初三复习---语法部分
初一部分:
*词性:
名词:表示人或事物的名称。(专有名词和普通名词)
可数名词(单数和复数)和不可数名词
复数形式变化规则:
一般情况+s ______________________________________________________________ 以sh,s,x,ch,x结尾的词+es _________________________________________________ 以ce,se,ze,ge等结尾的词+s,读/iz/_________________________________________ 以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为i+es__________________________________________ 不规则变化:_________--_________ __________-- __________ _________-- _________ _________ --__________ _________ --__________ _________-- _________
名词所有格:单数名词+’s___________________________________________________ 不以s结尾的负数名词+ ’s _________________________________________
以s结尾的复数名词+ ’___________________________________________代词:人称代词:单数__________________________________________________
复数_______________________________________________
主格__________________________________________________
宾格__________________________________________________ 物主代词:形容词性的:__________________________________________________ 名词性的:
数词:基数词___________________________________________________________________ 一般现在时:表示现在的状态或经常性的动作或主语具备的性格和能力。
结构:
标志词:
I am on duty today. 否定______________________ 疑问及回答________________________ He does his homework at home. 否定___________________疑问及回答__________________
动词三单的变化:
1______________________________________________________________________________ 2______________________________________________________________________________ 3______________________________________________________________________________
There be + 主语(某物/某人)+某时/某地---某时/某地有某物/某人。
There is /are/ was/ were/ will be/ have (has) been/ must (can may) be…
There are some glasses on the table.
否定______________________ 疑问及回答____________________________
划线提问_________________________________________________________
现在进行时:表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。
结构___________________________________________________________
标志词___________________________________________________________
现在分词的构成:___________________________________________________________
1 ___________________________________________________________
2 ___________________________________________________________
3 ___________________________________________________________
句子种类:
1 陈述句--- /:用来说明事物或认得看法。
a肯定句________________________________________________________
b否定句_________________________________________________________
2疑问句—用来提问题。
一般疑问______________________________________________________
特殊疑问_______________________________________________________
反意疑问_______________________________________________________
选择疑问_______________________________________________________
3 祈使句--:表示请求、命令。
肯定句_______________________________________________________
否定句_______________________________________________________
4 感叹句:表达强烈的感情
a_______________________________________________________
b_______________________________________________________
初二部分:
1.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:原级,比较级和最高级。
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则变化:
单音节词和少数双音节词:
一般在词尾加-er / -est _________________________________________________
以字母e结尾的加–r / -st ______________________________________________
重读闭音节只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母,再加–er / -est
_____________________________________________________________________
以辅音字母加+y的双音节词,先改y为i,再加-er / -est
_____________________________________________________________________
多音节词和部分双音节词:
在词前加more 或most _______________________________________________
不规则变化:
good/ well ______________________ bad / badly / ill /_______________________
many/ much ____________________ little ________________________________
far ____________________________ old _________________________________
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法:
比较级表示两者的比较
最高级表示三者或三者以上的比较,其中一个超过其它几个时用最高级。最高级前面一般加the,后面可带of / in短语来说明比较范围。
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
在形容词和副词的比较级,有时可以much, a little, far用来修饰。
_____________________________________________________________________
表示甲与乙在某一方面程度相同时用as + 形容词或副词原形+ as
表示甲在某一方面不及乙时用not as / so +形容词或副词原形+as
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2 数词---序数词
表示事物的顺序,往往与the连用
1________ 2________ 3________ 4________ 5________ 6________ 7________ 8_______ 9________ 10________ 11________ 12________ 20________40 90________ 100_______ 101_________
3 冠词
冠词是一种虚词,放在名词前面,帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词(a /an)和定冠词(the)。
a 用在辅音前。_______________________________________________________
an 用在元音前。______________________________________________________
用法:用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类。
_______________________________________________________________
指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。
_______________________________________________________________
表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。
_______________________________________________________________
用于固定词组。
_______________________________________________________________
the 在辅音前读/ / ,元音前读/ /
特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。___________________________________ 指双方都知道的人或物____________________________________________ 指上文提到的人或物______________________________________________ 指世界上独一无二的事物前________________________________________ 用在序数词和最高级前_____________________________________________ 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前___________________________________ 用在一些习惯用语中_______________________________________________ ***不用冠词的情况:
在专有名词和不可数名词前:___________________________________________ 名词前已有等代词:___________________________________________________ 复数名词表示一类人或事物时___________________________________________ 在星期/月份/季节/ 节日前:____________________________________________ 在称呼语或头衔的名词前:_____________________________________________ 在三餐饭和球类运动前:_______________________________________________ 4 动词
动词的种类:
行为动词_____________________________________________________________ (行为动词可分为:及物--后面必须跟宾语visit /不及物---不能直接跟宾语come) 连系动词_____________________________________________________________ ( be, look sound taste smell seem feel turn ke ep get…)
助动词_______________________________________________________________ ( do-does-did, will-would, have –has –had, am-is-are-was-were)
情态动词_____________________________________________________________ ( must, can-could, may-might, have to)
5. 一般过去式:
表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
构成:
标志词:______________________________________________________________ a.I was on duty yesterday.
否定句:____________________ 一般疑问句(回答):________________________
b.I did my homework just now.
否定句:____________________ 一般疑问句(回答):________________________
规则动词的变化:
一般动词末尾+ed _____________________________________________________
结尾是e的+ed_______________________________________________________
结尾是辅音字母+y的动词,先变y为i再加ed____________________________
6. 一般将来时:
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。构成:1_______________________________________________________________ 2______________________________________________________________
时间状语:____________________________________________________________
a I will write you a letter next month.
否定____________________________ 一般疑问___________________________
b They are going to meet outside the school gate.
否定_________________________一般疑问_______________________________
7 句子成分:
主语:______________________________________________________________
谓语:______________________________________________________________
表语:______________________________________________________________
宾语:______________________________________________________________
定语:______________________________________________________________
状语:______________________________________________________________
8. 句子种类:
1 四种疑问句
3)选择疑问句:提出两种或以上的情况,要求对方选择一种。
结构:______________________________________________________________
He did his homework at home. H did his homework at school.
____________________________________________________________________
4) 反意疑问句:
表示提问者有一定主见,但没把握,希望对方证实。
结构________________________________________________________________
The village’s hardly known by anybody, _____________?
The boy’s known a lot about the village, _____________?
回答方式:对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就用yes;事实是否定的,就用no。这和汉语不同,应特别注意。
2 感叹句:
a What + a/an + adj. + n.(单数)!
What + adj + n.(复数/不可数名词)
b How + adj. / adv. + (主+谓)!
How + a sentence !---How I miss you!
9. 过去进行时
表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。
构成____________________________________________________________
时间状语:_______________________________________________________
I was writing a letter to her friend last night.
否定句______________________一般疑问句(回答)_____________________.
10. 句子成分
主语:
谓语:
表语:
宾语:
定语:
状语:
11句子类型
简单句:_____________________________________________________________
a 主语+谓语(不及物动词)___________________________________________
b 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语_________________________________________
c 主语+ 系动词+ 表语________________________________________________
d 主语+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语(人)____________________________________
e 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语+宾语补足语___________________________________
并列句:____________________________________________________________
复合句:____________________________________________________________
状语从句:在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词的从句叫状语从句。
1.时间状语从句:when, after, before, while, as, as soon as, as long as, (not)…until…, whenever, till;
2.原因状语从句:because, so, since;
3.结果状语从句:so that, so…that…, such…that…,
4.目的状语从句:so that, in order that,
5.条件状语从句:if, unless,
6.让步状语从句:though, although, even though, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, no matter+疑问词,whether…or…
7.方式状语从句:as, as if, as though;
8.比较状语从句:as…as…, not so…as…, than
1____________________________________________________________________________ 2_____________________________________________________________________________ 3_____________________________________________________________________________ 4_____________________________________________________________________________ 5_____________________________________________________________________________ 6_____________________________________________________________________________ 7_____________________________________________________________________________ 8_____________________________________________________________________________
初三部分:
*现在完成时:结构_____________________________________________________
1 过去发生的或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。
标志词:
I have just had lunch. ___________________ ____________________
2 过去发生的动作或状态持续到现在。(多用延续性动词)
标志词:
She has taught us since came to this school.
_______________________________ __________________________________
3 have been to / have gone to
1 你去哪里了?___________________________________________________
2 他去哪里了?___________________________________________________
* 过去将来时:表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或状态常用于宾语从句。
结构:_____________________________________________________________
*过去完成时:表示两个动作都发生在过去,其中一个动作A发生在另一个B之前,则A 动作用过去完成时。
结构:___________________________________________________________
标志词:______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
* 动词不定式:
结构:__________ 否定______________ 疑问_______________ 被动_________
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。在句中不能做谓语。但具有名词、形容词和副词的特性,可做:
宾语:________________________________________________________________
宾语补足语:_________________________________________________________
状语:________________________________________________________________
定语_________________________________________________________________
表语:_______________________________________________________________
主语:________________________________________________________________
To play in the street is very dangerous.---It is very dangerous to play in the street.
To learn English is difficult for the Chinese.
---It is difficult for the Chinese to learn English. (形式主语)
“Don’t put away my things.” M um said to me.
Mum told me not to put away her things.(否定式)
Could you show you how I can get to the station?
---Could you tell me how to get to the station?(疑问式)
不带to的情况:感官动词hear / see / watch / feel / notice sb do…
使役动词make / let / have sb do…
They made the children work 12 hours a day.
*被动语态/ 主动语态
主语语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。(当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没必要指出谁是动作的执行者,或只需强调动作的承受者。)
被动语态结构:(否定,疑问)_________________________________
一般现在时被动语态结构:(否定,疑问)________________________
一般过去时被动语态结构(否定,疑问)_________________________
一般将来时被动语态结构(否定,疑问)_________________________
情态动词被动语态结构(否定,疑问)___________________________
现在完成时被动语态结构___________________________
*宾语从句:
在复合句中做主句的宾语。
1 连词1 _________(陈述句) 2_________(一般疑问句) 3 _________(特殊疑问句) 2语序______________________________________________________________ 3 时态主句____________ 从句_____________
主句____________ 从句______________
1 _________________----______________
2_________________----______________
3_________________----______________
4_________________----______________
4人称:
*定语从句:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句。
被修饰的名词或代词被称为先行词。定语从句放在先行词之后。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词:who whom whose that which I will shoot anyone who/ that moves.
先行词(人) 关系代词(主语)
Is this the boy (who/ that/ whom) you are looking for?
先行词(人) 关系代词(宾语)
I can’t find the necklace that /which you gave me for my birthday.
先行词(物) 关系代词(宾语)
I like the little dog that / which has two big ears.
先行词(物关系代词(主语)