GRE ARGUMENT 模板

GRE ARGUMENT 模板——————周小跳整理

1 调查

The survey that the argument cites is potentially problematic in three respects.

Firstly,the author does not provide complete information concerning……in illustrating that …The author only informs us that …,but we care more about is that…..which is not provided by the author.However,some other substantial information are needed for us to access the soundness of the argument.There exists the possibility that the conclusion would vary greatly when other conditions varied.For lack of detailed information about……we can hardly evaluate……

Secondly,the sample of the suvey cited in the argument is too samll because the author provides only N samples of the general population.The limited sample is insufficient to draw any general conclusion about……Without additional samples from diverse geographic locations,I cannot accept the author’s generalization about……

Thirdly,we should also notice that the respondents studied in the survey may not represent the general group of ……It is entirly possible that people inclined to ……were more likely to respond to the survey and more willing to express their own opinions than other people.Other people who did not respond may hold a totally different position toward the issue studied,and the author shoud include those people in the study to present a more convincing result.Without knowing whether the sample studied was representative of the overall population ,it is impossible to confidently apply the results to that population.

2 错误因果

①没有因果关系，是其他因素所导致

The author unfairly assumes that it is ……that resulted in ……But we can find no concrete evidence to substantiate the inevitable relationship betwwen…and ….The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pehaps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.

②同时发生不为因果

The author unfairly assumes that it is ….that resulted in …….. The assumption is based on the mere fact that the two events occurred during the same period.However,we all know that merely a coincidence of two events could not sufficiently demonstrate a causal relationship between them. The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pehaps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.

③前后发生不为因果

The author unfairly assumes that it is ….that resulted in ……..The assumption is based on the mere fact that ….occurred after…. The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pehaps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.

3 错误类比

①认为适合A也适合B

In the argument the author recommends A to carry out same (policies,actions,solutions)on…as B,but the analogy between them might be unsubstantiated.The author fails to illustrate that A and B are similar enough at every aspect and are indeed comparable.While it is true that A and B share some common ground on ……,there are still some obvious differences between them.Many differences may exist between A and B,thus there may be the possibility that the (policies,actions,solutions)proved to be effective for A might not have the same effectiveness for B.In short ,without accounting for possible differences between…and…,the director cannot convince me that this recommendation for…is sound.

②错误对比AB，A不一定比B好

The author hastily implies that A is superior to B in …….,but the comparison between A and B is incomplete.The author only compares……However,there may be other factors which woud bring about totally different result for the comparison.Without any further consideration about these factors,the author could not convince us that A is better than B in certain aspect merely based on an incomplete comparison.

③过去不能推未来

In the argument the author suggests that we can solve current problems or achieve current goals through methods which have successfully solved the same kind of problems in the past.There is a hidden assumption assumed by the author that all conditions and factors upon which the effectiveness of the method depend have remained unchanged during the past N years.However,many conditions and factors could have varied greatly.Thus,the method proved to be effective in the past might not have the same effectiveness in current days /in the future.Without taking into account all these constantly changing factors,the author could not convince us that the proposed solution could be used to solve current problems successfully.

④没考虑其他变量

The author unfairly assumes that it is ….that resulted in ….The causal relationship is convincing only if the author could demonstrate that all other factors that might affect ….remained unchanged during the same period.(The speaker must also assure me that the study was performed in a controlled environment where all factors possibly affecting ….remained unchanged. )The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pehaps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.

⑤偷换概念错误地用A来证明B

In illustrating the assumption that….the author commits a fallacy of hasty generalization:The author cites A to prove B,however,A is not a good indication of B.Obviously,there are basic differences between A and B,thus A could not be properly used to illustrate B.The auhtor ought to make careful and clear differentiation between A and B before we could evaluate it.

4 解决办法

①解决办法不够有力

The author assumes that the proposed actions are both sufficient and necessary for achieving certain goal.However,to solve the problem successfully,many other fundamental requirements must be fulfilled.Furthermore ,many other available methods besides the author’s proposal could also be used to achieve the same purpose.Before the author make a careful and thorough comparison between the effectiveness of his own proposal and other possible methods,the author’s proposal shoud not be hastily carried out.

②没有考虑解决方法所带来的坏处

In claiming that …the author needs to do more comprehensive research on both positive and negative effects of the proposal.Although the proposal could be adopted to solve the problem to a certain degree,carrying out the proposal may actually bring about more harmful effects ignored by the author..Pherhaps,…Perhaps…..Before the author make a careful and thorough research on the effects of the proposal,the author’s proposal shoud not be hastily carried out.

③二者选一，没有考虑其他解决办法

The author simply assumes that the situation would be either A or B,while the two…are not necessarily mutually exclusive.Many other solutions could be more justifiable.For instance ,….Before ruling out all the possibilities above,the author could not convince us that there are only those two possible solutions/choices for us to accept.

5开头

In this argument,the speaker concludes that …To justify this conclusion the speaker cites a recent survey of …citizens/students suggesting that …The author also concludes that …..This argument depends on several unsubstantiated assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.

6结尾

In conclusion, the argument unfairly assumes that ……To strenghten the argument ,the author must provide clear evidence that…….The author must also provide clear evidence that…In order to evaluate the argument,we should need more information about……I would also need to know……

对样本调查的要求

To better evaluate the realiability of the study upon which the author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size and makeup of the study’s sample.

7引证段落

The major problem with this argument is that…

Another point worth considering is that…

Before I come to my conclusion,it is necessary to point out another flaw appeared in the argument.

8 利润问题

Even if the author’s proposal could be carried out effectively,we still coud not hastily assume that …will necessarily earn a substantial profit,as the author predicted.To evaluate the profitability of …we should consider the function of both revenue and expense.However,the author does not provide any single piece of information about the possible cost of carrying out the author’s proposal.If the cost of carrrying out the proposal exceeds projected revenue,it would be profitless.So,without more information about the costs,it is impossible to assess whether carrying out the author’s proposal will be profitable.