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.

The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.

Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”

The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9511932259.html,, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.

Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.

Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially

smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”

36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ________.

[A] deter business relations with states

[B] put most online business in a dilemma

[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax

[D] force some states to cut sales tax

37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ________.

[A] have led to the dominance of e-commerce

[B] have cost consumers a lot over the years

[C] were widely criticized by online purchases

[D] were considered unfavorable by states

38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ________.

[A] hindered economic development

[B] brought prosperity to the country

[C] harmed fair market competition

[D] boosted growth in states revenue

39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling ________.

[A] Internet entrepreneurs

[B] Big-chain owners

[C] Third-party sellers

[D] Small retailers

40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ________.

[A] gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences

[B] describes the long and complicated process of its making

[C] presents its main points with conflicting views on them

[D] cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications

Part B

Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A] These tools can help you win every argument — not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments —from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding —then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.

[B] Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.

A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.

[C] None of these will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.

[D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions — like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.

[E] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “There is only one way…to get the best of an argument —and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

[F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win — in one way.

[G] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. W e neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.

Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that

purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

Why is so much bad science publ ished? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.

(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.

Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university, write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.

You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160–200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should

1) describe the picture briefly,

2) interpret the meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

2019年真题答案速查

Section I Use of English (10 points)

1-5 CCBDA 6-10 BDCAD

11-15 ABDCB 16-20 DAABC

Section II Reading Comprehension (60 points)

Part A (40 points)

21-25 ADBCB 26-30 DAACB

31-35 CDBAC 36-40 CDCBA

Part B (10 points)

41-45 EDGBA

Part C (10 points)

46.医学期刊中存在大量这种无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊的传播，就会引

发健康方面的恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

47.如今，任何人想要申请科研岗位所需发表的论文数量是短短十年前同岗位的两倍。

48.为遏制这一趋势已经采取了一些措施，比如在对申请人的论文进行评估时，尝试纳入

质量和数量并重的考核标准。

49.如果不是因为科研人员可以很容易地在未来的出版物中引用自己的文章，或者为了回

报类似帮助而让同事这样做，这项措施本该是合理。

50.如果我们真的想确保我们的科学研究是有意义且可复制的，那么我们必须确保我们的

制度可以激励这样的科学研究。

Section III Writing (30 points)

Part A (10 points)

Dear friend,

As a member of the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of Tsinghua University, I am pleased to receive your inquiries and give you a brief introduction of our project.

Firstly, the goal of this project is to enhance the education quality in primary schools in some poverty-stricken areas in Yunnan Province. Secondly, our project will last for two months during the summer vacation. Thirdly, your main task is to teach the kids some simple English words or songs to help them improve their English level.

Thank you for your interests in joining us. If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact me again. I believe it is a meaningful activity and look forward to seeing you there.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

Part B (20 points)

The impressive cartoon provides us with a thought-provoking scene: two men are climbing the mountain together, but one of them desires to give up due to tiredness, while the other encourages him to have a rest and then go on climbing. There is no doubt that the cartoonist aims to remind us of the significance of persistence.

It is known to us all that perseverance is an indispensable part of our lives. First, it can drive us to improve ourselves so we can be qualified for future career promotion and be ready for meeting the forthcoming challenges. Second, perseverance will be a great contributor to our personal growth. To put it another way, in this ever-changing world, we will achieve nothing if we always give up. To sum up, without the empowerment of the persistence, we will suffer great loss beyond imagination.

It is often the case that we will encounter many difficulties and setbacks in our lives, but if we give up to them, we will end up with nothing. As far as a qualified college student is concerned, I firmly believe that we can profit a lot from the spirit of perseverance and I also strongly appeal to my fellow classmates to develop such a valuable spirit as perseverance to face the challenges and hardships.

2019年真题答案及解析

Section I Use of English

1.【答案】C

【考点】上下文语义和不定代词辨析

【解析】空格所在句为：我们中的________在没电话的情况下直接走进树林，根据上文语境说到，现在智能手机上有各种导航工具，可得知[C]符合文意。故选[C]。

2.【答案】C

【考点】固定搭配

【解析】搭配run on 表示“(机器/设备依靠某种能源)运转”。其余选项意思不符。[A]意为“穿戴；举办”；[B]意为“承担；呈现”；[D]意为“开始；进展”。故选[C]。

3.【答案】B

【考点】逻辑衔接题

【解析】空格所在句为：________你在没有手机或指南针的情况下迷路了，而且________找不到北了，有一些技巧可以帮你导航。此处应为假设的情况，所以选If。

[A]表原因和时间顺序（自从）；[C]表让步；[D]表示“直到”，代入后语义均不通顺，

故排除。故选[B]。

4.【答案】D

【考点】副词辨析

【解析】空格所在句为：而且________找不到北了，有一些技巧可以帮你导航。

literally意为“确实地；真实地”，符合原文意思。[A]意为“正式地；礼貌地”；[B]意为“相对地”；[C]意为“逐渐地”，代入后语义均不通顺，故排除。故选[D]。

5.【答案】A

【考点】上下文语义和词汇辨析

【解析】空格所在句含义为：有一些技巧可以帮你导航________文明。只有[A]意为“返回；回到”，填入后符合原文语境。故选[A]。

6.【答案】B

【考点】词汇辨析

【解析】选项所在句子意为：当你发现自己________路线，但并不是在一个完全________的区域时，你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域，哪________是下坡？哪里有最近的水源？通过后半句的问题，可以确定这里指的是偏离路线，因此选[B]意为“远离；离开”；[A]意为“到……之上”；[C]意为“穿过”；[D]意为“沿着；循着”，均不符合语义。故选[B]。

7.【答案】D

【考点】上下文语义和形容词辨析

【解析】上文讲到偏离路线，而此处有转折关系，“当你发现自己偏离路线，但并不是在一个完全________的地区”，[D]意为“不熟悉的”，代入原文符合语义和逻辑。[A]意为“不吸引人的”；[B]意为“不拥挤的”；[C]意为“无变化的”，不符合语义，故排除。故选[D]。

8.【答案】C

【考点】上下文语义和名词辨析

【解析】空格处所在句为“哪________是下坡？哪里有最近的水源？”[C]意为“道

路”，符合语义，代入为“哪条路是下坡”。[A]意为“地点；场所”；[B]意为“要点”；

[D]意为“地方”，均不符合语义。故选[C]。

9.【答案】A

【考点】逻辑衔接题

【解析】空格句为：________, 如果你下山，沿着你发现的任何水源走，你________ 应该会看到人类迹象。根据上文提到的“人们大多住在山谷中，依靠淡水为生”，可判断出此处应是因果关系，故[A]意为“所以，因此”，符合题意。[B]意为“但是”，表转折；[C]表示“代替，反而”；[D]是“此外”的意思，代入后均不符合语境。故选[A]。

10.【答案】D

【考点】副词辨析

【解析】空格句为：所以, 如果你下山，沿着你发现的任何水源走，你________应该会看到人类迹象。[D]意为“最终；终于”，代入后符合语境，故为正确答案。[A]意为“立即地”；[B]意为“故意地”；[C]意为“出乎意料地”，均不符合语义，故选[D]。11.【答案】A

【考点】上下文语义和形容词辨析

【解析】上文说到如果你之前探索过这个地方，那么要留心熟悉的景象。空格句为：你可能会________快速识别出一块特征明显的岩石或树木能帮助你重获方向。根据文章原意和情感色彩，此处应选[A]，意为“感到惊讶的”，和how quickly形成呼应。[B]意为“感到生气的”，[C]意为“感到害怕的”，[D]意为“感到困惑的”，均不符合语义，故排除。故选[A]。

12.【答案】B

【考点】上下文语义和名词辨析

【解析】此处为段首句：另一种________：登高并寻找人类居住的迹象。根据上下文可知，这里表达的是提供另一个选择，所以正确答案为[B]。[A]意为“问题”；[C]意为“观点”；[D]意为“结果”，皆不符合文意。故选[B]。

13.【答案】D

【考点】逻辑关系和上下文语义

【解析】此处需要结合上下文确定逻辑关系。前文提到可以通过登高来寻找人类居住的迹象，空格处后又说明在茂密的森林里，你应该能够________人们________树林中开辟道路、铁轨和其他小路而形成的树木线缺口。说明后文是前文建议的具体举例阐述，因此选For example。[A]意为“首先；最重要的是”；[B]意为“相比之下”；[C] 意为“平均来说”，均不符合语义。故选[D]。

14.【答案】C

【考点】动词辨析

【解析】原文意思：你应该能够________人们________树林中开辟道路、铁轨和其他小路而形成的树木线缺口。[C]表示“看见；发现”，符合文意，[A]意为“在……上架桥；消除”；[B]意为“避免”；[D]意为“分离”，皆不符合文意。故选[C]。

15.【答案】B

【考点】介词辨析

【解析】此处介词前后是carve ________ woods，因此根据搭配和语义，此处表达的是“开辟森林”，选择[B]最符合。[A]意为“从……”；[C]意为“超过”；[D]意为“在……之下”，均不符合语义。故选[B]。

16.【答案】D

【考点】上下文语义和动词辨析

【解析】此处结合上下文，应是代指上文说的人类开辟森林留下的树木间隙，其实也就是那些道路，故选择breaks，此处和前文gaps意思相近。[A]意为“职位；柱；桩”

等；[B]意为“连接；联系”；[C]意为“阴凉处”等，均不符合语义。故选[D]。

17.【答案】A

【考点】上下文语义和形容词辨析

【解析】此处空白处为________灯光来源，后面还提到比如火和街灯，这些光源都是人工光源，因此选择artificial，意为“人造的；人工的”。[B]意为“神秘的”；[C]意为“隐藏的”；[D]意为“有限的”，均不符合语义。故选[A]。

18.【答案】A

【考点】副词辨析

【解析】此处为句首，因此需要注意上下文语境。后文是assuming也是一种假设，和前面一样，说明这里也是提出一种假设情况并给出建议，此段是文章最后一段，可推断这是最后一种假设，所以选择Finally。[B]意为“因此”；[C]意为“偶然地”；[D]意为“总的来说”，均不符合逻辑关系。故选[A]。

19.【答案】B

【考点】名词辨析

【解析】空白处：寻找我们在地面上留下的________，选项[A]意为“记忆”；[B]意为“标记；痕迹”[C]意为“笔记；便条”；[D]意为“所有物”，根据语境，[B]符合语义。故选[B]。

20.【答案】C

【考点】动词辨析

【解析】空白句：小路上的树木刻痕、轮胎痕迹和其它标记可以________你走向文明社会。根据句意，可以得知[C]为正确选项。[A]意为“限制”；[B]意为“采纳”；[D]意为“暴露”，都不符合语义。故选[C]。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21.【答案】A

【解析】根据题干关键词“Paragraph 1”和“one motive in imposing the new rule”，可回文定位至第一段第三句“The main purpose of this “clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions”。由此句可知，制定这个规则的主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及恢复公众对金融机构的信任。对比所给四个选项，只有[A]（增加银行的责任感）与原文表述一致，故为正确答案。故选[A]。

22.【答案】D

【解析】根据题干中的关键词“Alfred Marshall”，可回文定位至第二段最后一句“He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience…”，其中的“this financial impatience”指的是上文提到的“short-termism”，也就是作者引用Alfred Marshall来描述“短期主义”，由此可知，[D]（经济活动中的“短期主义”）为正确答案。故选[D]。

23.【答案】B

【解析】根据题干关键词“transient investment”定位第三段第二句，“Transient investors, ... can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”。由此句可知，短暂投资会对公司的长期规划设阻或增进客户忠诚的努力，此句中重要的单词是hinder（阻碍）。此题提问这种投资形式对上市公司的影响，结合四个选项，[B]（不利的）对应原文“hinder”，故为正确选项。故选[B]。

24.【答案】C

【解析】根据题干中的“US”和“France”可回文定位至第五、六段。第五段描述了美国延迟了约一年发放高管绩效奖金，稍稍削弱了“短期主义”（reduce “short-termism”）；第六段指出，在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的表决权，并且在第一句话中就提到了要encourage “long-termism”，此两段提到的都是促进“长期主义”的方式，故[C]为正确选项。故选[C]。

25.【答案】B

【解析】根据题干关键词best title可知此题考查的是文章的主旨大意。文章主要围绕西方国家的金融行业的“短期主义”投资和“长期主义”投资进行展开。第一段开篇就表明了要让银行家对自己的有害的投资行为负责；第二段阐述英国银行高管中“短期主义”投资占主流；第三段具体说明“短期投资”的害处；第四段说明“短期投资”很流行；第五、第六两段是用美、法两国举例，说明促进“长期投资”的方式；

最后一段是总结，并且说明社会的利益对银行家们不仅是短期，也是长期的。所以，

[B]中的patience对应文章中的主题词long-termisim, corporate本身在文章中就多次出

现，因此为最佳标题。[A] 意为“季度资本主义的失败”；[C] 意为“高管需要的决断力”；[D] 意为“冒险型银行家的挫败感”均不能概括全文，故排除。故选[B]。

Text 2

26.【答案】D

【解析】根据题干信息词“grade inflation”可回文定位至首段第一句。由句子主干“Grade inflation is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education”可知分数膨胀往往被视作高等教育进入消费者时代的产物。故选[D]。

27.【答案】A

【解析】根据题干要求，可回文定位至第三段第二句“When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses”。根据上下文，该句中的this practice指的正是第二段的grade forgiveness，由此句可知，之所以出现grade forgiveness是为了帮助大一新生适应大学学习。故选[A]。

28.【答案】A

【解析】根据题干关键词“paragraph 5”，“grade forgiveness”及“colleges”可回文定位至第五段第一、二句。第五段第一句“grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs”，可知grade forgiveness满足了学校自身的需求。第二句“For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention —so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money”，可以看出“grade forgiveness”使大学能够获得更多的拨款，这也是学校的需求，与[A]“获得更多的经济支持”匹配。故选[A]。

29.【答案】C

【解析】根据题目关键词“to be aligned”，可定位到第6段最后一句“On this,

students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned”。由上文“Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible — or at least appear to be”可知学生和家长们都希望凭着大学文凭找到一份工作，故可推出学生和学校有着共同的利益目标，所以正确答案为[C]，即学生和学校的动机是一致的。故选[C]。

30.【答案】B

【解析】根据题干，此题考查的是全文的论述手法。须串读每段段落大意句，把握作者的论述角度。通读全文，第一段直接指出“分数膨胀”原由之一是“grade forgiveness”；第二段解释“grade forgiveness”概念；第三段说明“grade forgiveness”

最初开始的原因；第四段是“grade forgiveness”的目标，换言之，也是它在大学“流行”的原因；第五段说明“grade forgiveness”的存在，是因为满足了学校的需求。所以本文从学生及学校等角度分析了出现grade forgiveness的原因。故选[B]。

Text 3

31.【答案】C

【解析】根据题干信息词“Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein”，可回文定位至第一段。结合第一段最后一句中的“would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come”可知，之所以提到这部小说，是因为它涉及到了未来技术所带来的种种伦理问题，故[C]符合题意。故选[C]。

32.【答案】D

【解析】根据题干中的“David Eagleman”，可回文定位至第四段第一句“how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced”并且根据该段第二句中的“W e are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is”可知，我们没有解释什么是consciousness的理论，两句相结合，可知我们现有的知识是有限的，不足以再创造，与[D]吻合。故选[D]。

33.【答案】B

【解析】根据题干中的关键词“autonomous vehicles”，可回文定位到第五段。根据该段第一、二句，“But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand.

The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions”，可知涉及人工智能的伦理问题就在我们身边，随后举出了自动驾驶汽车的案例。换句话说，自动驾驶汽车带来的伦理问题依然存在。[B]与题干结合含义为：找出由自动驾驶汽车带来的人工智能伦理问题的解决方法超出了我们的能力，与文章含义一致。故[B]为正确答案。[A]过于绝对，而且从第六段可以看出，不同国家、公司都在找解决问题的方法；[C][D]中的public concern和curiosity在文中未涉及。故选[B]。

34.【答案】A

【解析】根据题干中的关键词the author’s attitude及Google’s pledges，可回文定位至第七、八段。第七段主要围绕Google’s pledge，而第八段开头就表明“While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point”，即虽然Google的statement很模糊，但它代表了新的开始，while表示转折。由此可见，作者对Google’s pledge是持肯定态度的，故[A]符合题意。故选[A]。

35.【答案】C

【解析】根据题干中的best title可知，本题考查的是文章的主旨大意。本文首先通过引用Mary Shelley的书引出了本文要探讨的话题，即新技术带来的道德问题。之后对AI引发的伦理问题进行了详细阐述，表明我们不能确定智能化的程度是因为无法定义

人类的自我意识，随后又明确指出AI所涉及的道德问题已近在咫尺，不可阻挡。结合所有选项可知，[C]最能概括全文。故选[C]。

Text 4

36.【答案】C

【解析】此题为细节题。根据题干关键词“The Supreme Court decision Thursday”，可回文定位到首段。根据首段首句“States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states”可知，根据最高法院的裁决，消费者在网上购物时，各州可强制其上缴销售税，故[C]让更多在线购物者支付销售税，符合题意。故选[C]。

37.【答案】D

【解析】此题为推理题。根据题干，可回文定位至第二、三段，再根据题干关键词overruled decisions可定位至第二段。由第二段第一句that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually可知各州抱怨之前的政策导致每年税收损失惨重，而根据第二段第二句The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases可知，原政策让各州很难收取网上购物的销售税。综合两句可知，被推翻的政策，即原来的政策对各州不利。故选[D]。

38.【答案】C

【解析】此题为细节题。根据题干关键点Anthony Kennedy及the physical presence rule可回文定位至第四段。根据该段最后一句Kennedy wrote that the rule“limited states’ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field”可知，the physical presence rule限制了各州寻求长久繁荣的能力，并妨碍了市场参与者在公平的环境下进行竞争。故选[C]。

39.【答案】B

【解析】此题为推理题。根据题干细节“most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling”可回文定位至第五段。由第五段首句可知“The ruling is a victory for big chains”，意为此项裁决对于大型连锁店来说是一次胜利。故选[B]。

40.【答案】A

【解析】根据题干可知此题考查的是对文章结构的把握度。文章一开始就点出了全文的主题，即最高法院通过新的裁决，将征收在线销售税。第二段介绍原来的判决及其后果—不利各州。第三段描述原来判决涉及到的案例。第四段列举大法官观点，说明以前判决有瑕疵。第五段论述新判决的影响：对大型连锁店有利。第六段谈及新裁决对州外卖家的影响。第七段明确新裁决受到零售界的肯定。根据各段主旨可以看出作者的行文思路为：首段先介绍新判决，然后实事求是地叙述，并讨论其后果。由此得出正确选项为[A]给出客观叙述，并讨论其影响。故选[A]。

Part B

41.【答案】E

【解析】本题为文章首段，需要快速浏览每个选项的开头。首段需要引入背景信息，并且无指代，无逻辑关系。浏览各个选项，[A]中these tools，有指代；[B]中Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, …,有递进含义，符合逻辑关系的特征。[D]无指代，但是只出现Carnegie，而[E]出现了完整的Dale Carnegie，所以[D]不能为首段。

[G]有比较级，不能做首段，故答案为[E]。故选[E]。

42.【答案】D

【解析】根据已经选择的[E]，其中提及到Carnegie以及他书中的观点，要特别留意出现该人名的段落，只有[D]出现了Carnegie这个人，细读之后了解到[D]论述作者对此观点的评论，符合行文思路。故选[D]。

43.【答案】G

【解析】根据已经给定位置的[F]，[F]句末出现了“None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win — in one way.”中有“help you win-in one way”，而[G]段首句“There is a better way to win arguments.”的“a better way to win”是对“help you win-in one way”的递进，因此[G]段在[F]段后面。故选[G]。

44.【答案】B

【解析】本题可以通过已经给定的[C]定位。[C]的第一句话：“None of this...”，所以前一段中最后一句要有并列列举形式。而[B]最后一句有并列，符合。且[B]开头其实对成功的小转折，正好接上[G]内容。故选[B]。

45.【答案】A

【解析】这是文章最后一段，同时可以根据给定的[C]段定位，[C]段最后讲到Next time you state your position…. Next time you talk with someone who…. Assess its strength….

Raise objections and listen…分别罗列了四种谈话手段，这与[A]段开头的These tools can help you win every argument构成了呼应。故选[A]。

Part C

46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by

broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

【句型分析】摘出主干：There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense。which引导定语从句修饰this kind of nonsense；when引导状语从句，且形式是状语从句的省略，省略了主语和系动词：this kind of nonsense is；介词短语in the medical journals作状语；health scares和short-lived dietary enthusiasms是并列结构，做动词generates的宾语。

【参考译文】医学期刊中存在大量这种无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊的传播，就会引发健康方面的恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

47. nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of

papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.

【句型分析】摘出主干：anyone has to have published twice the number of papers。

applying for为现在分词做后置定语，修饰anyone；that引导的定语从句修饰先行词papers；twice the number of papers为比较结构。

【参考译文】如今，任何人想要申请科研岗位所需发表的论文数量是短短十年前同岗位的两倍。

48. Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some

measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.

【句型分析】摘出主干：Attempts have been made。在句中，不定式to curb this tendency作目的状语。

【参考译文】为遏制这一趋势已经采取了一些措施，比如在对申请人的论文进行评估时，尝试纳入质量和数量并重的考核标准。

49. This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite

themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.

【句型分析】本句是一个主从复合句，其中主句为This would be reasonable；从句为if 引导的条件状语从句，从句中that引导的是同位语从句，从句的主干为“scientists can arrange to …or get…to do”。该同位语在翻译时，可省去fact不译。

【参考译文】如果不是因为科研人员可以很容易地在未来的出版物中引用自己的文章，或者为了回报类似帮助而让同事这样做，这项措施本该是合理的。

50. If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must

ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

【句型分析】本句为主从复合句。主句为we must ensure that。从句为if引导的条件状语从句。在从句中的ensuring后为that引导的宾语从句；主句中ensure后同样为that 引导的宾语从句。

【参考译文】如果我们真的想确保我们的科学研究是有意义且可复制的，那么我们必须确保我们的制度可以激励这样的科学研究。

Section III Writing

Part A

Dear friend,

As a member of the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of Tsinghua University, I am pleased to receive your inquiries and give you a brief introduction of our project.

Firstly, the goal of this project is to enhance the education quality in primary schools in some poverty-stricken areas in Yunnan Province. Secondly, our project will last for two months during the summer vacation. Thirdly, your main task is to teach the kids some simple English words or songs to help them improve their English level.

Thank you for your interests in joining us. If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact me again. I believe it is a meaningful activity and look forward to seeing you there.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

Part B

The impressive cartoon provides us with a thought-provoking scene: two men are climbing the mountain together, but one of them desires to give up due to tiredness, while the other encourages him to have a rest and then go on climbing. There is no doubt that the cartoonist aims to remind us of the significance of persistence.

It is known to us all that perseverance is an indispensable part of our lives. First, it can drive us to improve ourselves so we can be qualified for future career promotion and be ready for meeting the forthcoming challenges. Second, perseverance will be a great contributor to our