The Unemployment Rate in China

The Unemployment Rate in China

Unemployment is a major problem facing market economy countries, and socio-economic development in China. Promote employment, to control the unemployment rate is one of the goals of the national government's macro-control and not shirk its responsibility. How the unemployed back to work and how to reduce the unemployment rate, not only related to the vital interests of the unemployed and the development and utilization of human resources, but also directly affect the healthy development of the national economy and social stability of the overall situation.

The unemployment rate can be defined as the number of people actively looking for a job divided by the labour force.

Changes in unemployment depend mostly on inflows made up of unemployed people starting to look for jobs, of employed people who lose their jobs and look for new ones and of people who stop looking for employment.

Reported by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the PRC unemployment Rate in China remained unchanged at 4.1% in the fourth quarter of 2012 and it's still at 4.1% in the third quarter of 2012.

Historically, from 2002 until 2012, China Unemployment Rate averaged 4.15% reaching an all time high of 4.3% in December of 2003 and a record low of 3.9% in September of 2002.

This is a form showing changes from Jan/10~Jan/13

The Chinese government seems to keep the unemployment rate low,

but since the statistics of China is only collected once a year and only cities and towns are included. So there must be some hidden unemployments which cannot be shown from the data.

We should take some measures, here are some suggestions:

(A) macroeconomic policy management

A proactive fiscal policy and loose monetary policy

In general, increased government spending or tax cuts to implement the proactive fiscal policy - at the end of 2008, the international financial crisis hit, China's economy was once the risk of recession, the unemployment rate has skyrocket ed signs, the Government’s four trillion policy of expanding domestic demand, sluggish external demand to secure domestic demand, to maintain aggregate demand basically unchanged, the successful implementation of the economic “protect eight growth “, the unemployment rate in the acceptable range. This is a successful example of the proactive fiscal policy. Loose monetary policy by the central bank, central bank can reduce the discount rate by reducing the rate of reserve requirements, require a lower interest rate or the acquisition of securities on the open market to provide a sufficient amount of liquidity to the market, increase currency the supply of, to some extent, can expand aggregate demand, which is very effective to stimulate the economy in the short term.

In the grim situation of the financial crisis, China's central bank lowered the reserve ratio and benchmark interest rate, while a large extend credit, but also succeeded in saving the sagging economy and rising unemployment rate, of course, the current property market is high, asset bubbles serious problems not unrelated to loose monetary policy, also in need of treatment.

(B) micro-social governance methods

(1) the implementation of the wage subsidy policy to increase employment opportunities.

Its final employment market in the pursuit of profit-maximizing firm, the amount of labor depends on the marginal productivity of labor and employment costs, when the marginal productivity of labor is equal to the

cost of employment, wage rates, companies stopped hiring workers. Constant level when the marginal productivity of labor, reduce the cost of employment of the labor force can be a corresponding increase in the number of companies to hire labor. However, wages have adjusted upward rigidity is evidenced by the iron law by the experience, the lower the wage rate in order to achieve the measures to inhale more labor will encounter resistance from existing labor was difficult to overcome, for the wages of special populations subsidy policy has become a means of government to increase the demand for labor in a certain period of time. Government within a certain range for specific populations (such as laid-off workers, the long-term unemployed, low-income families, etc.) to give a certain amount of wage subsidies or similar policy of subsidies to reduce the cost of hiring workers, increasing its reduce the total wage bill for profits, in order to encourage companies to hire more workers.

(2) to encourage the development of informal employment, students will be encouraged to start their own businesses, to increase employment opportunities.

Widely involved in the field of non-formal employment, the number of more focused in the following areas: First, micro-production enterprises, urban community service enterprises, independent service. The reason why the development of informal employment is an important way to create employment opportunities, because the country is going through a stage of economic restructuring and economic restructuring caused by the change of employment structure and requirements of the informal sector in the future for a long period of time instead of the informal sector, creating jobs, create jobs sector. From the support of the national policy on non-formal employment, the government should focus on the characteristics of informal employment, the development of relevant laws, policies, both to protect the legitimate rights and interests of informal employment, informal employment can be healthy and legitimate development while providing appropriate policy support (such as allowing banks or savings institutions to provide small loans to entrepreneurs, etc.), protection of the informal sector to participate in

market competition to equal the identity of the competitors in the market, and promote the full development.

(3) improve the labor market, and clear the channels of employment, improve information asymmetry incomplete.

China's labor market is designed to play to the basic role of the market in the allocation of labor resources, the promotion of labor resources, in accordance with the open, the principle of competition in the society as a whole within the flow and restructuring, thus promoting the development of social productivity. The reason that improve the labor market to Curb Unemployment is very important, because of a labor market with full adjustment of labor supply and demand. However, China's labor market numerous defects, and thus an obstacle in the system of governance unemployment. Therefore, unemployment is a very important aspect of governance is to establish a market-oriented employment system, improve the degree of accessibility of information, both labor supply and demand a better understanding in order to promote the labor force in the region between the free flow of industry, to reduce the institutional factors caused by structural unemployment and frictional unemployment.

(4) to strengthen education, increase investment in human capital.

Generate a large number of unemployed in China a prime motivation for economic reform and economic restructuring, but after the reform and structural adjustment difficult to digest a large number of structural unemployment population has to a large extent be attributed to the skills of our workerslevel and knowledge of the structure and the development of modern science and technology gap. From this perspective, increase investment in human capital, formed in contemporary labor resources with high professional skills is a positive step for the governance of unemployment. Also, change some of the incorrect concept of employment in the community, making the relationship between supply and demand balance of all walks of life, making hot and cold professional disparity would not have appeared in the institutions of higher learning.

(5) to optimize the unemployment protection system, as well as skills training

For the unemployed, the first is to expand the coverage of the unemployment protection, to ensure that unemployed adequate financial protection free of cold and hunger, increase unemployment security payments, financial investment, this measure to some extent, can also prevent massive unemployment to societystability problems. Same time, as a measure of governance unemployed, the unemployment protection system must be to promote re-employment for the unemployed included in the scope of its functions. Should therefore be unemployment insurance benefits and re-employment training combined, so as to effectively control the level of unemployment insurance benefits. Skills training to give the unemployed a better investment in human capital, is conducive to solving the unemployment problem. Actively participate in the re-employment training and employment of the unemployed reward for a specified period and reduce the level of unemployment insurance benefits, and refused to participate in the training of unemployed persons - such rewards and punishments practice a facilitating role for employment.

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电子类常用缩写(英文翻译) AC(alternating current) 交流(电) A／D(analog to digital) 模拟／数字转换 ADC(analog to digital convertor) 模拟／数字转换器 ADM(adaptive delta modulation) 自适应增量调制 ADPCM(adaptive differential pulse code modulation) 自适应差分脉冲编码调制 ALU(arithmetic logic unit) 算术逻辑单元 ASCII(American standard code for information interchange) 美国信息交换标准码 AV(audio visual) 声视，视听 BCD(binary coded decimal) 二进制编码的十进制数 BCR(bi-directional controlled rectifier)双向晶闸管 BCR(buffer courtier reset) 缓冲计数器 BZ(buzzer) 蜂鸣器，蜂音器 C(capacitance，capacitor) 电容量，电容器 CATV(cable television) 电缆电视 CCD(charge-coupled device) 电荷耦合器件 CCTV(closed-circuit television) 闭路电视 CMOS(complementary) 互补MOS CPU(central processing unit)中央处理单元 CS(control signal) 控制信号 D(diode) 二极管 DAST(direct analog store technology) 直接模拟存储技术 DC(direct current) 直流 DIP(dual in-line package) 双列直插封装 DP(dial pulse) 拨号脉冲 DRAM(dynamic random access memory) 动态随机存储器 DTL(diode-transistor logic) 二极管晶体管逻辑 DUT(device under test) 被测器件 DVM(digital voltmeter) 数字电压表 ECG(electrocardiograph) 心电图 ECL(emitter coupled logic) 射极耦合逻辑 EDI(electronic data interchange) 电子数据交换 EIA(Electronic Industries Association) 电子工业联合会 EOC(end of conversion) 转换结束 EPROM(erasable programmable read only memory) 可擦可编程只读存储器 EEPROM(electrically EPROM) 电可擦可编程只读存储器 ESD(electro-static discharge) 静电放电 FET(field-effect transistor) 场效应晶体管 FS(full scale) 满量程 F／V(frequency to voltage convertor) 频率／电压转换 FM(frequency modulation) 调频

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() 2. A. B. C.

() 3. A. B. C.

() 4. A. B. C.

() 5. A. B. C.

三、听录音，选择正确的答语。(20分) () 1. A. It's a bookstore. B. It's in the bookstore. C. It's in front of the museum. () 2. A. I usually come to school at 7：30. B. I live near school. C. I often come to school on foot. () 3. A. I'm going to have a music lesson. B. I like drawing pictures. C. I don't like the park. () 4. A. He likes reading books. B. She likes going hiking. C. He is going to sing a song. () 5. A. Yes, he does. B. Yes, he is. C. Yes, we are. 四、听对话，根据对话内容判断以下内容正误，正确写T，错误写F。(20分) () 1. Amy often goes to school by bus. () 2. Linda is going to buy a comic book this afternoon. () 3. Amy's uncle studies Chinese in Beijing. () 4. Sam's grandfather works in a big factory. () 5. Peter's brother was ill, but he feels well now. 五、听短文，连线。(20分)

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南桥芯片（South Bridge） 北桥芯片（North Bridge） Memory Controller Hub (MCH)－内存控制中心，Intel 8xx（例如820或840）芯片组中用于控制AGP、CPU、内存（RDRAM）等组件工作的芯片。 ICH（Input/Output Controller Hub，输入/输出控制中心） Front Buffer，前置缓冲 FSAA（Full Scene Anti－aliasing，全景抗锯齿） FSB: Front Side Bus，前置总线，即外部总线 FSE（Frequency Shifter Effect，频率转换效果） FSUB（Floationg Point Subtraction，浮点减） FTP（File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议） FWH（Firmware Hub，固件中心） GART（Graphic Address Remappng Table，图形地址重绘表） GDI（Graphics Device Interface，图形设备接口） Ghost:（General Hardware Oriented System Transfer，全面硬件导向系统转移） Gigabyte GMCH（Graphics & Memory Controller Hub，图形和内存控制中心） GMR（giant magnetoresistive，巨型磁阻） Gouraud Shading，高洛德描影，也称为内插法均匀涂色 GPF（General protect fault，一般保护性错误） GPIs（General Purpose Inputs，普通操作输入） GPS（Global Positioning System，全球定位系统） GPU（Graphics Processing Unit，图形处理器） GTF（Generalized Timing Formula，一般程序时间，定义了产生画面所需要的时间，包括了诸如画面刷新率等） GUI（Graphics User Interface，图形用户界面） GVPP（Generic Visual Perception Processor，常规视觉处理器） HAL（Hardware Abstraction Layer，硬件抽像化层） hardware motion compensation（硬件运动补偿） HCI: Host Controller Interface，主机控制接口 HCT：Hardware Compatibility Test，硬件兼容性测试 HDA（head disk assembly，磁头集合） HDSL: High bit rate DSL，高比特率数字订阅线路 HDTV（high definition television，高清晰度电视） HEL: Hardware Emulation Layer（硬件模拟层） HiFD（high-capacity floppy disk，高容量软盘） high triangle count（复杂三角形计数）

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2012—2013学年度第一学期 小学英语六年级期中测试卷听力材料及答案一、Listen and choose（听音，根据你所听到的内容，选择相符合的 一项，并将其字母编号写在题前的括号里。） 1. Go straight. 2. I am going to Australia by plane. 3. Red means stop. 4. I usually go to school on foot. 5. I often plant trees in March. 6. There are twelve months in a year. 7. What are you going to do this weekend? 8. We’re going to play chess under the big tree. 9. Sometimes I go to school by bus. 10. Get on the No.3 bus 参考答案: A C C A A A B C B B 二、Listen and judge. 你将听到一个句子或一组对话，根据所听到的内容, 在每小题的大图中圈出相符的图片。别忘了先浏览选项！每小题读两遍。 1.I usually go to Canada with my parents by plane. ( picture 3) 2.No entry. (picture 1) 3.The science museum is near my home. So I often go there with my classmate on the weekend. (picture 2) 4.Excuse me, how can I get to the cinema ? Turn left at the zoo. It’s on the right. (picture 3) 5.I am going to buy a dictionary for my brother this weekend. (picture 2) 6.Where is my toy bus, dad? Look! It’s behind the desk. (picture 2 ) 7.Turn left at the park, you will see the bookstore. It’s near the park. (picture 1) 8.Where is John going next Sunday? He is going to the Great Wall.

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duno=don't know u=you ur=your kinda=kind of sorta=sort of 2=two或to 4=for shoulda=should have congrat=congratulation thx=thanks X'mas=Christmas wat=what biz=business ad=advertisement ft.=featuring abt=about pls=please rgds=regards ---问好--- 1,hiho=hola=yo=hi=hey=hellow=你好，大家好 2,wuz up=sup=what's up=(原意：怎么样你？/有什么事儿嘛？)也可作为问好用(当然是比较熟的两个人之间的问候)，回答时有事说事，没事用"nothing/nothin much/not much/nm等回答就可以。 ---再见--- 1,cya=cu=see ya=see you=再见 2,laterz=later=cya later=see ya later=see you later=再见 3,gn=gn8=gnight=good night=晚安 4,nn=nite=晚安 说明：一般第一个人常说gnight/gn8,然后第二个人用nite,后面的用nn什么的都可以了。不要问我为什么，约定俗成而已。 ---惊叹赞扬--- 1,OMG=oh my god=我的天；**！ 2,OMFG=oh my f ucking god=我的老天；**靠； 3,wtf=what the f uck=怎么会事！？；*！； 4,n1=nice 1=nice one=漂亮 5, pwnz=ownz=牛比！(例句：pwnz demo!;lefuzee ownz all the others!) 6,rullz=强！(例句：lefuzee rullz!;you guyz rull!!!) 7,you rock!=你牛比！(口语中常用，irc中偶尔能看到。) ---笑--- 1,lol=laughing out loud /laugh out loud=大笑 2,lmao=laughing my ass off=笑的屁股尿流 3,rofl=roll on floor laughing=笑翻天了 排序:hehe