材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文

Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials—composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.

译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。除此之外，有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。

Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next.

译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。关于材料类型和他们特殊的特征的一个简单的解释将在后面给出。

METALS

Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements. They have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular

atoms. Many properties of metals are directly able to these electrons.

be bound to 被约束于。。

be attribute to 归属于。。归因于。。

译文：金属材料通常由金属元素组成。它们有大量无规则运动的电子。也就是说，这些电子不是被约束于某个特定的原子。金属的许多性质直接归属这些不规则运动的电子。

Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet deformable, which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications.

科技英语在讲述科学真理的时候通常用主动语态。如：Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity

Deformable ？

译文：金属是十分好的电和热的导体，它们对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面有光辉的外表。除此之外，金属是十分硬的，也是可变形的，这个性质解释了它们广泛使用在结构方面的应用。

CERAMICS

Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass.

that引导的定语从句

译文：陶瓷是介于金属和非金属元素之间的化合物；它们通常是氧化物，氮化物和碳化物。落在这个分类种类中的宽的材料范围包括陶瓷，它们由粘土矿物，水泥和玻璃组成。These materials are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle.

more…. Than…..

with regard to….

译文：这些材料是典型的电和热的绝缘体，并且它们比金属和聚合物更加耐高温和耐苛刻的环境。至于机械性能，陶瓷是硬的但是却很脆。

POLYMERS

Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; furthermore, they have very large molecular structures. These materials typically have low densities and may be extremely flexible.

译文：聚合物包括常见的塑料和橡胶材料。它们中的大多数是有机化合物，这些化合物是以化学的方法把碳、氢和其他非金属元素组合而成。因此，它们有非常大的分子结构。这些材料通常有低的密度并且可能十分柔软。

COMPOSITES

A number of composite materials have been engineered that consist of more than one material type. Fiberglass is a familiar example, in which glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material.

more than…

译文：许多复合材料被作用工程使用，它们由至少一种类型的材料组成。玻璃丝是一个熟悉的例子，玻璃纤维被埋入聚合物材料中。

A composite is designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component materials. Fiberglass acquires strength from the glass and flexibility from the polymer. Many of the recent material developments have involved composite materials.

译文：为了联合显示每一种组分材料最好的特性，一种复合材料被设计出来。玻璃丝从玻璃中获得强度并且从聚合物中获得柔软性。最近发展中的绝大多数材料包含了复合材料。SEMICONDUCTORS

Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, which concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions.

be sensitive to 对…敏感的

译文：半导体有电的性质，它们是介于电导体和绝缘体之间的中间物。除此之外，这些材料的电学性质对微量杂质原子的存在十分敏感，杂质原子浓度可能只是在一个十分小的区域内可以控制。

The semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industries (not to mention our

lives) over the past two decades.

译文：这些半导体使得集成电路的出现变得可能，在过去20多年间，这些集成电路革新了电子装置和计算机工业（更不用说我们的生活）。

BIOMATERIALS

Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).

译文：生物材料被应用于移植进入人类身体以取代病变的或者损坏的身体部件。这些材料不能产生有毒物质而且必须同人身体器官要相容（比如，不能导致相反的生物反应）。

All of the above materials—metals, ceramics, polymers,

composites, and semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials. For example, some of the

biomaterials such as CF/C (carbon fibers/carbon) and CF/PS (polysulfone) are utilized in artificial hip replacements.

译文：所有以上材料－金属，陶瓷，聚合物，复合材料和半导体材料可能用作生物材料。比如，如CF/C和CF/PS（聚砜）这些生物材料被用作人工肾的取代物。

ADV ANCED MATERIALS

Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials. By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles; examples include electronic equipment (VCRs, CD players, etc.), computers, fiberoptic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry.

译文：用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料。借助于高科技，我们预定一个装置或者产品，这些产品用相对复杂和熟练的原理运转或者起作用；这些例子包括电子设备（VCRs, CD 播放器），计算机，光纤系统，宇宙飞船，航天飞机和军事火箭。

These advanced materials are typically either traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced or newly developed, high-performance materials. Furthermore, they may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers), and are normally relatively expensive.

译文：这些高级材料或是典型的传统材料，它们的性质被提高，最近开发出来的，高性能材料。除此之外，它们可能是所有材料类型（比如，金属、陶瓷和聚合物），通常相对较贵。In subsequent chapters are discussed the properties and applications of a number of advanced materials—for example, materials that are used for lasers, integrated circuits, magnetic information storage, liquid crystal displays (LCDs),

fiber optics, and the thermal protection system for the Space Shuttle Orbiter.

译文：在下面的章节将讨论众多先进材料的性质和应用－比如被用作激光，集成电路，磁信息存储，液晶显示器，光纤和空间舱轨道的热保护系统的材料。

MODERN MATERIALS’NEEDS

In spite of the tremendous progress that has been made in the discipline of materials science and engineering within the past few years, there still remain technological challenges, including the development of even more sophisticated and specialized materials, as well as consideration of the environmental impact of materials production. Some comment is appropriate relative to these issues so as to round out

this perspective.

译文：在过去几年内，不论材料科学与工程的规律取得了巨大的进步，仍然有一些技术挑战，包括开发更加熟练的专业化的材料，并且考虑材料生产对环境导致的影响。针对这个问题，一些评论是十分相关的。

Nuclear energy holds some promise, but the solutions to the many problems that remain will necessarily involve materials, from fuels to containment structures to facilities for the disposal of radioactive waste.

译文：核能还保持着一些承诺，但是解决许多仍然存在的问题，将有必要把材料包括在里，从燃料到保护结构以便方便处置这些放射性废料。

Significant quantities of energy are involved in transportation. Reducing the weight of transportation vehicles (automobiles, aircraft, trains, etc.), as well as increasing engine operating temperatures, will enhance fuel efficiency. New high strength,

low-density structural materials remain to be developed, as well as materials that have higher-temperature capabilities, for use in engine components.

译文：相当数量的能源用在交通上。减少交通工具（汽车，飞机，火车等）的重量，和提高引擎操作温度，将提高燃料的使用效率。新的高强，低密度结构材料仍在发展，用作引擎部位能耐高温材料也在发展中。

Furthermore, there is a recognized need to find new, economical sources of energy, and to use the present resources more efficiently. Materials will undoubtedly play a significant role in these developments.

译文：除此之外，寻找新的、经济的能源资源，并且更加有效的使用目前现存的资源是公认为必须的。材料将毫无疑问的在这些发展过程中扮演重要的角色。

For example, the direct conversion of solar into electrical energy has been demonstrated. Solar cells employ some rather complex and expensive materials. To ensure a viable technology, materials that are highly efficient in this conversion process yet less costly must be developed. 译文：比如，太阳能直接转化为电能已经被证实了。太阳能电池使用相当复杂并且昂贵的材料。为了保证技术的可行，在这个转化过程中的高效但不贵的材料必须被发展。Furthermore, environmental quality depends on our ability to control air and water pollution. Pollution control techniques employ various materials. In addition, materials processing and refinement methods need to be improved so that they

produce less environmental degradation, that is, less pollution and less despoilage of the landscape from the mining of raw materials.

译文：除此之外，环境质量取决于我们控制大气和水污染的能力。污染控制技术使用了各种材料。再者，材料加工和精制的方法需要改善以便它们产生很少的环境退化，也就是说，在生材料加工过程中，带来更少的污染和更少的对自然环境的破坏。

Also, in some materials manufacturing processes, toxic substances are produced, and the ecological impact of their

disposal must be considered.

Many materials that we use are derived from resources that are nonrenewable, that is, not capable of being regenerated.

These include polymers, for which the prime raw material is oil, and some metals. These nonrenewable resources are

gradually becoming depleted.

译文：也，在一些材料生产过程中，有毒物质产生了，并且它们的处置对生态产生的影响必须加以考虑。

我们使用的许多材料来源于不可再生的资源，不可再生也就是说不能再次生成的。这些材料包括聚合物，最初的原生材料是油和一些金属。这些不可再生的资源逐渐变得枯竭

which necessitates: 1) the discovery of additional reserves, 2) the development of new materials having comparable properties with less adverse environmental impact, and/or 3) increased recycling efforts and the development of new recycling technologies.

译文：下面是必须的：1）发现另外的储藏，2）开发拥有较少负环境影响的新材料，3)增加循环的努力并且开发新的循环技术。

As a consequence of the economics of not only production but also environmental impact and ecological factors, it is

becoming increasingly important to consider the ‘‘cradle-to-grave’’life cycle of materials relative to the overall manufacturing process.

译文：结果，不仅是生产，而且环境影响和生态因子，和材料整个生产过程紧密相关的材料“一生”的生命周期的考虑变得越来越重要。

无机非金属材料专业英语复习题

材料科学与工程专业英语 （要懂得变通，背了的词组里有些词可以换了以后变成另一个词，背词组建议把词组拆开背会各词的意思。） 一、二单词、词组翻译（英译汉' 15 '2= 30 ?） ?汉译英' 15 15 '1= 单词： 1 H 氢Hydrogen11 Na 钠Sodium 2 He 氦Helium 12 Mg 镁Magnesium 3 Li 锂Lithium 13 Al 铝Aluminum 4 Be 铍Beryllium 14 Si 硅Silicon 5 B 硼Boron 15 P 磷Phosphorus 6 C 碳Carbon16 S 硫Sulfur 7 N 氮Nitrogen17 Cl 氯Chlorine 8 O 氧Oxygen18 Ar 氩Argon 9 F 氟Fluorine 19 K 钾Potassium 10 Ne 氖Neon 20 Ca 钙Calcium barium nitrate硝酸钡magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁manganese sulfate硫酸锰 （此处结构注意后面酸的写法，前面元素可换） PS：常用单词 Mechanical 力学的magnetic 磁学的electrical 电学的thermal 热学的Optical 光学的deteriorative 化学的 carbonate碳酸calcium carbonate 碳酸钙oxide 氧化物nitride 氮化物Carbide 碳化物Processing 加工stiffness 刚度toughness 韧性 structure 结构property 性质performance 性能strength 强度density 密度ceramic 陶瓷plastic 塑料semiconductor 半导体polymer 聚合物 metal 金属alloy 合金composite 复合材料 Atomic 原子的electronic 电子的phase 相 PS:加粗的必掌握。 英译汉: Elastic modulus 弹性模量Stiffness and toughness 刚度和韧性，机械性能Naked eye肉眼Optical property 光学性质 Thermal conductivity 热导率Mechanical strength 机械强度 Transition elements 过渡元素magnetic permeability 磁导率 Alkali metals 碱金属integrated circuit 集成电路 Positively charged protons 正电荷质子specific gravity 比重 The melting point 熔点conduction bands 导带 The ion lattice 离子晶格polycrystalline ceramics 多晶陶瓷 Composite materials 复合材料 汉译英: Materials science and engineering 材料科学与工程 1.257×10-6 1.257 times ten to negative six power High-performance materials 高性能材料

对工业工程师的要求和应具备的知识和技能(英文)

对工业工程师的要求和应具备的知识和技能 1、美国工业工程就业情况（2006年） Salaries and workforce statistics The total number of engineers employed in the U.S. in 2006 was roughly 1.5 million. Of these, 201,000 were industrial engineers (13.3%), the third most popular engineering specialty. The average starting salaries being $55,067 with a bachelor's degree, $64,759 with a master's degree, and $77,364 with a doctorate degree. This places industrial engineering at 7th of 15 among engineering bachelors degrees, 3rd of 10 among masters degrees, and 2nd of 7 among doctorate degrees in average annual salary.[3] The median annual income of industrial engineers in the U.S. workforce is $68,620. Typically, within a few years after graduation, industrial engineers move to management positions because their work is closely related to management. 2、招聘启事 28506, Industrial Engineer - FL - C

金属材料专业英语(带音标)

金属材料专业英语 材料科学 材料科学定义 [m???'] 加工性能 .[?θ] 强度 & .[k?'r????n] &['?] .[ '?r?'b?l?t?] 抗腐蚀及耐用金属特性 , & 抗敏感及环境保护[?'l??] 化学元素'?] 元素的原子序数 原子及固体物质 原子的组织图['k?] 周期表[?'?]. 周期的；定期的 原子键结合 金属与合金['?l?i, ?'l?i] & 铁及非铁金属['?s]. [化]亚铁的；铁的，含铁的金属的特性 晶体结构['?l]n. 水晶；结晶，晶体；水晶饰品 . 水晶的；透明的，清澈的 , & 晶体结构，定向格子及单位晶格['l?]n. 格子；格架；晶格 . 使成格子状

X – X线结晶分析法[,?n?'?l] 金属结晶格子 点阵常数 's 米勒指数 金相及相律 固熔体 置换固熔体[?:??n?l] 间隙固熔体[?'??l]n. 填隙原子；节间 . 间质的；空隙的；填隙的 金属间化合物[?'t?]['k?, k?m']. 混合；合成；和解妥协；搀合 . 妥协；和解 n. 化合物；复合词；混合物 . 复合的；混合的 转变 转变点 磁性转变[m?ɡ'] 同素转变[m?ɡ']. [化]同素异形的 热平衡['θ??l]. 热的，热量的 n. 上升暖气流. 热的，热量的['?m] 自由度 临界温度

共晶[:']n. 共熔合金 . 共熔的；容易溶解的 [’] 包晶温度 包晶反应 包晶合金 亚共晶体[?']n. 低级低共熔体. 亚共晶的 过共晶体 金属塑性[?:'??n]n. 变形 滑动面 畸变['t?:??n] 硬化 退火 回复柔软 再结晶[?'??n] & 金属材料的性能及试验化学性能['?p?] 物理性能 磁性['m?ɡ?m] & 比电阻 & 比重 比热

工业工程、仓储专业英语词汇

Total Quality Management全面质量管理Continuous Improvement持续改进Human Factors人因学、工效学 Man-Machine Systems人机系统 Shop-Floor Activities车间活动Simulation Model仿真模型 Code of Ethics道德标准、职业准则Performance Measure绩效测量Benchmark标杆 performance evaluation绩效评价 zero defects零缺陷 interdisciplinary跨学科manufacturing制造 interaction互动、交互 integration集成 curriculum课程体系 discipline学科 attrition中途退学 multi-disciplinary多学科 flexible simulation柔性仿真 Labor Specialization劳动力专业化standardized parts标准化的零部件moving assembly line装配线 Mass Production Era批量生产Queuing Theory排队理论 Process Analysis流程分析 Statistical Sampling统计采样 Industrial Engineering（IE）工业工程Industrial Engineer工业工程师Simulation仿真 Operations Research 运筹学 Quality Improvement Engineering质量改善工程 Management Services管理服务Engineering Services工程服务Performance Improvement Engineering 绩效改善工程 Material Handling物料搬运Logistics物流（学科） material flow物流Financial Management金融/财务管理 Project Management项目管理 Business Planning and Development商业规划与开发 Information Technology（IT）信息技术Business Process Redesign/Reengineering （BPR）业务流程再设计/再造 Human Resource Management人力资源管理Quality Movement质量运动 Total Order Management（TOM）全面订单管理 Material Requirement Planning（MRP）物料需求计划 companies are flattening corporate structures 企业结构扁平化 accuracy精度functional departments职能部门 mechanical engineering department机械工程

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

(完整版)土木工程专业英语常用词汇

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镀锡薄铁片(白铁皮/马口铁) (日工标准jis g3303) 简介 general 镀锡薄铁片的构造 construction of electrolytic tinplate 镀锡薄钢片(白铁皮/马日铁)制造过程 production process of electrolytic tinplate 锡层质量 mass of tin coating (jis g3303-1987) 两面均等锡层 both side equally coated mass 两面不均等锡层 both side different thickness coated mass 级别、电镀方法、镀层质量及常用称号 grade, plating type, designation of coating mass common coating mass 镀层质量标记 markings designations of differential coatings 硬度hardness 单相轧压镀锡薄铁片(白铁皮/马口铁) single-reduced tinplate

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附录 附录1：英文文献 Line Balancing in the Real World Abstract:Line Balancing (LB) is a classic, well-researched Operations Research (OR) optimization problem of significant industrial importance. It is one of those problems where domain expertise does not help very much: whatever the number of years spent solving it, one is each time facing an intractable problem with an astronomic number of possible solutions and no real guidance on how to solve it in the best way, unless one postulates that the old way is the best way .Here we explain an apparent paradox: although many algorithms have been proposed in the past, and despite the problem’s practical importance, just one commercially available LB software currently appears to be available for application in industries such as automotive. We speculate that this may be due to a misalignment between the academic LB problem addressed by OR, and the actual problem faced by the industry. Keyword:Line Balancing, Assembly lines, Optimization

工程常用英语

鑽孔加工 1.The tolerance of NPTH +0.05/-0mm is too tight to meet. Relax it to: +/-0.05mm. 2.The tolerance of the slot is 0.0365”+/-0.001”. For ease of manufacture capability we suggest to relax it to 0.0365’’+/-0.002’’. 3.The tolerance of the holes with dia.0.92mm & dia.2.3mm is +/-0.05mm.We couldn’t ensure this tolerance to PTH at all. Suggestion: Relax it to +/-0.076mm. 4.There is a small overlap between the two PTH. Suggestion: We will build the holes as the slots 1.30mm*3.5mm. Please confirm. 5.The finish hole size on the drill chart is different from the Gerber data. Drill chart :0. 6mm. Gerber data:0. 675mm. Drill chart: 2.0mm. Gerber data: 2.1mm. See attachment 3 Suggestion: We will follow the Gerber data. Please confirm! 6.There are some duplicate holes in the Gerber. For attachment 8, if there are no slots we will only retain one NPTH. For attachment 7 we will remove the small hole. 7.The quantities of the stamp holes on the drawing (19) are different from the Gerber data (11). We will build the PCB according to the Gerber data. 8.We will use routing process to build the slots because of the long slots will take long time during drilling process. But the tolerance of the slots is only +/-0.05mm.For ease of manufacture capability we suggest to relax it to +/-0.127mm. 9.The size of the two PTH (dia.1.6mm) is just the same as the Pads and the solder mask openings. Suggestion: We couldn't build the PTH without annular ring so please choose A or B: A: Build the two holes as NPTH and we will enlarge S/M opening and keep the clearance 0.003" each side. B: Build the two holes as PTH and we will enlarge the pads and keep the annular ring 0.008" and also will enlarge the S/M opening and keep the clearance 0.003" each side. We will build the rectangle slot (1.7X3.0mm) as oval one. 10.The quantity of the stamp holes on the drawing (19) is different from the Gerber data (11). Suggestion: We will build the PCB according to the Gerber data. 11.There are some data on the drill map are different from the Gerber data. Suggestion: We will follow the Gerber data to build the PCB.

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土木工程专业英语词汇汇总

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