河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,)Unit_5_Take_a_Lesson_from_the_Economists

Economics is the dismal science: so say the large number of people who heap scorn on the intelle ctural merits of the discipline. Much of the criticism comes from "pure" or "proper" scientist —— physicists, chemists and biologists. Now, economics certainly has its failings. But the general way in which economists approach and describe the world, and how they convey their message about it to others , carries lessons which pure scientists should learn from. 经济学是沉闷的科学:所以说,大量的人嗤之以鼻的方式的优点的纪律。大部分的批评来自于“纯”或“适当的”科学家——物理学家、化学家和生物学家。现在,经济学当然有其缺点。但是一般的方式方法和描述这个世界的经济学家,以及他们如何传达他们的消息对其他人,上了一课,纯科学家应该学习。

Economics has inexactitudes and vagueness built into it. The general lack of reliable data about past events makes virtually impossible the accurate measurement of even the most basic econo mic variables, such as the total volume of output in a country, or the path of consumer spending, or inflation. 经济学是由不精确性和模糊性建成的。普遍缺乏对过去事件的可靠的数据使得几乎不可能有准确的测量,即使是最基本的经济变量,如一个国家的输出总量,或者消费支出的路径,或通货膨胀。

If economists are hazy about what is going right now, they are even less sure about the future. D ue to the general measurement difficulties, as well as unforeseen events such as wars or natural disasters, economic forecasts are almost always wrong, sometimes by wide margins. As for econo mic theories, they change almost according to fashion, with economists allowed to move effortle ssly between them, sometimes holding several contrasting points of view at the same time. 如果经济学家朦胧的关于什么将会发生,现在他们更不确定的未来。由于通用测量困难,以及不可预见的事件,如战争或自然灾害,经济预测几乎总是错的,有时是由宽的利润率。至于经济理论,他们改变几乎根据时尚,经济学家可以毫不费力地移动它们之间,有时在同一时间持有多种截然相反的观点。

The contrast with scientists could not be starker. The tools of an economist's trade are muddy da ta, loose theorising and a shambling approach to causality which says . that a set of interactions b etween A, B and C MIGHT lead to a conclusion Z (and only via a roundabout route which takes in P, Q and R as well) . Scientists have a harder-edged way of looking at the world, requiring a set of rigid theories and data based on painstaking experimental observation.相比之下,科学家们有着天壤之别。经济学家的贸易工具是泥泞的数据,松散理论和呆滞的因果性说。这一组之间的交互,B和C可能导致结论Z(和只能通过一个迂回路线,需要在P,Q,R)。科学家们有一个硬朗的看待世界的方式,需要一套严格的理论和基于细心的实验观察的数据。

But the economists have been able to use the vagueness with which their subject is afflicted to their advantage. By concentrating on broad conclusions to problems and communicating these in terms that can be understood by the special interest groups they are dealing with, economists ha ve had a generally good record in "assimilating themselves into positions of influence. Scientists h ave done rather less well by concentrating on the nature of problems rather than on the conclusi ons or policy prescripitons.但是，经济学家们已经能够使用的模糊性，其主题是困扰自己的优势。通过专注于广泛的问题结论和交流这些条款,可以理解他们正在处理的特殊利益集团,,经济学家有一个普遍的良好记录在“同化成具有影响力的位置上。科学家们已经做得相当不那么专注于问题的本质,而是结论或政策规定。

All this explains why, in British at least, economists as a body of people have had muchmore suc cess in purely professional terms over the past 20 years than scientists. 所有这些都解释了为什么至少在英国,在过去20年经济学家作为一个群体比科学家有更多的成功在纯粹的专业术语

方面。

Take the posts in the Britain government of chief scientific adviser and chief economist. In the fir st position, Bill Stewart has a thin power base, playing a marginal role in providing scientific advic e to dozens of government departments. The second job takes the "incumbent to the centre of th e government's decision-making machinery in the Treasury, and into involvement with many of th e most important decisions ministers make about how Britain should operate. 以作为英国政府的首席科学顾问和首席经济学家的职位。在第一个位置,比尔·斯图尔特有一层稀薄的权力基础,扮演一个次要角色为数十政府部门提供科学建议。第二个工作需要，在财政部的政府决策机制的中心，到参与的最重要的决定部长，英国应该如何操作进行。

In industry, top scientists working for big firms such as ICI or IBM certainly are in strong positions . But the ability of such people to influence events is put into the shade by the power of economi sts working for the big international banks and investment houses in the City of London. The bro ad judgments of these people about global economic patterns, transmitted by numerous direct a nd indirect ways, form a key component of thousands of decisions made at company level at the grass roots of industry.在工业领域，顶尖的科学家工作在大公司如ICI或IBM肯定是在强有力的位置。但是这样的人影响事件的能力是通过经济学家在伦敦对国际大银行和投资公司工作来实现的。这些人对全球经济模式的大致的判断,通过大量的直接和间接的方式,形成在公司层面基层产业的重要组成部分。

How did economists get to be in this position - and what can scientists learn from them? Despite the difficulty in arriving at hard answers to many of the problems in economics, people in the dis cipline have shown an ability to skim over the inexactitudes, to come up with a general view of t he world in terms that are relevant and make sense to those outside the profession. 经济学家如何会在这个位置,科学家可以从他们那儿学到了什么?尽管经济中存在的许多问题很难回答，本学科的人们表现出掠过不确切性问题的能力，要明确拿出一个通用的世界观，并对行业以外的有意义。

As an example, consider a single topic of relevance to a wide body of people—the flow of capital around the world. Finding out about where all the world's money is going (and why and how and at what rate) is of obvious importance to anyone interested in investment decisions and the com petitive advantages of specific nations over others. 作为一个例子,考虑与单个主题人力相关的问题-世界各地的资本流动。找到世界上所有的钱是怎么花的(和为什么，怎样以及以什么速率),对每一个有兴趣投资决策的人和特定国家竞争优势非常重要

Every few miuntes, banks and other institutions are switching hundreds of millions of dollars fro m country to country in a pattern that is far from clear. The goal on each 'transaction is to move money into a region where the returns are higher and so chalk up a profit. Working out what is g oing on in this vast exercise, and the important influences that are at play, is vital to understandin g a host of issues involving the buildup of wealth in the modern world. 每隔几分钟,银行和其他机构在不同国家交换数亿美元,以一个目前仍不清楚的模式。每个交易的目标是将资金投入到一个回报是更高的地区并记下收益。找出在这场大转移中发生了什么，以及产生了多大的影响，在理解一系列在现代世界中积聚财富的问题中至关重要。

The "pure science" way of approaching this problem would be to attempt to collect data from all the banks and regulatory authorities participating in money transfer, and thence gain a sum of all the capital flows - from which appropriate conclusions could be drawn. The economist would rec ognise that the task of measuring and collecting the data is well nigh impossible.“纯科学”的方式处理这个问题是尝试收集来自所有的银行和监管当局参与转账的数据,那里获得一笔所有

的资本流动——从哪能得出相关的结论。经济学家也会承认,这项任务的测量和收集数据几乎是不可能的。

Using the fairly "paltry statistics that are available, and some "judicious averaging out and guess work, the economist would gain a rough idea about the shape of the world's money flow. From t his would flow a convincing argument about the policy dimension to the problem - such as how t he balance of interest rates between several countries made a specific course of action, as relate d to funds transfer, either less or more appropriate - in a relevant way. The scientific way is to thr ow everything at the problem and be less concerned at the prescription that follows; with the ec onomist the balance is the other way round. 使用相当微不足道的有效的统计数据,通过一些明智的均衡和猜测,经济学家将获得一个世界货币流动大致估计。这将引出一个关于政策方面的令人信服论点的问题,比如如何通过一系列的行动平衡几个国家之间的利率,因为涉及资本转移,要么少或更适当的——以一种合理的方式。科学的方法是考虑问题的所有因素,不考虑其遵循的原则;与经济学家的平衡是倒过来的。

What can pure scientists gain from this study of the "dismal science"? When necessary, they sh ould reject exact approach, take a broader view, study conclusions and how to implement them a nd above all learn better communications skills. There are some signs of such things happening. T here is a general move in certain sections of academia and industry towards the concept of the multidisciplinary scientist, one who can take in to a world view bits of physics, chemistry and biol ogy as well as general knowledge about business, marketing and finance.纯正的科学家可以从这种“忧郁科学”的研究中得到什么?必要时,他们应该拒绝精确的方法,采取一个更广泛的观点,研究结论和如何实现它们,重要的是学习更好的沟通技巧。有一些迹象显示这样的事情发生。在学术界和工业界关于综合学科科学家的概念有一个普遍进步，就是一个融合了物理、化学和生物学以及商业，市场，金融等综合知识的学科。

Even at a basic single-discipline scientific level, more efforts are being made to consider proble ms as part of a multi-faceted general inquiry - in risk analysis, for example, where it is acceptable to state that there is a certain chance that something might happen, rather than will happen. Per haps, in theme, academic establishments will start to offer degree courses in general science com bined with economics such courses at the moment are thin on the ground.

即使在一个基本的单一学科的科学水平层面,更多的努力正考虑将问题作为多层面普遍分析的一部分，在风险分析领域,例如,在哪里接受的状态,有一定的几率可能发生的事情,而不是将会发生。或许,在主题,学术机构应该开始提供结合经济学以及一般科学的学位课程;这样的课程目前是寥寥无几。

研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译

Unit5 An Alpine Divorce 1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other. This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own. 1约翰?伯德曼是一个常常走极端的人。这本来应该没什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整个儿是他的翻版。 2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa; but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman. The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist. Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble. 2毋庸置疑，对于任何一个男人，这世上总会有一个相当合适的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。但是如果你考虑一下:每个人仅有机会结识几百个人而已，在这几百个人之中熟知的只有那么干几人甚至更少，在这十几个人之中又最多只有一两个知心朋友;别忘了，居住在这世上的人有多少个百万，因此显而易见:自地球存在以来，这合适的男人极有可能从来就没有遇到过他那个合适的女人。。从概率上来讲，这样相遇的机会微乎其微，这也正是离婚法庭存在的原因。婚姻充其量不过是一种妥协，而如果恰好两个个性上互不妥协的人结合了，那就肯定会有麻烦。 3.In the lives of these two young people there was no middle distance. The result was bound to be either love or hate, and in the case of Mr. and Mrs. Bodman it was hate of the most bitter and egotistical kind. 3对于两个这样的年轻人来说，生活没有什么中间点，其结局注定要么是爱，要么是恨，而就伯德曼夫妇而言，他们到头来有的是那种最刻骨、最傲慢的恨。 4.In some parts of the world, incompatibility of temper is considered a just cause for obtaining a divorce, but in England no such subtle distinction is made, and so until the wife became criminal, or the man became both criminal and cruel, these two were linked together by a bond that only death could sever.' Nothing can be worse than this state of things, and the matter was only made the more hopeless by the fact that Mrs. Bodman lived a blameless life, while her husband was no worse than the majority of men. Perhaps, however, that statement held only up to a certain point, for John Bodman had reached a state of mind in which he resolved to get rid of his wife at all hazards. If he had been a poor man he would probably have deserted her, but he was rich, and a man cannot freely leave a prospering business because his domestic life happens not to be happy. 4在这世界上的某些地方，夫妻性情不合就能够成为离婚的正当理由，但是在英格兰，并没有如此微妙的区分，所以除非妻子犯罪，或丈夫犯罪并且为人残暴，否则两者的婚姻关系将一直维系下去，直至死神将他们分开。没有什么比这种事情更糟糕的了，而更令人绝望的是伯德曼太太为人无可厚非，而她丈夫也并不比一般男人差。然而，也许上面的表述只能说在某种程度上是正确的，因为约翰?伯德曼已经忍无可忍，下定决心不管付出什么代价也要摆脱他的妻子。如果他是个穷人，也许他会抛弃她，但是他很富有，而一个人不能因为家庭生活碰巧不幸就轻易放弃一份蒸蒸日上的事业。 5.When a man's mind dwells too much on one subject, no one can tell just how far he will go.

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client —a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学

家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。

河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示)unit8isaraceofrobotspossib

A good many technical people become irate when you call a computer a giant brain.They insist t hat a computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have it do.假如你把计算机称为巨人脑，许多技术人员会感到气愤。他们坚持认为，计算机只不过是做有思维的人类安排它做的事情罢了 Yet one authority states categorically,"A machine can handle information;it can calculate,conclu de,and choose;it can perform reasonable operations with information.A machine,therefore,ca n think.Famed mathematician Norbert Wiener,of MIT,envisions a machine that can learn and wi ll"in no way be obliged to make such decisions as we should have made,or will be acceptable to us."Evidently,he thinks machines can think.不过，一位权威人士明确地说：“机器能处理信息，能进行计算、做出决定和选择，能利用信息从事各种合理的工作，因此，机器能够思维。”麻省理工学院著名的数学家诺伯特·威纳做出展望认为，机器能学习，它“决不会被迫做出我们必须作的决定，或是迎合我们。”显然，他认为机器能够思维 There is a popular anecdote about a computer programmer who,just for a lark,spent days settin g up the machine to destroy itself,then watched delightedly as the computer dutifully proceeded to commit suicide.If that machine could have thought,would it not have circumvented him?一个有关一位计算机程序设计员的轶事广为流传。这位程序设计员只是为了取乐，花了几天的时间，装了一台毁灭机器自身的机器，然后兴高采烈地观看这台计算机忠实地自杀，那台计算机假如能够思维的话，难道不会用谋略去战胜他吗 To me the controversy boils down to a definition of the word think.There is no area in physiology that is less understood than the human brain.Practically all that is known is that the brain contai ns some ten billion tiny cells called neurons.对我来说，这场争论归根结底就是对“思维”一词如何下定义。从生理学的角度看，没有哪个领域比人脑了解得更少的了。实际上我们所知道的只是大脑约含有100亿个称为神经原的微小细胞 Apparently neurons are elementary memory units,capable of storing the same kind of informatio n"bits"that a machine can store.The completely materialistic view is that neurons,along with an extraordinary network of nerve-communication lines,comprise all that is to the brain.But such a n explanation fails to account for how the brain originates thought.很显然，神经原是基本的记忆单位，能储存的信息“块”种类与机器是相等的。彻底唯物的观点是，大脑是由神经原与一个特殊的神经通讯网共同组成的。但这一解释并没有说明大脑是如何产生思维的Probably the clearest differentiation between man and machine is a quantitative one.The brain h as roughly a million times as many components as the best computer.On the other hand,the diff erence may lie in a spiritual factor,embraced by religion.At any rate,a machine cannot exercise f ree will or originate anything-not yet.Whether it ever will is still an open argument.人和机器之间最明显的区别大概是量的不同。人脑的组成元件大约是最好的计算机的100万倍。从另一个方面来说，区别也许在于宗教所能接受的某精神因素。不管怎样，机器不能行使自由意志或创造任何东西——现在还不能。将来是否可以尚存争议 Computers can already do a lot of surprising things,which include predicting the weather.The m achine is able to make forecasts by assimilating vast quantities of data,but this,as well as most of the other tasks now performed by the thinking machines,is routine,requiring thinking of a very l ow order.Let us see what happens when we go beyond this step.计算机已经能做许多令人吃惊的事，其中包括预报天气。它可以接收大量的数据、并以此做出预报，但与思维机器现在所完成的大多数别的工作一样，这只是它的日常工作，只需要低思维层次。我们跨越这一步后，再看看会出现什么情况吧 A great many outstanding men are preoccupied with computers that do nonnumerical work:that

2015年 河海大学研究生英语一 Unit 11 The Iks

Unit 11 The Iks The small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them. 小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。 The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged. 书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。这是对他们分崩离析的传统文化所做出的反应。此外，这也是我们内在本性的模样。当我们的社会结构全部瓦解时，我们都将变成伊克人。 The argument rests, of course, on certain assumptions about the core of human beings, and is necessarily speculative. You have to agree in advance that man is fundamentally a bad lot , out for himself alone , displaying such graces as affection and compassion only as learned habits . If you take this view, the story of the Iks can be used to confirm it. These people seem to be living together, clustered in small, dense villages, but they are really solitary, unrelated individuals with no evident use for each other. They talk, but only to make ill-tempered demands and cold refusals. They share nothing. They never sing. They turn the children out to forage as soon as they can walk, and desert the elders to starve whenever they can, and the foraging children snatch food from the mouths of the helpless elders. It is a mean society. 论点当然是建立在对人性的必要的推测性假设的基础上。首先，你得同意人性本恶，所表现出的喜爱和同情的优雅，仅仅是学到的习性，并非与生俱来。如果你持此观点，伊克人的故事就可以用来佐证。这些人表面上生活在一起，群居在小而密集的村庄，但是他们真的是独立的、没有关联的、对别人毫无明显作用的个人。他们聊天，但仅仅是提出坏脾气的要求，做出冷漠的拒绝。他们毫无分享，从不唱歌。他们将刚会走路的孩子赶出去寻找食物，将老人抛弃任由其饿死。觅食的孩子从无助的老者嘴下抢夺食物。这是个卑鄙自私的社会。 They breed without love or even casual regard. They defecate on each other’s doorsteps. They watch their neighbors for signs of misfortune, and only then do they laugh. In the book they do a lot of laughing, having so much bad luck. Several times they even laughed at the anthropologist, who found this especially repellent (one

研究生英语系列教材综合教程课文翻译

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Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。

河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,)Unit 4 Explicit and Implicit Moral Education

Imagine a guardsman, from the moment he falls in on parade in the morning until the moment th e parade is dismissed, every conscious action he makes is predetermined and controlled. If inadv ertently he does something that is not in the schedule, such as drop his rifle, he has to cover up t he accident by pretending to faint. To do anything other than conform might show originality and inventiveness, but from the point of view of military ethos（风气，社会思潮） would be immoral. 想象一下，一个卫士，从他早上在阅兵仪式的那一刻起直到游行解解散的那一刻,他的每一个有意识的动作都是受预定和控制的。如果他无意间做了什么计划外的事情，比如像掉了他的步枪，他不得不假装晕倒来掩盖事故。做除了承认以外的任何事情都可以展示出独创性和创造性，但是从军事风气的角度来看可能是不道德的。 That is an example of a thorough-going explicit moral system. In it actions are rigidly divided into right ones and wrong ones, permitted ones and non-permitted ones, and everyone involved acce pts this without question; and to train a participant in such a system is an explicit matter, and the simplest form of behaviour training, provided the learners acknowledge the teacher as an unques tionable authority who knows exactly what moral behaviour is. 这是一个彻底的显性道德体系的例子。它的行动被严格分为正确的和错误的，允许的和不准许的，并且体系内的人接受这个没有问题，并且培养在这样的系统中的参与者是一个明确的事情，，最简单的行为训练的形式，倘若学习者承认教师作为一个不容置疑的权威，明确分辨道德行为与否。Consider the same guardsman in the evening, in a tavern with a girl. His behaviour is not so rigor ously controlled, and he has many choices of action, many decisions to make. In that case, all sort s of pressures are influencing his choice of actions. What his peer group does, what is the custom at the moment in that area, what he thinks the girlfriend will accept or expect, maybe the sort of lifestyle he has seen displayed in television plays, the things he has read about in the papers, thes e are all contributing to his decisions. He has not been instructed explicitly, as in the morning, but he has had a much more diffuse implicit training in behaviour, derived from many sources.考虑同样的卫士，在晚上，同一个女孩在一个小酒馆。他的行为是不那么严格的受控制，他的行动有很多选择，很多决定去下。在这种情况下，各种压力都会影响他的行动选择。他的同龄人做的，此刻在此方面的习惯，他认为的这个女性朋友会接受或者拒绝的，或者他在电视上看到的生活方式，书上读到的故事，这些都有助于他的决定。同早上比，他没有被明确指示，但是他有一个更加扩散的隐性训练行为，来自多种来源。 These, then, are the two forms of education available to those who wish to influence others' mor als - the explicit instruction and the implicit influence of surrounding behaviour. Which do we use with school pupils, or do we perhaps need to make use of each at different times? Above, in desc ribing the morning parade morals of the guardsman, it was pointed out that explicit instruction d epended on the learner's acceptance of the authority of the instructor. Without that acceptance t he system breaks down. While to the same guardsman in the evening, in a tavern with a girl, such explicit moral exhortation would probably have little effect, because the speaker is not regarded as an authority, but rather as a crank. This illustrates the impossibility of having explicit moral edu cation unless all concerned have agreed on the fundamental principles, and on who has the right to expound them and say how they apply in practice. Where you have a society or an organizatio n in which such accord is possible, then behaviour is determined and can be the subject of explici t instruction.那么，明确的指导和周围环境的隐性影响是两种有效的教育模式对那些想要影响他人道德的人来说。我们用哪一种当面对学校学生是，或在不同时刻我们用每一个。上面，在描述上午游行的卫兵的道德时，指出显性指导依赖于学习者对指导者权威的承认。如果不承认系统就崩溃了。而相同的卫兵在晚上,在酒2013年ACCA/CAT考试全攻略每日一练历年