托福独立写作语法错误汇总

2015新托福写作高分五个关键步骤

新托福写作包括两道题：综合写作，独立写作。独立写作要求考生在30分钟的时间内写出一篇短文。考生需要在作文中就某个问题阐述自己的看法。通常一篇作文大约需要写300词。新托福写作字数没有上限。在限定的时间内，考生可以想写多少就写多少，但是不要为写作而写作，托福写作注重内容，要写出有逻辑有思想的文章来。

为解决同学们在篇章宏观把握方面存在的问题，建议同学们从以下五个关键步骤入手：

1、仔细审题，分析提示句，明确三方面问题

切题是写好文章最重要的前提。有的考生抱怨，自己感觉文章内容丰富、语言生动流畅，得分却不高。其实，文章跑题是分数偏低的主要原因。因此，审好题、审清题在很大程度上关系到整篇文章的成败，绝不可以掉以轻心。审题，不仅要仔细研究题目，还要结合给出的提示句加以分析。首先要明确文章要写的内容，即文章要围绕什么主题来写，这是保证整篇文章切题的关键;其次，确定文章所需的主语人称，人称混乱是中国学生常犯的一个毛病，而在审题阶段确定人称是避免文章人称混乱的有效途径;第三，注意文章对动词的时态、语气有无特殊要求。

2、围绕提示句，构建文章框架

草拟提纲时，要紧紧围绕提示句，尤其是提示句的关键词，尽量多地扩展提示句所提供的信息，从而基本构筑出文章的框架。在扩展提示句时，要注意，可以原封不动地照抄提示句中的关键词，但是绝对不要照搬提示句中的词组和句子，一定要变换意思相同的表达进行替换，这是显示考生语言应用能力的重要一环。为了避免段落内容跑题，要从提示句中的关键词出发，围绕关键词开拓思路，发挥联想，记录下所联想到的东西：可以是句子，也可以是词组;可以是英语，也可以是汉语。然后对所记录的内容进行筛选，选择最有代表性的内容草拟出文章的提纲。

3、依据所拟提纲，写出全文主旨句及段落主题句

全文主旨句(thesis statement)涵盖全文的核心内容，而段落主题句(topic sentence)则是统领段落中心内容的。段落主题句是为全文主旨句服务的。很多同学对全文主旨句缺乏了解，甚至无法区分全文主旨句和段落主题句。提出全文主旨时，应注意下面的问题：

1)主旨通常是一个包含所写的主旨要义，即中心思想的单一的陈述句。

2)主旨对文章的展开加以限制。

3)主旨不能用短语、从句、或疑问句。

4)主旨应该明确具体，但主旨如果过于具体化就无法展开文章的写作。

5)同一个标题可以有不同的主旨，所选主旨必须侧重标题的某一不同方面的内容。

6)主旨必须揭示作者的观点和态度。

为使大家更透彻地了解全文主旨句，请大家先仔细阅读下列句子，判断哪些句子是有效的主旨句，并说明理由：

1)Our classroom is clean, bright and cozy.

主旨过窄，无法展开来写，是无效的主旨。

2)Though facing many serious difficulties, our reform is still a successful one.

有效主旨，既不过于宽泛也不过于细节，留有继续拓展的余地。

3)The sun is very important.

这句话话题过大，无法把握，用几十万字的篇幅来叙述也未必说得够详尽。作为主旨显得过宽，比较含糊，不能让读者明白作者想写什么，因而是无效主旨。

根据英美人的写作习惯，全文主旨句在文章首段的最后一句出现为宜。全文主旨句和段落主题句是作者思维的起点，切题的准绳。好的段落主题句，不但切题，便于围绕主旨句进行扩展，而又常常给读者一种一针见血的感受。看到段落主题句，读者应大致了解段落要阐述的内容，因而段落主题句通常是一个语法结构完整、内容概括、用词简洁、明了的单句。通常将段落主题句置于段落的开头，可使文章结构更清晰，说服力更强。

4、参照提纲，紧扣主题句，完成段落。

有了段落主题句后，还需要顺着段落主题句的方向，参照提纲中的思路，从而完成各个段落。写作段落时，要尽可能多地搜集细节来支持主题。下面给考生呈上有关“电视对孩子不良影响”的引言段、各段主题句及结论部分。

5、检查和修改

托福考试时间紧张，匆匆完稿之后，疏漏在所难免，因而有必要复查，修改，及时纠正偏差，堵塞漏洞，从而将作文质量再提高一步。建议大家主要针对以下五个重点部位仔细核查：

1)文章是否切题

将文章与提纲对比，看看是否已清楚地表达了想要写的内容。可以从三方面进行考查：一是整篇文章内容是否切合文章标题要求;二是段落主题句的内容是否与各段落提示句内容相一致;三是段落内部的内容是否与段落主题句的表达相一致。如果发现任何一个层面不切题，应尽可能弥补，删除那些多余的或不切题的地方;增添残缺的、语义表达不足的地方。由于时间所限，删的内容一定要精，要切中要害，切忌动大手术。

2)句子是否相互连贯

检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅，检验的标准主要是句子是否通顺，该用过渡词的地方用了没有，以及所用的过渡词是否合适。

3)是否使用了一些错误的或不恰当的词语

检查文章中是否有用词不当的情况，要选择自己最有把握的词来表达思想，忌用生词、大词，避免中文式英语。

4)是否有语法错误

主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯。为避免不必要的语法错误，对把握性不大的词组、句型绝不要用。而应使用那些自己熟悉的词组、句型来表达相同或相近的意思。

5)是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误，写作格式是否符合要求

写作格式规范容易赢得阅卷老师的印象分。留意下面一些常见格式要求：

1)文章标题用引号。

2)书名用斜体。

3)每段的第一行要空格，即留出4至5个字母的空格。

写作除了文章内容之外更不能忽略的就是词汇量，大家可千万不要忘了这个重中之重，业余时间要多看看词汇书籍，多写几篇作文修改，坚持下去便可在日后发现自己写作水平的飞跃。征服托福写作，需将文章结构、论点展开、语言技能完美的结合，一篇优秀的托福作文才能真正地横空出世。

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