研究生英语 多维教程 完型全部8单元

第一单元

When today’s high-school seniors are asked what they plan to do after graduation, most say that they intend to get a bachelor's degree. They have been told that their generation has only “one way to win” ——by getting at least a bachelor’s degree, in the hope that it will eventually lead to a professional job.

In a recent survey of high-school seniors conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics,85 per cent of the respondents said they planned to get a bachelor's degree. And, although 20 years ago only 45 per cent of high-school graduates went on to college, today 68 percent actually matriculate, with the majority enrolling in four-year or two-year programs designed to allow them transfer to

four-year institutions .

According to conventional wisdom, the rapid rise in the number of students attending college is cause for national celebration . But our research suggests that instead , it may be cause for national concern. Why? Because for many young people, the “one way to win paradigm” (例子) is not realistic , given their academic talents and the labor-market projections. Students ranking below the top third of their

high-school graduating class too often fail to earn as bachelor’s degree if they enroll

in college. The cost of such failure —— in both dollars and unmet expectations ——is rising and beginning to erode public confidence in our system of higher education.

第二单元

Unti2

A small family-owned company, Eisai, was one of the original manufacturers of vitamin E, and it maintained a strong research commitment to natural pharmaceuticals. Over the years, it developed drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological diseases. The company experienced steady, modest growth, and in 1992 sales reached 197 billion yen and profits approached 13 billion yen. Although it was the sixth-largest Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai was a relatively small player in an industry in which global competition was increasing while growth in the domestic market was slowing down.

In 1993, Haruo Naito took over as president from his father. Before that, he had chaired Eisai’s five-year strategic planning committee. During that time, he had become convinced that the company’ focus on the discovery and manufacture of pharmaceuticals was not sustainable for long-term growth against large, global competitors .Two years after becoming president , Naito formulated a radical new vision for Eisai that he called Human Health Care . It extended the company’ focus from manufacturing drug treatments for specific illness to improving the overall quality of life . To accomplish that mission, Eisai developed a wide array of new products. And that, in turn, would require broad involvement and commitment. He encouraged innovative activity and created an environment in which employees’ efforts would be accepted and rewarded .Soon there were proposals for 130 additional

HHC projects and by the end of 1996, 73 projects were under way . Now, the company has moved from sixth to fifth place in the Japanese domestic pharmaceutical industry, and Eisai’s customers and competitors view the company as a leader in health care.

第三单元

Today it can be said that wheels run America. The four rubber tires of the automobile move America through work and play. Wheels spin, and people drive off to their jobs. Tires turn, and people shop for the week’s food at the big supermarket down the highway. Hubcaps whirl, and the whole family spends a day at the lake. Each year more wheels crowd the highways as 10 million new cars roll out of the factories. One out of every six Americans works at assembling cars, driving trucks, building roads, or pumping gas. America without cars ? It’s unthinkable.

But even though the majority of Americans would find to imagine what life would be like without a car; some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Traffic accidents are increasing steadily, and large cities are plagued by traffic congestion. Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine. Every car engine burns hundreds of gallons of fuel each year and pumps hundreds of pounds of carbon monoxide and other gases into the air. These gases are one source of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases are poisonous and dangerous to one’s health, especially for someone with a weak heart or a respiratory disease.

One answer to the problem of air pollution is to build a car that does not pollute. That’s what several major automobile manufacturers are trying to do. But building a clean car is easier said than done. So far progress has been slow. Another solution is to eliminate car fume altogether by getting rid of the internal-combustion engine. Inventors are now working on turbine-powered cars, as well as on cars powered by steam and electricity. But most of us won’t be driving cars run on batteries or boiling water for a while yet. Many auto makers believe that it will take years to develop practical models that are powered by electricity or steam.

第4单元

Children are now leaving home in late adolescence—an earlier age than in the past. Adolescents are no longer involved in making an economic contribution to the family. In fast, there major economic impact is as consumers. Therefore, the family has little reason to keep the child home as an economic contribution. It is becoming increasingly common for young people to leave home for college or to live with someone else when they become employed. Not only do family have fewer children but they have them in school and out of the home at younger ages than in the past.

The most suprising findings with regard to children show a negative impact on

marriage due to children. There has been much evidence that children contribute to greater conflict and uncertainty in a marriage. Studies show that general life satisfaction is the highest for people when they are young, married, and childless. Other studies show that American couples with children at home tend to have lower marital satisfaction than those without children. For both men and women, reports of happiness and satisfaction drop ----and don’t rise again until the children are grown and about to leave the nest.

第5单元

In the world’s rich countries, when you retire at 65 you can expect to live, on average, for another 15 or 20 years. A hundred yesrs ago you would, on average, have been already dead .the late 20th century has brought to many the ultimate gift; the luxury of aging. but like any luxury, aging is expensive .governments are fretting about the cost already ;but they also know that far worse is to come :over the next 30 or 40 years,the demographic changes of longer lives and fewer births will force most countries to rethink in fundamental ways their arrangements for paying for and looking after older people.

In 1990 18% people in oecd countries were aged over 60. by 2030 that figure will have risen to over 30%. The share of the “oldest old ”(those over 80 ),now around 3%, is set to double .the vast majority of these older people will be consumers,not producers .thanks to state thansfers,being old in developed countries mostly no longer means being poor .the old people will expect decent pensions to live on;they will make heavy demands on medical services ;and some will need expensive nursing care. Yet while their numbers are expanding fast, numbers of people at work --- who will have to foot the bill ---will stay much the same ,so each worker will have to carry a much heavier burden.

Mass survival to a ripe old age will not be confined to rich countries. Most developing countries,whose populations are now much younger than the developed world’s, are starting to age fast.

Unit 6

The survival of wildness—of places that we do not change,where we allow the existence even of creatures we perceive as dangerous —is necessary.Whether we go to those places or not,we need to know that they exit.We do not need just the great public wildnernesses ,but millions of small private or semiprivate ones .Wilderness can occupy corners of factory grounds and city lots —places where nature is given free hand,where no human work is done ,where we go only as guests.We go to wilderness places to be restored,tobe instructed in the natural economies of fertility and healing,to admire what we cannot make .And we go in order to return with renewed knowledge by which we judge the health of our human economy and our dwellings.As we return from our visits to the wilderness ,it is sometimes possible to imagine a series of fitting and decent transitions from wild nature to the human community and is supports :from forest to woodlot to the agriculture of three crops and pasture to orchard to meadow to garden to househould to neighborhood to village to city —so that even when we reched the city we would not be entirely beyond the influence of the nature of the place .

第7单元

Unit7

There is a strong view that holds that success is a myth, and ambition therefore sham. Does this mean that success does not really exist? That achievement is at bottom empty? That the efforts of men and women are of no significance alongside the force of movements and events? Now not all success obviously, is worth esteeming, nor all ambition worth cultivating. Which are and which are not is something one soon enough learns on one’s own. But even the most cynical secretly admit that success exists; that achievement counts for a great deal; and that the true myth is that the actions of men and women are useless. To believe otherwise is to take on a point of view that is likely to be deranging. It is, in its implications, to remove all motives for competence, interest in attainment, and regard for posterity.

We do not choose our parents. We do not choose our historical epoch, the country of our birth or the immediate circumstances of our upbringing. We do not, most of us, choose to die; nor do we choose the time or condition of our death. But within all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live: courageously or in cowardice, honorable or dishonorably, with purpose or in drift. We decide what is important and what is trivial in life. We decide that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do. But no matter how indifferent the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and decisions are ours to make. We decide. We choose. And ad we decide and choose, so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is that ambition is about.

第8单元

A hundred years ago there lived a philosopher named Jeremy Bentham, who was universally recognized to be a very wicked man. I remember to this day the first time that I came across his name when I was a boy. It was in a statement by the Rev. Sydney Smith to the effect that Bentham thought people ought to make soup of their dead grandmothers. This practice appeared to me as undersirable from a culinary as from a moral point of view, and I therefore conceived a bad opinnion of Bentham. Long afterwards, discovered that the statement was one of thoese reckless lies in which respectable people are wont to indulge in the interests of virtue. I alse discovered what was the really serious charge against him. It was no less than this: that he defined a “good” ma n as a man who dows good.

It is true that B fulfulled his own definition of a good man: he did much good. The forty middle years of the nineteenth century in England were years of incredibly rapid progress meterially , intellectually and morally. At the beginning of the period comes the Reform Act, which made Parliament representative of the middle-class, not, as before, of the aristocracy. This Act was the most difficult of the steps toward democracy in England, and was quickly followed by other important reforms, such as the abolition of slavery in Jamacica. At the beginning of the period the penalty for petty theft was death by hanging; very soon the death penalty was confined to those who were guilty of murder or high treasor.

研究生英语多维教程(熟谙)课后答案

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研究生英语精读教程第三版上unit one原文

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Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)

研究生英语 多维教程 翻译Uint6-12双语版

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Language Points 1.Subtitle:Toxin sniffers，missile jammers,dirty-bomb detectors： The post-9/11security blitz is affecting more than public safety—it’s changing the course of science. Toxin sniffers:毒素嗅探器missile jammers:导弹人为干发射机 dirty-bomb detectors:放射性核弹探测器 全句可译为：毒素嗅探器、导弹人为干发射机、放射性核弹探测器：“9·11” 事件后闪电式的保卫行动不仅影响着公共安全——还在改变着科学的进程。 2.Par.[1]:In the race to prevent future9/11-style attacks—or worse—Washington has marshaled the U.S.science establishment on a scale not seen since Sputnik. 全句可译为：华盛顿以前苏联发射人造地球卫星以来所未有的规模对美国的科 学机构做了安排。 3.Par.[2]:“A lot of it is security theater technology designed to make you feel better,”says Bruce Schneier，author of Beyond Fear：Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World. 全句可译为：《超脱恐惧：明智地考虑变幻莫测世界的安全问题》的作者布鲁 斯·施奈尔说：“这当中有许多都是做表面文章的保安技术，目的是让你感到 更安全。 4.Par.[6]:As the archive of visa applicants balloons，scans of all10 fingers will provide more fail-safe identifications. 全句可译为：随着护照签证申请人的档案急剧增加，对十指全部进行扫描将 使身份验证更加万无一失。 5.Par.[9]:Resembling a sleek outhouse，the$150,000walk-through machine sends a quick blast of air over your clothing to dislodge trace explosive particles. walk-through:（建筑物）从两端都可进入的 全句可译为：这种价值15万美元的从两端都可进入的机器像个造型优美的 户外小屋，它在你的衣服上面迅速地吹过一股气流，从衣服上吹下微量炸药 粒子， 6.Par.[10]:Still,building technology today already seems light-years beyond pre-9/11days． 全句可译为：然而，今天的建筑技术看来已经远远超过“9·11”事件以前的 日子了。 7.Par.[11]:GPS:Global Positioning System全球卫星定位系统 8.Par.[12]:A cyber-attack on the country’s financial networks or power and telecommunications grids could make other means of protecting our physical assets moot. 全句可译为：对国家的金融网或电力和电信网进行的网络攻击，可使我们保 护有形资产的其他手段变得无实际意义。 9.Par.[12]:Developers describe it as a“Google-esque”tool and predict

研究生英语精读教程翻译 上 课后习题及其答案。。

一、你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。 [2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。” [3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。 [4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。 [5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。 [6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。” [8]无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [9]据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。 [10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。 [11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。 [12]许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，无法避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。 [13]在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，消极的或积极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。 [14]随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。 [15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。 [16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。 [17]因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法： [18]一、当坏事发生时，仔细留意自己的想法，把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来，一字不改。

高等教育研究生英语系列综合教程下unit 1的原文翻译

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