项目管理论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
项目管理论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
外文文献译文（1）
1 报价策略的定性分析法
恰当的报价是中标的关键，报价太高，无疑会失去竞争力而失标，报价太低也未必中标，即使中了标也会遭受亏损，只有报价适度才是中标的基础。如何确定一个低而适度的报价这就取决于决策人员的经验、知识和能力。
投标报价策略作为投标取胜的方式、手段甚至艺术,贯穿于投标竞争的始终,虽然各承包商方法各异,但从审计监督的角度分析,有其自身的特点。从运用策略的目的分析,不论运用那种策略,不外乎首先是成功中标,其次是为获取额外利润创造条件,最后以取得最大利润为其最终目的。目的清楚了,审计监督的方向也就明确了。从运用的时间上看,策略的运用发生非常早,甚至早在签订合同前就己实施。从策略能否成功实施上看,虽然策略早在投标时就己运用,但能否成功,取得最理想的经济效益,还须在以后的施工过程中逐步实现,因此,若能在施工无忧论文网过程中把好关,也能阻止部分策略的实现。从策略运用的条件上看,承包商在不影响中标的前提下,利用建设工程的不确定性,埋下伏笔,以期结算时获得额外的利润回报。因此,建设工程的不确定性是运用策略的前提条件,如果建设工程设计图纸清楚、工程量计算准确,几乎没有变更、增加工程等,那么“伏笔”也就无从入手,策略的运用受到限制。虽然在工程开始前,要做到这么尽善尽美,很难实现,但审计应在这方面发挥作用,督促或监督业主尽可能做到,防止个别工程管理者,利用工程的不确定性,搞腐败活动,侵吞国家财产。
定性分析方法，就是运用决策人员的逻辑思维和推理判断能力去进行报价决策的一种方法。决策的前提是企业要广泛收集，系统积累大量的信息.企业只有在占有大量信息的情况下，知己知彼，不失时机地周密研究出既能降低报价，易于中标，又能使企业减少利润损失的报价方案。根据对一些企业投标情况的调查、研究，报价策略有以下几个方面:
1.1发挥优势降低成本以优取胜
一个企业的优势是多方面的，如职工素质高，技术装备先进，施工技术先进，材料周转灵活，管理机构精干，办事效率高等。企业在报价时，可结合实际情况，把自己的优势转化为较低报价，例如职工素质高，则劳动效率高，人工费就可降低等。从而有效地降低工程成本，提高了竞争获胜的概率和减少了利润的损失。高报价策略。根据招标项目的特点,承包商在以情况下常采用高报价的策略。(1)施工条件差的工程; (2)专业技术要求高,而该公司在这方面又有专长、声望也较高的工程; (3)特殊的工程,如:地下开挖无忧论文网工程、桥梁工程; (4)工期要求急的工程; (5)投标对手少的工程; (6)支付条件不理想的工程等。这些工程采用高报的策略,有的是可以理解的,但存在把握适度的问题,有的则是业主应该避免和控制的。不平衡报价策略。这一方法是指一个工程项目总价基本确定后,通过调整内部各个项目的报价,以期在不提高总报价,不影响中标,
在结算时取得最理想的经济效益。以下几个方面常用不平衡报价法。⑴预计今后工程量会增加的项目,单价适当提高;预计工程量可能减少的项目,单价适当降低,工程结算时增加工程量可获得额外收益无忧论文网或减少工程量时减少损失。⑵设计图纸不明确、不齐全,估计修改补充后工程量要增加的工程,提高单价投标;而工程内容解释不清楚的则适当降低一些单价,等澄清后可再要求提价。⑶暂定项目或选择项目的报价,如果工程不分标,不会由另一家承包商施工,其中肯定要做的,提高单价投标,而不一定做的
则降低单价投标。计日工单价的报价策略。承包商为了在业主额外用工或使用施工机械时多获利,对于单纯报计日工单价,而且不计入总价中,采用高报的策略。可供选择项目的报价策略。有些工程项目,业主要求按某一方案报价,而后再提供几种可供选择方案的报价。选择方案一般不进入无忧总投标价,不影响中标,对于将来可能被选择使用的方案,提高其报价投标,一旦业主选用,即可得到额外的加价利益。
1.2靠改进设计、缩短工期取胜
投标单位在研究招标文件、进行现场调查的过程中，如发现设计不合理，有可改进之处或可以利用某项新技术使造价降低或可使工期缩短，达到早投产时，在报价时就可明确提出，如工期提前或采用新方案，造价可降低多少，可收到什么样经济效益。这种办法对招标单位具有极大吸引力，能起到出奇制胜之效果。
1.3薄利保本低价中标
国际上流行的获胜概率理论表明:利率越低，中标的可能性就越大。在承包工程的激烈竞争中，企业只有贯彻薄利方针，才能争取投标获胜。故企业投标时除非特殊情况，如边远地区;技术要求高，非我莫属的工程;工程难度大的项目;或竞争中处于绝对优势的情况外，企业不要轻易投“高标”。尤其当企业承包任务不足时，与其坐吃山空。不如以低利承包到一些工程，然后加强管理，降低成本，充分利用生产能力，减少窝工，提高企业的经济效益。
1.4报价虽低却着眼于发展
施工企业试图打入一个工程任务多的新区，或者出于对该项目后续工程的考虑，以利将来的发展，往往采用低价策略，有时报价甚至低于成本。这样以前期工程的“少失”，便可在后期工程的“多得”中得到充分补偿。
外文文献原文（1）
1 bidding strategies for qualitative analysis
Appropriate quotation is the key that win the bid, bid is too high, no doubt will lose competitiveness and missing the target, quote too low may not win the bid, even though in the standard will suffer the loss, only the quotation is only moderately successful foundation. How to determine a low and moderate price depending on the decision-making experience, knowledge and ability.
Bid quote strategy as a bid to win the ways and means, and even art, throughout the bid competition, although each contractor in different ways, but from the angle of audit supervision, has its own characteristics. From the use of strategy analysis, regardless of use that strategy, no more than is the first successful bid to gain extra profit, followed by creating conditions, last in order to obtain maximum profits for its ultimate purpose. Objective to know the direction of audit supervision, also was made clear. From the time point of view, the use of strategy occur very early, even early in the contract before it has implemented. From the strategy whether successful implementation, although strategy early in the bid when it has been used, but whether successful, achieve optimal economic benefits, but also in the subsequent construction process gradually, therefore, if the construction of thesis net worry-free process good close, also can prevent the part of policy implementation. From the strategy use conditions, the Contractor does not affect the successful premise, use construction project uncertainty, foreshadowing, with a view to gaining extra profit. Therefore, construction of the uncertainty is strategy condition, if the construction design drawings, engineering quantity calculate accurate clear, almost no change, increase the project, then" foreshadowing" will not proceed with, the use of strategy limited. Although before the work started, to do so reach the acme of perfection, is very difficult to achieve, but the audit should
play a role in that respect, urge or supervision of the owners as possible, prevent individual project management, the project uncertainty, engage in corruption, embezzlement of state property.
The qualitative analysis method, is the use of decision makers in logical thinking and reasoning ability to make bidding decision method. Decision-making on the premise that the enterprise should widely collected, system accumulate a large amount of information. The enterprise is only in possession of large amounts of information, know yourself as well as the enemy, seize the opportune moment to thorough research can reduce the price, easy to win the bid, also can cause the enterprise to reduce the loss of profit pricing scheme. According to the survey of some enterprises bidding, bidding strategy research, has the following several aspects:
1.1play the advantages of lower cost to gifted victory
A business advantage in many aspects, such as high quality employees, advanced technology and equipment, advanced construction technology, materials turnover flexible management mechanism, keen-witted and capable, high efficiency. Enterprises in the quotation, can be combined with the actual situation, put their own advantages into the lower price, for example, employees high quality, high efficiency, labor, labor costs can be reduced. In order to effectively reduce the project cost, raise the competition winning probability and reduce the loss of profit. High price strategy. According to the characteristics of project of invite public bidding, the contractor in case often uses the high price quotation strategy. (1) the poor conditions of the construction project; (2) technical requirement is high, and the company in this respect and expertise, prestige is higher engineering; (3) special projects, such as: underground excavation worry thesis network engineering, bridge engineering; (4) the period required urgent project (5; bidding rival ) less engineering; (6) payment conditions are not ideal engineering. These works with high reported strategy, some is understandable, but hold moderate problem, some is the owner should avoid and control. Unbalanced quotation strategies. This method refers to a project to determine the basic price, by adjusting the internal project quotation, in order not to improve total price, does not affect the bid, in the settlement, obtain the best economic benefits. The following common unbalanced quotation.
The expected future engineering quantity will increase project, price increase is expected volume may be reduced; engineering project, cost reducing, engineering settlement increased quantities may obtain extra income worry thesis network or reduce the engineering quantity reduce the loss. The design drawings are not clear, is not complete, estimated by the modification of engineering quantity to increase after the project, increase the unit price bidding; and the contents of the project can not explain it appropriate to reduce some price, etc. can ask price after clarification. The provisional item or select project quoted price, if the works are not standard, not by another contractor construction, which must be done, increase the unit price bidding, and do not necessarily do is reduce the price bidding. Daywork price quotation strategy. Contractor to owner in extra labor or the use of construction machinery and more profitable, for simple newspaper daywork unit price, but not included in the price, using high quote strategy. Options for project bidding strategy. Some project, owner asks according to a proposal, then provides several options for quotation. Options do not enter the worry-free total bid price, does not affect the successful, for the future might be selected using the scheme, raise its bid, once the owners choose, can get extra increase interest.
1.2 by the improved design, shorten time limit for a project.
Tender units in the study the tender documents, on-site investigation process, such as the discovery of unreasonable design, with improvements or can use a new technology so that the cost or can shorten construction period, achieve early production, in a bid to put forward clearly, such as ahead of schedule or the introduction of new programs, the cost of manufacture can be reduced how many, can receive what kind of economic benefits. This approach has a great attraction for unit of invite public bidding, can play a better effect.
1.3small profits break-even price bidding
International fashion winning probability theory suggests that: the lower the interest rate, the more the possibility of. In project contracting in the fierce competition, enterprises only carry out small policy, in order to win bid wins. Therefore the enterprises bidding unless special circumstances, such as remote areas; high technical requirements, mine engineering; engineering and difficult projects; or competition in the absolute superiority of the
circumstances, enterprises do not easily cast " high mark". Especially when the enterprise contract the task is insufficient, and the rest. As to the low profit to contract projects, and strengthen management, reduce cost, make full use of production capacity, reduce the idling of the labour force, raise the economic benefits of the enterprise.
1.4 price was low but focus on the development of
Construction enterprises are trying to break into an engineering task much area, or for the project of the follow-up project to consider, for the benefit of future development, often using low-cost strategy, sometimes even lower than cost price. In this preliminary engineering" less loss", will be on the later stage of the project of" more" in full compensation.
外文文献译文（2）
2 报价策略的定量分析方法
定量分析方法是企业根据自己掌握的系统资料和有关信息，通过一定的数学模型计算，以便预测企业在一定报价水平上中标的机会是多少，为企业找到最佳报价方案，为决策人员提供重要的决策依据，这种方法的比较精确客观，能避免定性分析的主观随意性，得到欧美等国家的广泛应用，也为我国很多企业所重视，现介绍2种简单可行方法: 2.1预期利润法
企业在投标中要计算2种利润，即直接实际利润和预期利润。直接利润就是企业在承包工程中直接得到的实际利润。用公式表示为几~X一C式中:几一投标者在该项工程中的直接利润;X一投标者的投标价格;C一工程的实际成本。预期利润是投标者在各种投标方案中投标概率的基础上估算的预得利润，可用下式求得
E，=P(X一C)=P?Ip式中:尸—中标的概率，是投标者自己估计的。?预期利润虽然不能的反映企业从某工程上得的实际利润，但由于它考虑了投标是否获胜的因素，更具有现实意义，故以预期利润作为投标决策的依据，预期利润大的方案为优。
2.2具体对手法
具体对手法就是企业在投标报价时考虑到竟争对手这一因素，且知道参加投标竞争的对手是哪几个具体单位时，而采用的竞争方法。
外文文献原文（2）
2 the method of quantitative analysis of bidding strategies
A quantitative analysis method is to enterprises according to their master system information and related information, through certain mathematical model, in order to predict the enterprise in a certain price level winning chance is many, for the enterprises to find the best quotation scheme, for decision-making provide important basis for decision making, this method is more accurate and objective, can avoid the qualitative analysis subjective and optional sex, in Europe and America and other countries of the widely used, but also for many enterprises in our country are attached, is introduced2 kinds of simple and feasible method: 2.1 expected profit method
Enterprises in the tender to calculate the 2profit, namely direct real profit and expected profit. Direct profit is the enterprise in project contracting directly from the actual profit. With the formula expression of several ~X C type: the first bid in the project in the direct profit; X bidders bidding price; C the actual costs of the project. Expected profit is the tenderer in various bidding scheme tender probability estimates based on the profit, use the following formula obtained
E, =P ( X C ) =P ?Ip type: cadaveric - probability of successful bidder, is their estimation. ?profit expectations alth ough cannot reflect enterprise from a project on the actual profit, but it considers whether the bid winning factors, has more practical significance, so the expected profit as the bidding decision, expected profit is the optimal plan.
2.2specific techniques
Specific techniques in business is to bid quote when considering the competitors of this factor, and that participate in the bidding competition is which of several specific units, and the competition method.
外文文献译文（3）
3 作价技巧
投标策略一经确定就具体反映到作价上，工程标价不同于预算造价，它的计算方法虽然也是以施工图预算为基础，但其它直接费，其它间接费，技术装备费和预算包干系数等项，则可根据工程情况，围绕预算造价上下浮动，它直接受市场供求，竞争对手所追求的利润水平影响是l种浮动价格。价格如何浮动都有一定的技巧，技巧的得法与否，在一定程度上可以决定工程的中标和盈利。因此，它是1个不可忽视的环节，下面是一些可供参考的作法。
3.1消化标书3种作价
预算人员在算标以前，必须首先认真分析招标文件，弄清承包人的报价范围，不能遗漏，找出需要询价的特殊材料与设备，及时调查价格，以免因盲目估价而失误，理出含糊不清的问题，让招标单位解答;弄清各项技术要求，以便确定施工方案。总之，要全面吃透标书内容，以便采取对策，避免算标失误.算标时要准确计算工程量，并核实相应基价，成本计算要接近实际，在确定各种费率时充分考虑企业管理水平，技术特长使各项单价和总价合理浮动。一般作价时最好作出3个标，即高标，中标和低标。高标是依据预算定额和取费标准及有关规定，并考虑材料价格在一定时期内浮动情况计算的标价;低标是承担该项工程不至亏损最低标价，中标是介于二者之间考虑了一定利润的标价。有了这3种价格，企业在报价时，才能做到心中有数，既不使自己亏本，又能处于有利地位而选择报价。
3.2掌握工程规律标价合理浮动
报价时具体选择该用高标，中标还是低标?这要分析工程对象本身的性质和特点，因工程制宜，一般说，建筑产品价格上涨时期，报价可高些;同一时期内海港、码头、本论文由无忧论文网特约提供，提供论文代写，代写论文，代写毕业论文，代写职称论文，论文发表，代写硕士论文相关核心搜索。特殊构筑物报价可高，房屋建筑工程报价宜低;技术密集型工程报价可高，劳务密集型工程报价可低一些，小型工程报价可高，大型工
程报价可低;急需工程报价可高，非急需工程报价可低等等。
3.3在同一工程中可采用不平衡单价法
在不提高总标价的前提下，在同一工程中可采用不平衡单价法。即对能先拿到钱的项目(如土方，基础等)的单价可订得高些，有利于资金周转，存款也有利息;对后期的项目(如粉刷，电气，油漆等)单价可适当降低;图纸有错误，估计今后会修改的项目，单价可提高;工程内容说明不清楚的单价可降低，以利于以后索赔等。
3.4有策略地进行报价平衡
初步算出的标价，究竟具有多大竞争力，这还是个捉摸不定的间题，为此，还必须在此标价基础上，用多种方法，从多种角度对标价进行平衡，如用类比的方法，可以把工程的全部人工费、材料费、机械费、间接费分别汇总计算出各种费用占无忧论文网总价的比例，或算出每平方米造价和类似工程相比较，从中发现问题。用分析方法，可以分析费用的各个组成部分，看看哪些地方留有余地或余地过大，可以下调，哪些地方偏紧还应增加。或是事先商定1个让价系数，以便在投标时随机应变，调整报价。审计应在规划设计阶段同步介入。传统的基建工程审计往往是在竣工后进行,这种事后审计无法对基建维修工程进行全程监督,致使工程在事前、事中的管理混乱,给承包商早在招标前就运用各种策略创造机会,而策略一旦成功,又很难甚至无法在结算时改变,决算审计无异于亡羊补牢,最终造成超计划、超预算、投资失控,严重影响单位的经济承受能力,给国家财产造成损失。审计在规划设计阶段提前介入,有利于深入了解工程设计的完善情况、地质状况、工程概预算、资金渠道、平均造价以及中标企业的资信情况,设计不周全、地质状况不清楚,可充分咨询专家意见,促进图纸完善、地质状况明了,同时对工程预算的准确性、施工招投标的合理性及合规性进行分析评价,及时发现问题、纠正问题,尽可能杜绝承包方的“伏笔”,为客观、公平办理决算审计创造条件。建立内审部门先期审计制度。先期审计制度,即对工程项目的竣工结算通过先期内部审计,核定初步的工程造价,然后将核定的工程造价连同相关的结算资料、图纸等送交国家或社会审计部门进行终审。虽然这一制度运用于工程结算审计,但笔者认为可将这一制度扩展到工程招投标或预算阶段。即由内审部门对设计图纸、地质状况、预算工程量计算、材料价格、定额标准的套用、施工企业的取费标准及资质等级等进行认真细致的审查,初步核定工程预算价,然后将核定的工程造价及有关资料交国家或
社会审计部门进行预算审计确认。对于承包商的确定,因为标的保密性不强,竞标单位在资质等条件基本相同的情况下,可采用明标抽签的方式确定中标单位. 深入施工现场,进行跟踪审计。在施工过程中,审计人员应不定期地深入现场进行考察,特别是对隐蔽工程和变更设计部分进行跟踪检查,并在变更单上签证确认,确保工程量真实地反映在决算中。监督施工环节,及时发现问题和解决项目管理中存在的问题,保证工程质量,防止偷工减料,以次充好。通过这种跟踪监督,确保材料标号、材料质地符合工程要求,从而保证工程质量,保证“值”有所“物”。也可以经常组织有关人员进行市场调查,随时掌握市场变化情况,防止利用材料价差攫取额外利润。
综上所述，报价策略和作价技巧，对于企业具有战略意义，关系到企业的前途和命运，因而企业要灵活运用定性分析和定量分析相结合的科学决策方法，制订出正确的报价策略和价方案，以提高企业中标概率，提高企业经济效益。
外文文献原文（3）
3 the skill of
Bidding strategy upon the identification of specific reflect to pricing, price differs from engineering budget cost, it is calculated as the construction drawing budget as basis, but other and direct cost, other indirect costs, technical equipment cost and budget contract coefficient, it can be based on the engineering case, floating up and down around the budget cost, it is directly affected by the market supply and demand, competitors are pursuing profits level effect of L floating price. How to price floating have certain skills, skills well or not, in a certain extent can decide successful projects and profit. Therefore, it is one of 1should not be ignored, here is some reference methods.
3.1 3digestive tender price
Budget staff in the calculation of standard previously, must first be careful analysis of the bidding documents, clarify the contractor price range, not omission, find the need to request the special material and equipment prices, timely investigation, so as to avoid blind valuation and errors, the ambiguity problem, make unit of invite public bidding to answer; understand the technical requirements, in order to determine the construction scheme. In short, to fully grasp the tender content, in order to take measures to avoid mistakes, is standard . Numerical standard to accurate calculation, and verify the corresponding price, cost calculations to be closer to the actual, in identifying rate considering the enterprise management level, technical expertise so that the unit price and total price reasonable floating. General pricing is best made3 standard, namely the high standard, the bid and low bid. High standard is based on the budget quota and fee standards and the relevant provisions, and consider the material prices in a certain period of time the floating calculated price; low standard is to undertake the project to a loss of lowest bid price, bidding is between the two sides to consider a certain profit price. With this3 kinds of prices, enterprises in the quotation, to know the score, neither to make their own money, but also in a good position and the choice of quotation.
3.2master of engineering price reasonable floating rule
When quoting the specific choice of the high standard, the low standard? It to analyze the properties and characteristics of engineering object itself, because the project system, generally speaking, the price of construction product to rise period, can offer higher; the same period the harbour, dock, of special offers, with papers in this thesis, write, write a graduation thesis, on behalf of the titles of papers, published papers, master 's thesis related core search. Special structures can offer high, housing construction engineering bidding should be low; technology-intensive project quotation can be high, labor intensive project quoted price may be lower, small project quotation can be high, large project quoted price may be low; be badly in need of project quotation can be high, a much-needed project can offer low etc..
3.3 in the same project, using unbalanced price method
In does not improve the overall price under the premise, in the same project, using unbalanced price method. That is to get the money of the project (such as the earth, basis) unit for HISTEP, is conducive to the turnover of funds, deposit also has interest; on the latter part of the project (such as painting, electrical, paint ) unit price can be reduced appropriately; drawings are wrong, the estimated future will modify the project, the price can be improved project description is not clear; the cost can be reduced, in order to facilitate later claim.
3.4strategies to price equilibrium
Preliminary calculated price, how big competition, this was a uncertain problem, for this, must also be in this catalogue basis, using a variety of methods, from various angles of price equilibrium, as in the use of the method of analogy, can put all the works labor cost, material cost, mechanical cost, indirect costs were aggregated calculate various expense accounts for the thesis net worry-free price ratio, or calculate the cost of construction per square metre and similar engineering are compared, find out problems. Using analysis method, analysis of the costs of the various components can have a look, which place to leave adequate leeway or room is too big, can downregulate tight, which should also be increased. Or was agreed in advance1let the price factor, in order to bid adjust to changing circumstances, adjust the quote. The audit should be in the planning and design stage synchronous intervention. The
traditional capital construction project audit is often in the completion, this post audit to capital repair project supervise the process, cause project in advance, the management of confusion, to the contractor in the solicitation ago using a variety of strategies to create opportunities and strategies for success, once again, it is difficult or even impossible to change in the settlement, settlement the audit is tantamount to mend, eventually causing super plan, budget, investment control, serious impact on unit economic capacity, damage to state property. Audit in the planning and design stage of early intervention, is conducive to the
in-depth understanding of engineering design the perfect condition, geological condition, project budget, capital channel, average cost and the bid-winning enterprises credit, poorly designed, geological condition is not clear, can fully consulting experts, to promote the drawings, geological condition and perfect, while the engineering the accuracy of the budget, construction bidding of rationality and compliance analysis and evaluation, found problems in a timely manner, to correct the problem, as far as possible eliminate contractor" foreshadowing", objective, fair and create conditions for budget and final accounts audit. Establish internal audit department audit system in advance. Advanced audit system, namely the project completion settlement through advanced internal audit, approved the initial cost of the project, and then approved by the project cost together with associated billing information, drawings sent to the state or social audit departments of the. Although this system used in the audit of the project, but the author thinks that this can be extended to a system of project bidding or budget stage. From the internal audit department of design drawings, geological condition, the budget of engineering quantity calculation, material price, quota standards apply, the construction enterprise fee standards and qualification levels are carefully examined, initially approved project budget price, and then approved by the project cost and related information to the state or social auditing departments budget audit confirmation. For contractor identified, because the underlying secrecy, bidding units in qualification under condition of the same, can use the prescribed standard by means of determining the winning unit. In-depth construction site, tracking audit. During the construction process, the auditor should periodically in-depth site visits, especially for the concealed works and change the design of track inspection, and changes in the single visa confirmation, to ensure that the