初中英语语法句子结构

第16 讲_句子基本结构和成分

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- 句子基本结构和成分句子结构句子成分第 16 讲_ 句子基本结构和成分

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句子基本结构和成分

知识精讲

一、句子基本结构

1.主谓宾结构：

“主谓宾”结构是英文表达中最基本的结构，表达“谁做了什么事”，句中的“谁”即主语；“做了”即谓语；“什么事”为宾语。

1）.主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy ），人称代词主格（如you ），数词，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常加冠词，如：

The boy comes from America. 这个男孩来自美国。

He made a speech. 他做了演讲。

Two and two is four. 二乘二等于四。

To be a teacher is my dream. 成为老师是我的梦想。

Doing a research is a necessary step when you write an

essay.

当你写论文时，做调查是很有必要的一步

2).谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在

主语之后，及物动词后接宾语，形成主谓宾结构；不及物动词(vi.) ，没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：

I have arrived. 我已经到了。

Many changes took place in my hometown.

家乡发生了很多变化。

注：表发生、出现的，如：take place, appear, happen, break

out; 表

来、去，如：come, go 等为不及物动词。

3).宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是

构成宾语的代词必须是宾格形式，如：me ，him ，them 等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外，名词，动名词，不定式等也可以作宾语，如：

I will do it tomorrow. 我明天再做(这件事)。

The boy needs a pen. 这个男孩需要一支钢笔。

I like swimming. 我喜欢游泳。

I like to swim this afternoon. 我今天下午想去游泳。

2.主系表结构：

“主系表”结构可以认为是一种特殊的主谓宾，它表达一种状态，或

感

受，如：

Tom is a boy. 汤姆是个男孩。

1). 主语：与“主谓宾”中的主语相同。

2).系动词：连系动词(Link verb) ：be 动词(am, is, are,

was, were 等); 其他连系动词如become ，turn ，get 等和感官动词如sound, look, smell, taste, feel 等。其特点是连系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词或副词。感官动词用作连系动词最常见，如：

He looks well. 他面色好。

It sounds nice. 这个听起来不错。

I feel good. 我感觉好。

The egg smells bad. 这个鸡蛋难闻。

3).表语：说明主语的状态、性质等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当连系动词为表“转变为”之意，注意与动宾关系的

区别。

He became a teacher at last. 他最终成为了一名老师。

His face turned red. 他的脸变红了。

3.There be 结构：

There be 表示“某地/ 某时有”。这里的there 没有实际意义，不可与副词“ there 那里”混淆，很多同学把它翻译成“那有”，实际是有问题的。此结构后跟名词，表示(存在)有某事物，试比较：

There is a boy there. 那儿有一个男孩。

前一个there 无实意，后一个there 为副词“那里”

、其他成分

1.定语

定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常

用“??的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some ，any ，every ，no 构成的复合不定代词时，如：something ，nothing 或不定

式，分词短语作定语，从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。

形容词，介词短语，名词，不定式，分词，从句都可以充当定语成分，如：

2.状语

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、

让步、方向、程度、目的等。

状语在句子中的位置很灵活，通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often ）或程度（如：almost ）的副词状语通常位于be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。

可以充当状语成分的词众多，如：

3.宾语补足语

位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分叫做宾语补足语，简称宾补。宾语与

其

补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语，多当做固定句型使用，如：

The war made him a soldier . 战争使他成为一名战士.

New methods make the job easy . 新方法使这项工作变得轻松.

I often find him at work . 我经常发现他在工作.

The teacher asked the students to close the windows . 老师让学生们

关上窗户.

I saw a cat running across the road. 我看见一只猫跑过了马路.

4.同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：

We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。

students 是we 的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生'

We all are students. 我们都是学生。

all 是we 的同位语，都指同样的“我们”。

三点剖析

、重点：

本节重点在于掌握句子的基本构成，以及句子中的基本成分，即主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语以及同位语。成分的判断考试中不会

直接考查，但对于长难句的分析、句子理解和作文语病的排除都有直接的影响。

二、易错点：系动词的辨别

我们之前讲系动词分为三类，即be 动词，感官动词和表转变的几个动词。这里面需要注意的是感官动词中look ，smell ，feel ，以及表转变的动词turn ，get 都有实意动词的用法，试比较：

1.This kind of cloth feels good. 这种面料摸上去很舒服。（系动词）

The Doom has come. I can feel it! 末日已经降临，我能感受到它。（实意动词）

2.Leaves turn yellow in Autumn. 秋天树叶变黄。

Go along the street and turn right. 沿街走到头右转。

题模精讲

题模一句子结构

例 1.1 、

分析下列句子成分

1. All of us considered him honest.

2. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.

例 1.2 、

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