论文哈佛大学引用标准格式

Harvard Referencing System Guide

Motivation For This Document

In academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.

“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.

Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.

This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.

Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.

In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.

What This Document Is

This work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).

This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.

This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within your

assignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.

General Comments About Electronic Resources

The general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.

Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.

Citation in the text of your work.

Introduction

A citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.

Here is an example of a citation:

...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...

When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:

?As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.

?As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories

?As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)

?As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.

When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:

?Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideally

the reference you choose would be one which provides further information on

your theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with other

competing theories or alternative definitions.

?Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.

?Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.

Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)

It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:

?make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,

?...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...

?...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...

?...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...

?Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,

?Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.

Primary Resources（第一手资料）

Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.

If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:

...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)

If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:

In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..

If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:

Drucker (1989a)

If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:

Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...

If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)

If the author is unknown, use …Anon.? to indicate “anonymous author”:

Anon. (1967)

Secondary Resources（二手资料）

In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.

The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.

Here are some examples which will make this clearer:

Examples:

Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) who

developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.

Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.

Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGill

Archaeology questionnaire.

In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.

Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）

Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, one

bibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.

Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.

Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）

The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.

In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:

?the first author's surname.

?The first author's initials.

?The date of publication.

?An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.

You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:

Anderson, B. 2005. “...”

Jones, H. 2004. “...”

Jones, Q. 1996. “...”

Jones, Q., 1999. “...”

Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”

Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”

Smith, A. 1762. “...”

Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.

When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.

Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）

The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able to

locate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.

Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:

“[online]”

After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:

“Available from:” URL

Accessed date.

Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）

You need to provide the following information, in order:

List of Author(s)

for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.

Year of publication.

Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).

Edition. (if not the first).

Publisher.

Place of publication.

Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:

After Title:

“[online]”

After Place of Publication:

“Available from:” URL

Accessed date.

Example:（书）

HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide to

improving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework for

diabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.

Online Examples:

HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide to

improving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.

Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html, [Accessed 25 August 2004].

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework for

diabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,/assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5

May 2004].

For books without individual authors use ANON.

Example:

ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）

The reader needs to know:

List of Author(s)

for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.

Year of publication.

Title of Contribution.

“eds.” List o f Editor(s)

for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).

Edition. (if not the first).

Publisher.

Place of publication.

Page numbers of contribution.

Plus for electronic resources:

After Title:

“[online]”

After Page Numbers:

“Available from:” URL

Accessed date.

Example:（注释）

SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.

WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].

NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.

Reference to a journal article.（期刊）

Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which some

are exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.

The reader needs to know:

List of Author(s)

for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.

Year of publication.

Title of Article.

Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).

Volume Number

Part Number. (in brackets).

Page numbers. (optional)

Plus for electronic resources:

After Title:

“[online]”

After Page Numbers:

“Available from:” URL

Accessed date.

Example:（期刊）

NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. Management

Computing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.

CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptual

framework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],

59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].

SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5

May 2004].

C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternative

medicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and Alternative

Medicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].

Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）

The reader needs to know:

List of Author(s)

for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.

Year of publication.

Title of Article.

Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).

Date Published.

Page numbers. (optional)

Plus for electronic resources:

After Title:

“[online]”

After Page Numbers:

“Available from:” URL

Accessed date.

Example:（报纸）

BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]

11 May, p 6. Available from:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].

HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.

Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,/xchange-international

[Accessed 8 August 2004].

Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）

The reader needs to know:

List of Author(s)

for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.

Year of contribution

“in” (in italics)

List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedings

for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.

Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).

Date of Conference.

Place of Conference.

Publisher (if known)

Page numbers.

Plus for electronic resources:

After Title:

“[online]”

After Page Numbers:

“Available from:” URL

Accessed date.

Example:（会议论文）

SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.

RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :

Learned Information, pp 323-330.

Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）

Reader needs to know:

Name of Issuing Body

Year of Publication

Name of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)

Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter Numbers

Place of Publication

Publisher.

Example:（政府法案）

Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.

Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）

Reader needs to know:

Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/Commission

Year of Publication

Title (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)

Place of Publication

Publisher.

Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.

Example:（行政公文）

Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: a

world class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）

Use similar method to a book.

Example:

LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioning

problem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.

Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）

The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:

Chicken Run. 2000. Animated film. Directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park. : Aardman.

Blade Runner: from a story by Philip K. Dick. 1982. Film. Directed by

Ridley Scott. : Warner Brothers.

The reference for television programmes and series should include: number and title of episode, as well as the series title, transmitting organisation and channel, and full date and time of transmission.

Example:

Yes, Prime Minister: Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. 1986. TV,

BBC2, January 1986. 20.30 hrs.

News at Ten. 1996. TV, ITV. January 27, 1996. 22.00 hrs.

The reference for contributors or individual items within a programme should include the contributor as author.

Example:

BLAIR, T., 1997. Interview. Six O'Clock News. TV, BBC1. February 29,

1997. 1823 hrs.

Reference to an illustration or work of art.（艺术评论）

This should include: Creator Name, year of creation, title, material type and location. Example:

GOSSE, S.,1912. The garden, Rowlandson House. Etching and aquatint, At: : , Department of Prints and Drawings. Register number 1915-27-41. Reference to published music.（音乐出版物）

This should include: Originator, title, subsidiary originator, publisher and year. Example:

BRITTAIN, B.,1980. Eight folk songs arrangements for high voice and

harp. Osain Ellis, ed. : Faber Music.

Reference to patents.（专利技术）

References have to show: Inventor/s, year (in brackets), assignee, title, patent number. Example:

GRAHAM, C.P., FONTI, L. and , A.M. 1972. American Sugar Co.

Tableting sugar compositions containing it. Pat. 3,642,535.

Reference to an e-mail discussion list.（电子邮件）

These discussion lists generate e-mail messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. References to these should be treated in a similar way to electronic journal references, but the day and month should be included in the date.

Example:

BRITTAIN, B.V., 5 March 2003. Electronic journals in academic institutions.

Lis-e-Journals [online]. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,/lists/lis-e-

journals.html [Accessed 20 October 2003].

Reference to personal communication, including e-mail.（个人交流、书信往来包括电子邮件）

If there is a need to cite unpublished information gained from a private letter, conversation or interview. Seek permission before using as a reference.

Example:

ROSS, D.E.,1991. Personal communication.

OTHER, A., (Ann.Other@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,), 15 June 2004. Procite bibliographic

software. E-mail to J. Bloggs (Joseph.Bloggs@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,)

Reference to a website.（网站）

Example– citation in the text:

"The University of the West of England is located in the lively West

Country town of Bristol. Further information about the University can be

obtained from its website (University of the West of England 2004a). The

library has a large print collection as well as a wide range of electronic

databases which can be accessed via the library web pages (University of the West of England 2004b)"

Example– bibliographic entries in the reference list:

UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND, 2004a. University of the

West of England [online]. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html, [Accessed 5

May 2004].

UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND, 2004b. Library services

electronic resources [online]. Available from:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,/library/resources/general/databases [Accessed 5

May 2004].

Reference to a CD-ROM.（电脑光盘）

Example:

RESEARCH, 2000. A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide to managing breathlessness in patients with lung cancer [CD Rom]. Sutton: Research. Reference to a foreign language publication.（外语出版物）

You may choose to reference the original title of a foreign language publication in the usual way. However, you may want to translate the title of the book or article or include the original foreign language title for a translation. If so, use square brackets for the added title.

Any elements not in the Roman alphabet should be transliterated or romanised if necessary:

Example:

GORKI, M., 1955. The artamonous [Delo artamonovykh]. Translated from the Russian by Alex Brown. : Folio Society.

MOMMENS, V., Louis, R., D'Orio, V., 2004. Prise en charge des

exacerbations d'asthame [French] [Treatment of exacerbated asthma].

Revue Medicale de Liege, 59(4), pp 209-14.

References

UWE. 2005. “UWE Library Services: Study Skills –How to Reference”. [online] Available from:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9c1837031.html,/library/resources/general/info_study_skills/harvard2.htm [accessed 2005/04/22]

中国海洋大学毕业论文格式要求

中国海洋大学研究生学位论文书写格式统一要求 研究生学位论文是表明作者具有创造性研究成果或在研究工作中具有新的见解，并据此申请博士学位、硕士学位的重要文献资料，是社会的宝贵财富。为了进一步提高学位论文质量，特制定本统一要求。 论文zhidao Vxin:zhipengxueshull 一、论文封面 具体要求见学位论文封面填写说明。 二、第一页 谨以此论文献给************* ------------------学生姓名 （小二号，黑体） 三、第二页 论文题目 （小二号，黑体） 学位论文完成日期： 指导教师签字： 答辩委员会成员签字： 四、第三页 独创声明 本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含未获得

（注：如没有其他需要特别声明的，本栏可空）或其他教育机构的学位或证书使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。 学位论文作者签名：签字日期：年月日--------------------------------------------------------------------- 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，并同意以下事项： 1.学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。 2.学校可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。同时授权清华大学“中国学术期刊(光盘版)电子杂志社”用于出版和编入CNKI《中国知识资源总库》，授权中国科学技术信息研究所将本学位论文收录到《中国学位论文全文数据库》。（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书） 学位论文作者签名：导师签字： 签字日期：年月日签字日期：年月日 五、摘要格式 1.中文摘要 论文题目 摘# #要 （三号，黑体，居中） 1）摘要正文（小四，宋体）， 2）关键词： XXXX；XXXX；XXXX （3-5个主题词）（小四，黑体）

本科毕业论文格式模板

XXXXXXXXX 学校 毕业论文（设计） 论文题目：技术创新对公路运输市场体系的作用和影响 指导教师： XX 教授 专 业： 电子商务 级 班 准考证号： 论文作者： XXX 年 月 日 或毕业设计， 字号：二号宋体 初号，华文中宋 四号宋体 小三号楷体 小三号黑体 小三号楷体

二级以下(包括二级题序 )用小四宋体 目 录 摘要 1 绪论...................................................................................................... 1 1.1公路运输市场的现状.................................................................................1 1.2 熊彼特的创新理论.................................................................................1 2 技术创新对公路运输市场发展的作用............................................................ 2 2.1 公路运输市场..........................................................................................2 2.1.1 公路运输产品 (2) … … … … 5结论 (4) 三号黑体 小四宋体加黑 一级题序用小四宋体加黑

哈佛商学院英文参考文献格式

BOOK______________________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Doss 2003) REFERENCE Doss, G 2003, IS Project Management Handbook, Aspen Publishers, New York 2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Laudon & Laudon 2003) REFERENCE Laudon, KC & Laudon, JP 2003, Essentials of management information systems: managing the digital firm, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Coveney, Ganster, Hartlen & King 2003) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Coveney et al 2003) REFERENCE Coveney, M, Ganster, D, Hartlen, B & King, D 2003, The strategy gap: leveraging technology to execute winning strategies, Wiley, Hoboken, N. J. Corporate author IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(DFAT 2002) REFERENCE Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002, Connecting with Asia's tech future: ICT export opportunities, Economic Analytical Unit, Commonwealth Government, Canberra. Editor IN-TEXT ...(Shaw 2003) REFERENCE Shaw, MJ (ed) 2003, E-business management: integration of Web technologies with business models, Kluwer Academic, London. BOOK CHAPTER_____________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Howard 1998) REFERENCE Howard, S 1998, 'Verbal Protocol Analysis', in B Henderson-Sellers, A Simons and H Younessi (eds.), The Open Process Specification, Addison Wesley, Sydney, pp. 272- 274.2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Degen & Pedell 2004) REFERENCE Degen, H & Pedell, S 2004, 'The JIET Design Process for e-Business Applications', in D Diaper and N Stanton (eds.), The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA), London, pp. 193-220. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Johnston, Mak & Kurnia 2001) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Johnston et al 2001) REFERENCE Johnston RB, Mak HC & Kurnia S 2001, 'The contribution of Internet Electronic Commerce to advanced supply chain reform - a case study', in S Barnes & B Hunt (eds.), E- Commerce and V-Business, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 232-249. JOURNAL ARTICLE__________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Hammer 1990) REFERENCE Hammer, M 1990, 'Reengineering Work: Don't Automate, Obliterate', Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 104-112. 2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Lamb & Kling 2003) REFERENCE Lamb, R & Kling, R 2003, 'Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems research', MIS Quarterly, vol. 27, issue 2, June, p. 197. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Lacity, Willcocks & Feeny 1995) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Lacity et al 1995) REFERENCE Lacity, MC, Willcocks, LP & Feeny, DF 1995, 'IT outsourcing: maximize flexibility and control', Harvard Business Review, vol. 73, issue 3, May, pp. 84-93. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES_ IN-TEXT ...(Karlof 2002) REFERENCE Karlof, B 2002, 'Benchmarking', in H Bidgoli (ed). Encyclopedia of information systems, Academic Press, New York, vol. 1, pp. 65-80.

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4.关键词。需列出4个关键词，小三楷字体。第1个关键词应为二级学科名称。学科分类标准执行国家标准；关键词后请列出作者的中国科协所属全国性学会个人会员的登记号 5.正文。小四号宋体。文中所用计量单位，一律按国际通用标准或国家标准，并用英文书写，如km2，kg等。文中年代、年月日、数字一律用阿拉伯数字表示。 正文中的各级标题、图、表体例见下表： 表；标题体例 标题级别字体字号格式说明 一级标题三号标宋居中题目 二级标题四号黑体左空2字，单占行汉字加顿号，如“一、” 三级标题四号仿宋体左空2字，单占行汉字加括号，如“(一)” 四级标题小四号黑体左空2字，单占行阿拉伯数字加下圆点，如“1.”

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No. 毕业论文（设计） 题目：_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 学生姓名__________________ 专业__________________ 班级__________________ 指导教师__________________ 年月日

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标准论文格式+要求+范文(超全)

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