Kinetic study of steam gasification of two mineralogically different
Kinetic study of steam gasi?cation of two mineralogically different lignite chars:An active site/intermediate
model
Jia Tang,Xuantao Wu,Jie Wang ?
Department of Chemical Engineering for Energy,Key Laboratory of Coal Gasi?cation and Energy Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education,East China University of Science and Technology,130#Meilong Road,Shanghai 200237,PR China
h i g h l i g h t s
A novel kinetic model is proposed to describe the kinetics of lignite char gasi?cation. The model is based on the active site/intermediate mechanism of char gasi?cation. The model ?ts the kinetic pro?les of the Ca-catalyzed and uncatalyzed char gasi?cation. The model predicts the changes of the intermediate during the char gasi?cation.
a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:
Received 4June 2014
Received in revised form 13October 2014Accepted 14October 2014
Available online 28October 2014Keywords:Lignite char Gasi?cation
Catalytic gasi?cation Kinetic model
a b s t r a c t
A new active site/intermediate model (ASIM)is formulated in terms of a simpli?ed calcium-catalyzed mechanism of char gasi?cation to characterize a conversion-dependent maximum in reaction rate.In a limited case,the model is retrogressed to a common volumetric model (VM).Two sets of kinetic data were experimentally gathered by steam gasi?cation of two lignite chars in a ?xed bed reactor with neg-ligible mass diffusion limitation.The gasi?cation behaviors of two chars were,respectively,representa-tive of catalyzed and uncatalyzed gasi?cation as a result of the in?uences of different mineral components in them.It was found that ASIM intimately ?t the kinetic pro?les over the entire range of conversion for both catalyzed and uncatalyzed char gasi?cation,demonstrating the good adaptability to varying chars.The model could determine the activation energies for the formation of the total car-bon-containing gases and of two individual gases (CO and CO 2)from the oxygenated intermediate.More-over,for the case of catalyzed gasi?cation,ASIM reasonably predicted the formation,growth and decline of the intermediate with carbon conversion as well as the change in the intermediate concentration with gasi?cation temperature.For the case of uncatalyzed gasi?cation,the model portrayed essentially a linear decline in the intermediate concentration with increasing carbon conversion,similar to VM.
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1.Introduction
Coal gasi?cation is a very old but still ongoing technology.In recent years,coal gasi?cation has been rapidly growing in the world scale of industrial production,as it comparatively provides a clean,ef?cient,and secure way to use coal for generating a wide range of products,fuel gas,synthetic natural gas or syngas,elec-tricity,hydrogen,and so on.Syngas is available to make into trans-portation fuels (methanol,gasoline,diesel,etc.)and a diversity of downstream chemicals as a substitute for petrochemicals.Under this circumstance,research interest is resurging more than in the recession period from a climax of the last 70–80s with respect to coal gasi?cation,but it seems like the current trend is towards making use of more inferior coal resources such as lignite [1–3]and other untraditional gasi?cation feedstocks [4–6].
The kinetics of char gasi?cation has been ever the subject of a large number of previous studies [7–10],for it is of crucial impor-tance in determining the rate and whole process of coal gasi?ca-tion.It remains a prevalent subject in recent researches [11–13].The part of reason for this situation is that the char gasi?cation kinetics is complicated by a multitude of in?uencing factors,par-ticularly by the properties of char such as granularity,porosity,compositions and dispersion of minerals in char,and carbon struc-tures [14].The complexity also arises from the fact that the prop-erties of char vary kaleidoscopically with the properties of coals such as coal rank,coal mineralogy and coal petrography as well as char formation processes [15,16],and that the properties of char
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are even changed with the elapse of char burnout.Therefore,it is hard to establish a universal mathematical expression to correlate the gasi?cation rate of an arbitrary char with the in?uencing vari-ables.Table1tabulates some known kinetic models adapted to char gasi?cation.These models are developed along a long history of research progress but each model is merely asserted from case to case.
Volumetric model(VM),as shown in Table1,is a simple model. It is based on an assumption that the active site distributed uni-formly on the surface of coal char over the process of gasi?cation. Thus,the reaction rate decreases linearly with reaction time.This model can predict the char conversion as a function of reaction time for uncatalyzed gasi?cation,but an acceptable?t is usually limited to a range of char conversion smaller than75%or a more narrow range[21].
The shrinking core model(SCM)is described in detail by Leven-spiel et al.[20].This model assumes the homogenous distributions of mass and porosity in the char particle and a spatial shrinking of char with the char burnout.The amount of active sites is propor-tionate to the char surface area exposed to gasifying agents through the pores of char.In the regime of chemical reaction con-trol,SCM expresses the reaction rate as Eq.(2)(Table1),where m is a shape factor that depends on the geometry of the grains,and for spheres,m=2/3,for cylinders,m=1/2,and for?at plates, m=0.This model,particularly with m=2/3,is widely used to describe the char gasi?cation rate.
Nevertheless,neither VM nor SCM is supposed to characterize a char conversion-dependent maximum of gasi?cation rate.The VM and SCM models are invalid to express the kinetics of char gasi?ca-tion for some cases,especially for catalyzed char gasi?cation [21,25,26].In dealing with this problem,some researchers ever introduced a function of char conversion,g(x),into the VM or SCM rate expression[23,24].An example is the Johnson model, as shown as Eq.(3)(Table1),where g(x)=f1exp(àa x2).Although the introduction of g(x)makes it possible for the gasi?cation rate to have a maximum at a point of char conversion and thus allows for better?t to the pro?les of gasi?cation rate with time,the selection of g(x)is almost a sheer mathematical excise without its chemical meanings being rendered.
The random pore model(RPM)is initially proposed by Bhatia and Perlmutter[21],as shown in Table1.RPM assumes that char holds a cylindrical pore structure with random pore size distribu-tions in char particle,and the surface area changes with the growth and coalesce of pores by the mass loss of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9e16141681.html,pared to SCM, RPM is capable to describe a complex change in the surface area of char particle during char gasi?cation and it allows a maximum of gasi?cation rate to appear in a range of carbon conversion between0and0.393depending on a dimensionless structure parameter of char,w.This model was reported to success in?tting the char gasi?cation kinetics in some instances[26,27].
However,Liu et al.[22]and Zhang et al.[25]found that RPM was quite unsatisfactory for?tting the catalytic char gasi?cation. RPM could collapse into VM with w=0when it was applied for the catalytic char gasi?cation.In this case,by no mean could RPM predict the characteristic appearance of maximum gasi?ca-tion rate.Their work was then going to explore an extended ran-dom pore model(ERPM)by incorporating a function of char conversion,g(x)=1+(cx)p or g(x)=1+[c(1àx)]p,into the original RPM equation,as shown in Table1.ERPM behaved indeed well in denoting a maximum at a lower or higher carbon conversion[12]. Kopyscinski et al.[11]further validated the high accuracy of ERPM to?t the uncatalyzed and K2CO3-catalyzed char gasi?cation of ash-free coal char by comparing with RPM and other models.Despite the above success,the drawback of ERPM is apparent due to the introduction of two more parameters into RPM,c and p,either of which has no chemical meanings.Therefore,ERPM is at most a semi-empirical formula.
In the present work,we undertake to develop a new kinetic model(abbreviated to ASIM),based on a simpli?ed mechanism of calcium-catalyzed char gasi?cation.The model has been veri?ed to be highly accurate in?tting the gasi?cation kinetics of two lignite chars,which are,respectively,representative of calcium-catalyzed char gasi?cation and uncatalyzed char gasi?cation.The model is expected to have the adaptability to various chars.The
Nomenclature
L j an average of the relative likelihoods for model j
m the number of estimated parameters
n the number of observations
k i the rate constant of reaction i,minà1
N a the mole numbers of C?–C–CaO(a)per mole of carbon in the char
N c the mole numbers of CaO(c)per mole of carbon in the char
N o the mole numbers of C(O)–C–CaO(o)per mole of carbon in the char
N t total mole number of calcium per mole of carbon in an original char
p a dimensionless kinetic parameter in Eq.(5);the num-ber of temperature points in Eq.(35)P H
2
O
partial pressure of steam,Pa
t gasi?cation reaction time,min
x total carbon conversion
Greek letters
a characteristic parameter
g the ratio of the mole numbers of C(O)–C–CaO deacti-
vated to C(O)–C–CaO returned to active site
h a the dimensionless concentration of C?–C–CaO
h o the dimensionless concentration of C(O)–C–CaO
h c the dimensionless concentration of CaO
w a dimensionless structure parameter
u a catalysis factor
Table1
The typical models applied for char gasi?cation.
Eq.no.Model name Differential formula References 1Volumetric model(VM)dX
dt
?ke1àXT[17,18] 2Shrinking core(SCM)dX
dt
?ke1àXT23[19,20]
3Random pore(RPM)dX
dt ?ke1àXT
?????????????????????????????????
1àw lne1àXT
p[21,22]
4Modi?ed VM or SCM dX
dt
?ke1àXT2=3gexT[23,24]
5Extended random pore(ERPM)dX
dt ?ke1àXT
?????????????????????????????????
1àw lne1àXT
p
gexT[11,25]
J.Tang et al./Fuel141(2015)46–5547
model also possesses some preferred features as compared to ERPM:(1)a less parameter formula;(2)be based on the char gas-i?cation mechanism,although simpli?ed;(3)be capable to predict the change of the intermediate with carbon conversion and gasi?-cation temperature.
2.Model development
As described above,the gasi?cation rate of char is sophistically affected by many intrinsic properties of char and operating condi-tions of gasi?cation.It is almost impossible to theoretically deduce a mathematical formula to express the correlation of the gasi?ca-tion rate with all variables.However,it is well known that the char gasi?cation process is mechanistically associated with the forma-tion of active site and intermediate during gasi?cation.The active site and intermediate in a char,although dif?cult to quantify and track,is a key factor for determining the gasi?cation rate[28–30].Lignite char is generally the most reactive among the chars derived from a whole spectrum of coal.This is related to the more amorphous and more porous carbon structure of lignite char,but in most cases,more importantly to mineral matter in lignite.The mineral matter in char can play a paramount role in the formation of active site or intermediate,resulting in a catalytic effect on the char gasi?cation[31,32].
It is well recognized that lignite is enriched with carboxyl groups,which is often combined with alkali and alkaline metals (AAMEs),especially with calcium[28,33,34].This form of calcium is highly or atomically dispersed in lignite.When lignite is ther-mally converted to char,at least part of calcium in the char is retained in a carboxylate-like form[35]or a highly dispersed cal-cium oxide form[36].What we can make sure is that the highly dispersed calcium(HDC)is an active catalyst for char gasi?cation [37].This scenario is unique to HDC.Radovic et al.[37]revealed that the catalytic effect of calcium in char deactivates as HDC grad-ually agglomerates.Ohtsuka and Tomita[38]found that HDC was transformed to crystalline calcium oxide and calcium carbonate during the gasi?cation.However,the realistic chemical form or structure of HDC in char is not yet fully identi?ed.It remains debatable what is an exact mechanism underlying the catalytic effect of calcium on the char gasi?cation.We are inclined to an argument advocated by some academicians that the mechanism of calcium catalysis involved in a reduction and combination of cal-cium oxide by/with carbon to form a intercalated cluster C?–C–O–Ca with non-stoichiometry.This cluster has an active carbon site, represented as C?,for extracting oxygen from CO2or H2O.This mechanism is supported from the molecular orbital calculation by Chen et al.[30]and from the density functional theory by Gonz-ales et al.[39]that the binding of calcium with carbon leads to a greater propensity of the neighboring carbons towards chemisorp-tion of oxygen atom forming an intermediate.
From the knowledge introduced above,we propose a simpli?ed mechanism of calcium-catalyzed char gasi?cation,as depicted in Fig.1,where CaO(c)is the crystalline calcium oxide,i.e.,a catalyt-ically inactive form of calcium,and C?–C–CaO(a)is a dispersed cal-cium,i.e.,an active site,which has a potential to take oxygen in it from steam,forming the oxygenated intermediate C(O)–C–CaO(o). Further,the desorption of C(O)releases CO,and the parallel reac-tion of C(O)with H2O generates CO2and H2.After these reactions, a part of C(O)–C–CaO lose the catalytic activity,and the other part returns to C?–C–CaO.g refers to a ratio of the mole numbers of C(O)–C–CaO which formed to the deactivated CaO(c)to those which turns to C?–C–CaO.
Assuming that the calcium in an original char does not evapo-rate at all during gasi?cation,in the light of the mass balance we have
N ctN atN o?N te6THere N t is the total mole number of calcium per mole of carbon in an original char,N c,N a and N o are,respectively,the mole num-bers of CaO(c),C?–C–CaO(a)and C(O)–C–CaO(o)per mole of car-bon in the char.If de?ning dimensionless concentrations
h a?N a=N te7Th o?N o=N te8Th c?N c=N te9Tthen,we have
h ath oth c?1e10T
In the non-steady state,h a and h o vary during gasi?cation rely-ing on the formation rates of C?–C–CaO(a)and C(O)–C–CaO(o), respectively,expressed as
d h a
dt
?e1àgTek2P H2Otk3Th oàek1P H2Otk4Th ae11T
d h o
dt
?k1P H
2
O
h aàek2P H
2
O
tk3Th oe12TWith designating
k0
1
?k1P H
2
O
tk4e13T
k0
2
?k2P H
2
O
tk3e14TEqs.(16)and(17)are then written as
d h a
dt
?e1àgTk02h oàk01h ae15T
k0
1
àk4
àá
h a?
d h o
dt
tk0
2
h oe16T
Differentiating Eq.(16)yields
k0
1
àk4
àád h a
dt
?
d2h o
dt
tk0
2
d h o
dt
e17T
By substituting Eqs.(21)and(22)into Eq.(15),we obtain the following two-order differential equation to resolve the relational expression of h o with t:
d2h o
dt
tk0
1
tk0
2
àád h o
tg k01k02te1àgTk02k4
àá
h o?0e18T
The general solution of Eq.(18)is
h o?C1eàattC2eàbte19T
48J.Tang et al./Fuel141(2015)46–55
where a and b are
a ?
k 01
t
k 02
àát?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????k 01tk 02àá2à4g k 01k 02te1àg Tk 02k 4
??q 2
e20T
b ?
k 0
1tk 02
àá
à?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????k 01tk 02àá2à4g k 01k 02te1àg Tk 02k 4
??q e21T
Supposing the boundary conditions:h a =h t =1and h o =0at t =0,we can determine C 1and C 2,and accordingly give a function of h o versus t
h o ?k 0
1àk 4b àa
ee àat
àe àbt T
e22T
In our gasi?cation experiment,however,the kinetic data are collected in the form of the carbon conversion as a function of gas-i?cation time.The total carbon conversion x is de?ned as the sum-mative amounts of carbon released as CO 2,CO and CH 4to the amount of carbon in the initial char.The rate of carbon conversion x can be expressed as
dx ?u k 0
2h 0e23T
where u is a catalysis factor,which signi?es that a calcium atom in the cluster C ?–C–CaO can activate a multiple of carbon atoms C ?according to the quantum theories [39],so that it is possible for only a small fraction of calcium in char to induce a large degree of and even complete gasi?cation of char.Replacing Eq.(23)with Eq.(22)and integrating dx with dt ,we arrive at
dx dt ?c b àa ee àat àe àbt Te24T
x ?c 1à
b b àa e àat ta
b àa
e àbt
e25T
Here c ?u k 01àk 4àák 0
2.Despite a hypothesis that C(O)–C–CaO in part returns to C ?–C–CaO after being gasi?ed,for the sake of sim-plicity,we suppose g =1,that is,C(O)–C–CaO is entirely lost in the catalytic activation after its reaction.This supposition seems to be inconsistent with the practice,but it is not going to damage the rationality of the model by aid of the interpolation of a catalysis factor u into Eq.(23).Then,Eqs.(24)and (25)can be transformed to two ?nal expressions
dx dt
?f 0e àk 01t àe àk 02t e26T
x ?f 1àk 0
2k 02àk 01e àk 01t tk
1k 02àk 01
e àk 02t
!
e27T
What we enjoy is that Eqs.(26)or (27)has only three parame-ters,k 01,k 02and f 0,or k 01,k 02and f ,where f 0?u k 01àk 4àák 02=ek 02àk 0
1T,
and f ?u k 01àk 4àá=k 0
1.These three parameters of either set can be determined by a non-linear ?t to the experimental data using Eqs.(26)or (27).
It should be noted that when k 01is considerably larger than k 0
2,Eq.(27)is simpli?ed to
x ?u e1àe àk 0
2t T
e28T
This equation is just the same as that of VM if u is taken to be 1.It is implied that if the kinetic limitation is small towards the oxy-genated intermediate formation,ASIM approaches to VM.An example of this case is that the oxygenated intermediate is abruptly developed over the surface of char once the char starts to be in contact with steam,and then the intermediate uniformly decreases with carbon mass loss.
3.Experimental
3.1.Preparation of char
Two lignite coals,Yuxi lignite (YX)and Xundian coal (XD),were
used in this study.Both coals were mined from Yunnan Province,China,but from different districts.The proximate and ultimate analyses of two coals are shown in Table 2.It could be seen that the two coals are enriched with acidic functional groups.The ash compositions of two coals are shown in Table 3.A distinct differ-ence in the ash compositions between two coals were that XD coal was enriched with calcium,whereas YX coal was enriched with aluminum and silicon with less AAEMs.All coal samples were air-dried,and ground and sieved to the particle sizes of 0.074–0.15mm for preparation of char.
The char sample was prepared by pyrolysis of two lignite coals in a tubular reactor under a stream of argon.The pyrolysis exper-iment was carried out under a ?xed condition (heating rate,10°C/min;the ?nal temperature,750°C;holding time,30min).After cooling down,the char was taken out.The yields of char produc-tion were 55.0wt%and 50.7wt%(dried sample basis),respectively,for YX coal and XD coal.The chars were then ground and sieved again to assure a powdery sample with the particle size of smaller than 0.15mm.The char samples were stored in a capped bottle before use for gasi?cation and elemental analysis.3.2.Char gasi?cation
Char gasi?cation was carried out in a tubular ?xed-bed reactor,as describe elsewhere [40].In each gasi?cation experiment,a 0.2g sample of char was thinly spread on a platinum boat,and then heated in the reactor at 10°C/min from room temperature to 750°C under a stream of argon (500mL/min).Then,the argon stream was switched to the steam/argon gas (partial pressure of steam to ambient pressure,0.5±0.02)to start the isothermal steam gasi?cation for a period of 50min.Steam in the off-gas was completely removed through an ice/water-cooled condenser followed by a dehumidizer.The major gases (CO 2,CO and CH 4)were measured online with a rapid GC (Agilent Micro 3000)which used helium as a carrier gas.H 2was determined with a GC (Agilent 6820)which used argon as a carrier gas,through the collection of gaseous product in gas bags.It should be pointed out that the thin spread of char sample on platinum was purposed to eliminate the external diffusion of steam to char particle as greatly as possible,and it was reported that the intraparticle diffusion could also be ignored when the particles size of char was smaller than 0.17mm [29].Consequently,we could ignore the in?uence of both
Table 2
Properties of YX,and XD lignites.Property
XD lignite YX lignite Proximate analysis
Moisture (%wet basis)11.427.71Fixed carbon (%d.b.)30.0431.32Volatile matter (%d.b.)48.4843.59Ash (%d.b.)
21.4825.09Ultimate analysis (%daf)C 63.6365.20H 4.62 5.90O 28.5727.67N 2.19 1.26S
0.990.15Oxygen-containing functional groups Carboxylic groups (mmol g à1-dry coal)
4.12 2.96Phenolic hydroxyl groups (mmol g à1-dry coal) 6.30 3.39Total (mmol g à1-dry coal)
10.42
6.35
J.Tang et al./Fuel 141(2015)46–5549
the external and internal mass diffusion on the kinetic data in the experiment.On the other hand,since the reactor system volume, the?ow rate of purging gas plus steam and the gas switching per-iod could distort the pattern of gas release rate and affect the kinetic calculation[41],efforts were made in the experiment to reduce these in?uences.The delayed time of gas?ow from the sample position to the gas analyzer was estimated to be as short as16s.The in?uence caused by this gas release delay was ignored in this study.
3.3.Other analysis
Elemental analysis(C,H,N and S)was performed on an Elemen-tar Vario EL III elemental analyzer for raw coal samples and chars. X-ray?uorescence analysis(XRF)was conducted on an X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer(XRF-1800)to determine the ash com-position in coal,and in this method,the ash was prepared by the combustion of coal sample at550°C prior to XRF analysis. Determination of acidic functional groups in lignite was performed by using a chemical titration method[42].The kinetic data?t was performed using a MATLAB software.
4.Results and discussion
4.1.Model?t to the kinetic data
4.1.1.RPM or VM?t
Fig.2shows the char conversion as a function of the gasi?cation time at different temperatures for YX and XD chars,where the intermittent symbols denote the experimental results.The char conversion is de?ned as the summative moles of carbon released as CO,CO2and CH4,divided by the total moles of carbon in the char fed to gasi?cation.The time is referred to as the steam gasi?cation time,and a zero time is set at the beginning point of steam?owed into reactor.The temperature ranges used for gasi?cation were dif-ferent for YX char and XD char,because two chars were extremely different in the gasi?cation reactivity,although both chars were derived from lignite.YX char was observed to gasify insigni?cantly at750°C,whereas the gasi?cation of XD char was appreciable at 750°C,which is such a low temperature as usually used only for catalytic gasi?cation.This clearly indicated that the mineral matter inherent in XD lignite had a strong catalytic activity for the char gasi?cation,consistent with the relative abundance of calcium in XD lignite(Table1).In our previous work,it was also shown by means of the X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES)spec-trometry that about84%of calcium in XD lignite was organically associated[34].This was why XD char was gasi?ed so fast at a low temperature.However,for XD char,it was observed from the residue collected after gasi?cation that the char was not com-pletely gasi?ed even at800°C,although the gasi?cation occurred fast in the primary stage of gasi?cation.This was attributed to the deactivation of calcium in the char during the gasi?cation. For YX char,the complete gasi?cation was not observed until the temperature was elevated to950°C,with no or feeble indication of catalytic gasi?cation.Incidentally,for a complete gasi?cation of YX char at950°C,the carbon conversion was somewhat lower than100%because some carbon was released during the heat-up stage with other miscellaneous inventories of carbon loss caused during the gasi?cation.
To better understand the characteristic behaviors of gasi?cation for two chars,we have used two common models(SCM and RPM) to?t the experimental data.The?tting results by RPM are shown in Fig.2,where the dotted lines are the?tting results.It could be seen that for YX char,overall the?tting results were acceptable, despite the enlarged deviations from the experimental results at higher temperatures;for XD char,the?tting results were too poor, especially at higher temperatures.This sharp contrast demon-strated an interesting matter that the two chars used,although both from lignite,were distinctly different in the reactivity of char and the kinetic behavior of gasi?cation;the two chars were, respectively,characteristic of the uncatalyzed and catalyzed char gasi?cation due to their mineralogical difference rather than any external catalyst.RPM is con?rmed again to be gravely inappropri-ate for the catalytic char gasi?cation,as revealed in the literature [12].It should be pointed out that when RPM was used to?t the data shown in Fig.2,the structure parameter w in the model was invariably given a value of zero for both chars.Therefore, RPM was equivalent to VM in this case,
4.1.2.ASIM?t
The?tting results by ASIM are shown in Fig.3,where the dotted lines represent the ASIM?tting results in contrast to the marks of experimental result.Whether for XD char or YX char,ASIM excel-lently predicted the pro?les of the total carbon conversion with reaction time.It is worthy of remark that VM,SCM and RPM have a common feature that the total carbon conversion x?1,as the
Table3
Main metallic compositions of two lignites.
Coal samples Content(wt.%-dry basis)
Si Al Ca Fe Mg K Na Ti
XD 3.21 2.11 4.71 1.170.590.210.060.11 YX 4.08 3.360.080.330.090.7300.10
50J.Tang et al./Fuel141(2015)46–55
gasi?cation time t?1.Therefore,these models can be unreason-able if a catalyst is initially very active but ceases to be alive in a later period of char gasi?cation,because in this circumstance,the char gasi?cation cannot reach completeness even for an in?nite time if the temperature is not high enough for an uncatalyzed gas-i?cation.However,ASIM is nicely?exible to meet either x?1or x<1at t?1,by a regulative catalysis factor u in the model.As a result,the curves predicted by ASIM tended to level off at a con-stant of x<1for the cases of gasifying XD char at higher tempera-tures,distinct from those predicted by RPM or VM(Fig.2).One may have suspected why ASIM could also well?t the uncatalyzed kinetic pro?les of YX char,and we wait to give an explanation in a later section.
Taking into account the mechanism presented in Fig.1,on the other hand,we can easily derive the expression relating the partial carbon conversion to CO or CO2with gasi?cation time from Eq.
(27).Fig.4shows the experimental data and the predicted curves by ASIM regarding the partial carbon conversions to CO and CO2.It could be seen that the agreement between the experimental data and the predicted data was good for both chars.According to the amounts of CO and CO2accumulated from the beginning to the end of the steam gasi?cation experiment,the CO/CO2molar ratios were0.20,0.38and0.57,respectively,at the gasi?cation tempera-tures of800°C,900°C and950°C for YX char,and0.17,0.27and 0.36,respectively,at725°C,750°C and800°C for XD char.For both the catalyzed and uncatalyzed gasi?cation,the CO/CO2ratio increased with increasing temperature,suggesting that a higher temperature enabled a preferential acceleration to the CO formation.By the way,the accumulated moles of CH4were not more than one
percent of the total moles of three carbon-containing gases in all experiments of gasi?cation.Consequently,the formation of CH4 is not considered in the model formulation.However,if CH4is formed via the intermediate indicated in Fig.1,the mathematical expressions of ASIM(Eqs.(26)and(27))can still hold tightly,no matter what more CH4is generated.
Table4lists the detailed kinetics parameters and the squared values of correlation coef?cient(R2),determined by?t to the gas-i?cation of two chars at different temperatures with the use of ASIM.For XD char,the value of k0
2
increased with increasing gasi?-
cation temperature.Assuming that the reaction rate constant k0
2 follows an Arrhenius equation,we can plot a straight line of the logarithmic k0
2
with reciprocal absolute temperature to obtain the
activation energy.The plots of lnek0
2
Tversus1/T for XD coal are illustrated in Fig.5.The corresponding activation energy and the pre-exponential of the reaction of the intermediate towards the total gaseous product was119.24kJ/mol and 1.11?107minà1, respectively(Table4).Similarly,the activation energies of the reac-tions of the intermediate towards CO and CO2were estimated to be,respectively,116.68kJ/mol and113.02kJ/mol,for XD char.It should be noticed that the straight lines in Fig.5looked divergent from the plateaus tendency of experimental data at high tempera-ture(750–800°C).This was probably because the catalytic effect was masked by the thermal effect at high temperature.In addition,
k0
1
decreased with increasing temperature,implying an intermedi-ate decline at high temperature.As a result,no calculation was
conducted using the Arrhenius equation for k0
1
.
For YX char,it could be noticed that the values of k0
1
were
extraordinarily larger than those of k0
2
at750°C and800°C.In this case,ASIM could be simpli?ed to VM without uncertainty(see Eq.
(28)).At900°C and950°C,the values of k0
1
were not so much lar-
ger than those of k0
2
,but still one hundred times larger,so VM can also be an approximation of ASIM.Therefore,ASIM is adaptable to ?t the uncatalyzed kinetic pro?les of YX char,even though ASIM is originally formulated from the mechanism of calcium-catalyzed char gasi?cation.As a matter of fact,VM model also involves a con-cept of the active site concerning the catalytic mechanism,only that it assumes a simple case that the active site is uniformly dis-tributed in char,with a direct proportion to the unconverted char in amount.Analogously,for YX char,the activation energies were estimated to be71.56kJ/mol,91.57kJ/mol,and52.46kJ/mol, respectively,for the total carbon conversion,the partial carbon conversion to CO,and that to CO2.It could be seen that the activa-tion energies for XD char were signi?cantly larger than those for YX coal.This result seems to be unreasonable because a catalyst generally acts to reduce the activation energy of reaction.From ERPM modeling,Kopyscinski et al.[11]observed a similar result by comparing the uncatalyzed char gasi?cation with the K2CO3-catalyzed char gasi?cation that the latter gasi?cation exhibited a signi?cantly higher activation energy than the former.They inter-preted that a hindrance in the solid catalyst motion on the surface of char might account for a rise in the activation energy.Since the uncatalyzed char gasi?cation and the catalyzed gasi?cation were performed in the quite different temperature regimes,we guess that the state of carbon–oxygen binding occurring in the different temperature regimes may be different,having an important in?u-ence on the activation energy.The oxygenated intermediate form-ing at a low temperature,may have a higher energy barrier to gasi?cation,although this barrier is largely mitigated by a catalyst. Finally in this section,it could be seen that the activation energies for the CO formation were larger than those for the CO2formation for both chars,especially for XD char.This was consistent with the observation that elevating temperature resulted in an increase in the CO/CO2ratio.
J.Tang et al./Fuel141(2015)46–5551
4.2.Discussion on ASIM
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9e16141681.html,parison of ASIM with SCM and RPM
The model discrimination is performed by the Akaike informa-tion criterion(AIC),which was proposed by Akaike[43]and applied to assess the kinetic models of char gasi?cation by Kopyscinski et al.AIC is expressed as
AIC?m 2
n
tln
1
n
RSS
&'
e34T
where m is the number of estimated parameters in a model,and n is
the number of observations(i.e.,the number of experimental points
used for a?t at each gasi?cation temperature),and RSS is residual
sum of squares which is derived from the model?t to a set of exper-
imental data obtained at each temperature.A smaller value of AIC
suggests a better?t irrespective of the type of model.The prefer-
ence of model j is overall assessed by an average of the relative like-
lihoods L j,which is modi?ed from the literature to make a more
objective assessment from the data obtained over the range of tem-
perature rather than at a reference temperature[11].
Table4
Estimated kinetic parameters of ASIM for XD and YX lignites at different temperatures.
Parameters a XD YX
675°C700°C725°C750°C800°C750°C800°C900°C950°C Total k0
1
0.57170.37970.36490.19760.19787.030E12 1.480E18 3.497 2.178
k0
2
0.036490.056630.093010.15240.19780.021800.019860.038880.07642
f0.68330.65150.66150.75470.84210.22380.45210.90180.9081
R20.99970.99980.99980.99910.99310.99930.99940.99970.9998
A 1.11E+0783.44
E a119.2071.86
CO2k0
1
0.58120.36860.30490.17000.1710 5.260E21 1.080 3.020E147.35E20
k20.035370.054630.089880.054630.089880.017830.023000.022470.05087
f0.64920.60290.57460.64360.61510.15700.34460.79630.5125
R20.99970.99970.99980.99920.99180.99960.99990.99990.9991
A 1.73E+077.86
E a113.0052.46
CO k0
1
0.056140.089220.18480.25730.28950.0286770.022740.096900.1266
k30.42180.37740.38520.24350.2899 5.290E23 2.370E170.59710.7220
f0.036930.050550.087760.11330.23220.070110.068890.21250.3632
R20.99960.99980.99970.99640.98240.99850.99810.99910.9979
A 1.45E+08 1.12E+03
E a116.6891.57
a Unit of k0
1,k02,k2,k3,and A,minà1;unit of E a,kJ/mol.
52J.Tang et al./Fuel141(2015)46–55
L j?1
p
X p
i?1
exp
AIC minàAIC j
2
i
e35T
where the subscript j represents model j,AIC min is a minimum among all AIC j values obtained from the models which prepare to compare,i represents the data corresponding to the i th point of temperature,and p is the number of temperature points used for gasi?cation.The model is preferred if L j approaches to1.
Table5shows the values of RSS,AIC and L j with SCM,RPM and ASIM.For all three models,the value of AIC had a similar increasing trend with increasing temperature.This was because the carbon conversion covered a wider range at higher temperature,resulting in a worse?t for each model.However,it could be seen that for YX char,the value of AIC did not change so much with temperature for ASIM as compared to those for SCM and RPM;for XD char,despite the noticeable change in the value of AIC,all values of AIC for ASIM were much smaller than the corresponding values for SCM and RPM.From the model assessment by L j,it was obvious that for XD char,the preference of three model was ASIM)SCM%RPM, and for YX char,ASIM>SCM>RPM.
To serve for the understanding of the characteristic features of ASIM,the rates of char gasi?cation are displayed against carbon conversion in Fig.6by way of comparing the experimental data to those?tted by ASIM,SCM and RPM.For XD char,the experimen-tal data showed an asymmetric convex pattern.The gasi?cation rate exponentially increased from zero at the initial point to the maximum in the vicinity of the carbon conversion of0.2,then stee-ply decreased,and?nally tailed with a small gasi?cation rate.The curve of ASIM well mirrored this changing pattern,whereas neither RPM nor SCM did.As mentioned in Section4.1.1,RPM was observed to collapse into VM in all of our?tting work,so for both RPM and SCM,the gasi?cation rate decreased linearly with increasing carbon conversion.However,as well known,RPM has a capability of producing a maximum of gasi?cation rate in the range of carbon conversion between0and0.393by increasing the structure parameter w[44],a question is why RPM could not go to show a maximum of gasi?cation rate with a positive and fairly large value of w as expected,and instead the model was dri-ven downward to VM.The reason is that for both SCM and RPM, the reaction rate is restricted to a direct relation with the surface area of pores in char without consideration of a process of interme-diate formation.Like SCM,RPM does not render a zero value of gas-i?cation rate at the initial point,and thus causes an inability to?t the primary stage of gasi?cation in our case.Therefore,RPM can be, overall,more departed from the experimental data if a zero of w is replaced with any positive value.
For YX char,an illustration of the experimental data is given at a temperature of900°C.In contrast to the result for XD coal,the gas-i?cation rate was almost vertically launched at the initial stage of gasi?cation and then decreased linearly with increasing carbon conversion for a wide range of carbon conversion.It was found that ASIM also matched this changing pattern well.It is evident that the new model can be adapted for the quite different patterns of dx/dt versus x,which are characteristic of both the catalyzed and uncat-alyzed char gasi?cation.As for SCM and RPM,the serious inconsis-tence occurred between the?tting results and the experimental data mainly at the initial stage,and for RPM,the?tting results emerged to diverge more from the experimental data at the last stage of gasi?cation.If neglecting the initial and last stage of gasi-?cation,either SCM or RPM can be expected to become a better?t to the experimental data.It can thus be made to understand that in the literature,in general,only a middle part of data is extracted for modeling when SCM or RPM is applied[22].
4.2.2.Predicted change in intermediate
As shed light on above,a feature of ASIM distinct from SCM and RPM lies in the temporal intermediate concentration which is dic-tated by the formation and deactivation reactions.Fig.7shows the predicted dimensionless concentrations of the intermediate C(O)–C–CaO as a function of carbon conversion at different tempera-tures.For XD char,all pro?les obtained in the temperature regime were asymmetrically convex,with a maximal concentration located in a range of carbon conversion between0.1and0.25. The maximal concentration decreased with increasing tempera-ture.This result seemed to be super?cially contradictory to an increase in the overall rate of char gasi?cation with increasing temperature.However,it could be explained because the crystalli-zation or deactivation of dispersed calcium in the char hap-pened more rapidly at higher temperature,resulting in a
lower
Table5
Model Discrimination Results for XD and YX lignites.
Model Index XD YX
675°C700°C725°C750°C800°C750°C800°C900°C950°C
SM RSS 2.050Eà3 6.370Eà30.020860.044290.09328 3.140Eà5 2.300Eà4 2.560Eà39.880Eà3 AICà10.56à9.427à8.240à7.488à6.743à14.50à12.51à10.10à8.746
j
0.19250.4690
RPM RSS 5.300Eà30.018160.065360.074610.09375 5.000Eà4 1.880Eà37.880Eà30.08128 AICà9.574à8.343à7.061à6.929à6.701à11.68à10.36à8.926à6.591
L j0.14290.1570
ASIM RSS 1.540Eà4 1.290Eà4 1.170Eà48.160Eà48.400Eà3 2.090Eà5 6.550Eà5 2.520Eà4 1.530Eà4 AICà13.07à13.25à13.35à11.41à9.075à14.81à13.67à12.32à12.82
L j11
J.Tang et al./Fuel141(2015)46–5553
concentration of the maximal intermediate,and even so,the over-
all rate of char gasi?cation could be still faster at higher tempera-ture as a result of a great increase in the reaction rate constant of the intermediate towards gaseous products.The intermediate con-centration eventually diminished to zero,and thereafter,the char gasi?cation stopped,resulting in a permanently incomplete char conversion.In addition,it could be observed that the location of the maximal intermediate concentration moved towards a lower temperature.
For YX char,we have also calculated the dimensionless concen-trations of intermediate as a function of carbon conversion at dif-ferent temperature,as shown in Fig.7.In this case,strictly speaking,the intermediate is not the same form as shown in Fig.1,and it is considered a form of C(O)–C[45],which derives from an active site C?–C without being conjunction with a catalyst. C(O)–C reacts with steam to form CO2and H2,and in parallel the oxygenated group in it desorbs to form CO,while these reactions re-produce C?–C.Therefore,the mechanism framework shown in Fig.1is not wavered,only that C?–C behaves without deactivation unlike C?–C–CaO.From Fig.7,it was observed that at the temper-atures of750°C and800°C,the intermediate concentration increased at the initial point of gasi?cation almost along the verti-cal axis.This could be explained by the approximation of Eq.(22) to h o?k0
1
t when t is a differential increment from zero.Since the
values k0
1
were very huge at these two temperatures(Table4),it caused a sudden increase in the immediate concentration once the gasi?cation commenced.It was thus implied that nearly no limitation existed on the step of the active site C?–C towards the intermediate C(O)–C in this situation.At higher temperatures, since the reactions of C(O)–C towards gaseous products became comparatively fast,a maximal intermediate emerged from0.05 to0.1of carbon conversion,and its location was reasonably shifted to a higher conversion as the temperature increased;however,it was apparent that the maximum was located at a lower carbon conversion than that for the catalyzed case.From the maximum onward,ASIM predicted the linear declines in the intermediate concentration with carbon conversion at all the temperatures,sug-gesting that the intermediate was uniformly converted to gaseous products as the char gasi?cation proceeded.It was also interesting to notice that opposite to the result of XD char,the intermediate became more concentrated at the maximal point with increasing temperature for YX char.This could be attributed to the heteroge-neous carbon structure of coal char.There are numerous publica-tions regarding the relationship between the gasi?cation reactivity and the carbon structure of char[46].It was likely that only a small group of carbon in a char was active enough to form the oxygenated complexes at a low temperature,and conse-quently,the intermediate concentration decreased to zero at a small carbon conversion.At a high temperature,the intermediate concentration decreased to zero at a higher carbon conversion because more carbon became reactive.
5.Conclusions
A new model(ASIM)has been formulated based on the simpli-?ed active site/intermediate mechanism of steam char gasi?cation. The forms of model are relatively simple with only three integrated
54J.Tang et al./Fuel141(2015)46–55
parameters for both the xàt equation and the dx/dtàt equation, and hence easy to handle in application.The two equations are expressed as
x?f1à
k0
2
k0
2
àk0
1
eàk01tt
k0
1
k0
2
àk0
1
eàk02t
!
dx
dt
?f0eeàk01tàeàk02tT
ASIM has been con?rmed to well predict the total carbon con-versions,the partial carbon conversions to CO and CO2as functions of gasi?cation time and temperature over the entire range of car-bon conversion,for a case of calcium-catalyzed char gasi?cation and another case of uncatalyzed char gasi?https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9e16141681.html,pared to SCM and RPM,ASIM presents not only a great enhancement in the modeling accuracy for both cases,particularly for the cal-cium-catalyzed gasi?cation,but also reasonably re?ects the char-acteristic behaviors of the char gasi?cation arising from the calcium catalysis,catalytic deactivation and heterogeneous char structure for two different lignite chars.
Acknowledgements
The research work is funded by the National‘‘863’’Scienti?c Research Program(2011AA05A201)and by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21076081).
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如何写先进个人事迹
如何写先进个人事迹 篇一：如何写先进事迹材料 如何写先进事迹材料 一般有两种情况：一是先进个人，如先进工作者、优秀党员、劳动模范等；一是先进集体或先进单位，如先进党支部、先进车间或科室，抗洪抢险先进集体等。无论是先进个人还是先进集体，他们的先进事迹，内容各不相同，因此要整理材料，不可能固定一个模式。一般来说，可大体从以下方面进行整理。 (1)要拟定恰当的标题。先进事迹材料的标题，有两部分内容必不可少，一是要写明先进个人姓名和先进集体的名称，使人一眼便看出是哪个人或哪个集体、哪个单位的先进事迹。二是要概括标明先进事迹的主要内容或材料的用途。例如《王鬃同志端正党风的先进事迹》、《关于评选张鬃同志为全国新长征突击手的材料》、《关于评选鬃处党支部为省直机关先进党支部的材料》等。 (2)正文。正文的开头，要写明先进个人的简要情况，包括：姓名、性别、年龄、工作单位、职务、是否党团员等。此外，还要写明有关单位准备授予他(她)什么荣誉称号，或给予哪种形式的奖励。对先进集体、先进单位，要根据其先进事迹的主要内容，寥寥数语即应写明，不须用更多的文字。 然后，要写先进人物或先进集体的主要事迹。这部分内容是全篇材料
的主体，要下功夫写好，关键是要写得既具体，又不繁琐；既概括，又不抽象；既生动形象，又很实在。总之，就是要写得很有说服力，让人一看便可得出够得上先进的结论。比如，写一位端正党风先进人物的事迹材料，就应当着重写这位同志在发扬党的优良传统和作风方面都有哪些突出的先进事迹，在同不正之风作斗争中有哪些突出的表现。又如，写一位搞改革的先进人物的事迹材料，就应当着力写这位同志是从哪些方面进行改革的，已经取得了哪些突出的成果，特别是改革前后的．经济效益或社会效益都有了哪些明显的变化。在写这些先进事迹时，无论是先进个人还是先进集体的，都应选取那些具有代表性的具体事实来说明。必要时还可运用一些数字，以增强先进事迹材料的说服力。 为了使先进事迹的内容眉目清晰、更加条理化，在文字表述上还可分成若干自然段来写，特别是对那些涉及较多方面的先进事迹材料，采取这种写法尤为必要。如果将各方面内容材料都混在一起，是不易写明的。在分段写时，最好在每段之前根据内容标出小标题，或以明确的观点加以概括，使标题或观点与内容浑然一体。 最后，是先进事迹材料的署名。一般说，整理先进个人和先进集体的材料，都是以本级组织或上级组织的名义；是代表组织意见的。因此，材料整理完后，应经有关领导同志审定，以相应一级组织正式署名上报。这类材料不宜以个人名义署名。 写作典型经验材料-般包括以下几部分： (1)标题。有多种写法，通常是把典型经验高度集中地概括出来，一
《女人的资本》读后感,-女性必读的三十部经典-最新范文
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一本不读就是人生极大遗憾的书 4《谁是最美的女人》 一本女人塑造个性形象的建议书 打开这本书你会发现原来美丽并不远 做一个标准女孩的必读书 5《简·爱》 一个平凡女人不平凡的生活经历 一段曲折离奇而又缠绵动人的爱情故事 一部历久不衰的经典名著 6《居里夫人传》 一部内容详实的科学家传记 一位影响过世界进程的伟大女性不平凡的一生一垃为子女树立光辉榜样的伟大母亲的精神世界 7《圣经》 一部包罗万象的古代文化百科全书 打开西方精神世界的钥匙 要了解西方文学首先应该了解《圣经》 8《世界美术名作二十讲》 艺术史著作中一部难得的佳作 有利于女性读者增强美术修养的艺术杰作 一本为广大女性读者指点艺术迷津的经典之作 9《金锁记》
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《俗世奇人》读后感
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我最后的感受是：码头上的人，不强活不成，一强就出生各样空前绝后的人物，但都是俗世奇人；小说里的人，不奇传不成，一奇就演出各种匪夷所思的事情，却全是真人真事！ 《俗世奇人》读后感（二） 《俗世奇人》是着名作家冯骥才创作的同名小说集，也是冯骥才的第一本小说。全书由19个短篇小说连缀构成，各篇文字极精短，本书用天津方言以及古典小说的白描入笔，极具有故事性和传奇性，读起来让人拍案叫绝。 书中的故事素材均收集于长期流传津门的民间传说，写出生活在天津的诸般奇人妙事。故事生动有趣，惟妙惟肖，使人物跃然纸上，令人赞叹不已。在当时，“天津卫”是天津的古称，它既是水陆交通要道，也是世人瞩目的开放城市。所以，在天津生活的人，“不强活不成，一强就生出各样空前绝后的人物”。他们有的现身于上流社会，有的混迹在市井民间，都是“俗世”中人；然而他们又不是普通人，他们所做的事情令人匪夷所思，是“俗世”中的“奇人”。他们中间有凭着一把钓竿把鱼钓绝的大回；有看病前必先收七块银洋的正骨医生“苏七块”；既有专会溜须拍马的“死鸟”贺道台，也有造假画的黄三爷以假乱真耍得蓝眼丢了饭碗。书中粉刷匠“刷子李”干完活全身不沾一个白点；泥人张从鞋底上取下一块泥巴便单手捏出活人嘴脸……皆是些听起来神乎其神，实际上存在过的人物。这些“俗世奇人”，在作家冯骥才独到的眼里、幽默的笔下，个个生动有趣，活灵活现。
最新小学生个人读书事迹简介怎么写800字
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读书的好处是显而易见的,但是,在社会发展日新月异的今天,依然不乏对读书,对知识缺乏认知的人,《今日说法》中我们反复看到农民工没有和用人单位签订劳动合同,最终讨薪无果;屠户不知道往牛肉里掺“巴西疯牛肉”是犯法的;某父母坚持“棍棒底下出孝子”,结果伤害了孩子的身心,也将自己送进了班房……对书本,对知识的零解读让他们付出了惨痛的代价,当他们奔波在讨薪的路上,当他们面对高墙电网时,幸福,从何谈起?高质量的生活,从何谈起? 读书,让我们体会到“锄禾日当午,汗滴禾下土”的艰辛;读书,让我们感知到“四海无闲田,农夫犹饿死”的无奈;读书,让我们感悟到“为报倾城随太守,西北望射天狼”的豪情壮志。 读书的好处在于提高了生活的质量,它填补了我们人生中的空白,让我们不至于在大好的年华里无所事事,从书本中,我们学会提炼出有用的信息,汲取成长所需的营养。所以,我们要认真读书,充分认识到读书对改善生活的重要意义,只有这样,才是一种负责任的生活态度。 小学生个人读书事迹2 所谓读一本好书就是交一个良师益友,但我认为读一本好书就是一次大冒险,大探究。一次体会书的过程,真的很有意思,咯咯的笑声,总是从书香里散发;沉思的目光也总是从书本里透露。是书给了我启示,是书填补了我无聊的夜空,也是书带我遨游整个古今中外。所以人活着就不能没有书,只要爱书你就是一个爱生活的人,只要爱书你就是一个大写的人,只要爱书你就是一个懂得珍惜与否的人。可真所谓
经典教育类书籍读后感
《孩子，把你的手给我》读后感 “孩子，把你的手给我”，不论是父母和孩子围坐在餐桌上共进晚餐，还是老师和学生相聚在窗明几净的办公室内促膝谈心，这将是一幅多么温馨的画卷。然而，我们并不常这样表达，我们几乎没有这样的机会，我们许久没有感受过这样的温馨了。掩卷深思，作为一名未来的教师，我要学习的改变的还有很多很多。 《孩子，把你的手给我》分为十个章节，通过一个个生动的例子阐述了如何实现与孩子真正有效沟通的方法和技巧。不论是教师还是父母，都希望每天会是平静的一天，没有叫嚷、争辩、战争。可是尽管如此，生活中还是充满了无休止的小麻烦、阶段性的冲突，以及突如其来的危机。为什么会这样？因为教师亦或是父母都没有意识到语言的破坏力量。因为语言像刀能够带来痛苦，即使不是身体上的痛苦，在感情上也会留下很多痛苦的伤痕。在沟通中发生的不幸，常常不是因为缺乏爱，而是缺乏对孩子的理解；不是因为缺乏智慧，而是缺乏知识。与孩子沟通应该学会把孩子像客人一样对待。 第一章分多个方面解释了和孩子对话的这门有规则的独特艺术。首先，孩子在交谈时很少是无知的，他们的信息里经常有需要解读的密码。孩子们看似没有完结的十万个为什么并不是单纯的想获得大量的知识，他们想要得到的是这个问题会不会影响到他们的生活，所以同孩子沟通应该理解到孩子提出的简单问题背后的真正用意。其次，与孩子沟通应做到换位思考，因为只有当孩子感到被理解时，他们的孤独和伤痛就会减少。 由此，我想到我的中学时代老师通常对有情绪怒气的学生的做法是：冷处理或者是立刻严厉的批评他。如果我作为老师不妨换一种方式，说一些理解他的话。我想这样立即能让孩子感受到你的心和他在一起，你是理解他的。这样学生心情得到理解，情绪也会缓和，师生的情感关系自然会提升很多。给孩子一定地理解，他们的孤独和伤痛就会减少，诚恳地承认孩子的困境，承认他们的情绪和抱怨，说出他们的失望。说教和批评是毫无效果的，不能起到一点好作用，并且会产生距离和怨恨。 除此之外让我记忆深刻的是的是父母如何正确有效地与孩子沟通。这本书提出了这样的命题：爱是需要技巧的。只拥有爱是不够的，掌握大量的育儿常识也是不够的，自以为有了爱和知识就可以教育孩子的父母其实并不一定能使孩子
读周国平的《人与永恒》有感
《人与永恒》读书笔记 这本书只有薄薄的181页，但是，却花了我不少时间去阅读它。尽管，我最后将它读完了。但是，我仍不敢说，我读懂了它。然而，尽管在这片海滩上，我根本算不上是一个拾到贝壳的孩子，但我仍愿不自量力地将我之所得展示在人前。 孔子说，“未知生，焉知死。”但是，我认为生是一种并不深刻的存在，而死才是生的终极。试想一下，假如人的生命是不息的，那么，生的一天，两天，甚至十年又因何而珍贵？正因为会死，人才穷其一生去创造价值，如此生才显得弥足珍贵。所以，从某种程度上说，死还成就了生的意义。还曾在《人生哲理小品》这本书上看到老宣说，“人生就是离了母腹走向坟墓的过程。”可见，死终究是人最后的归宿。 周国平在他的小书里说，“死是最令人同情的，因为物伤其类：自己也会死。死又是最不令人同情的，因为殊途同归：自己也得死。”可能是因为年轻吧，路还很长，我还不曾想到因最终会死而同情自己。但是，我却因经历别人的死而心生感触。其实，对于死，人并不是本能的害怕的，它给带来的伤心绝望，很多时候不是因为知道自己最终会死，而是因为看到自己的至亲至爱在自己眼前死去。我看到过一些失去孩子的父母，他们向上天祈求，让他们代替孩子死。这让我觉得，许多人其实是不畏自己死的，而是担心他人死。然而无论是谁死，最后大家也都“殊途同归”：死。曾经，我因为一个至亲的离世而久久不能从悲伤中走出来。正如无人不知的谁都必须死，我也深知这个道理。但是，就是不能释怀。直到有一天，我的一个老师对我说，“人就是这样的，来这世上一趟，做完了他该做的事，他也就走了。”多么微妙，我顿时放下心中所有的阴郁。 死，未必应该悲伤的。它有时，只是按程序办事而已。我们人赋予它各种惨白的情感，有时真是太自作多情了。如果，我们豁达一点，心平气和一点，死不也是平常事么？ 其实，我一直疑惑，为什么我们总要谈论幸福与痛苦。在我们的生活中，夹杂在幸福与痛苦之间，并且也是我们经历得最多的，不是平淡吗？白岩松也说，“我们的日子80%都是平淡的。”既然平淡占据了我们人生的大部分，那么，它不应该是主流吗？我们不应该谈论它或研究它吗？然而，天空很辽阔，飞鸟才是主角。夜幕也终敌不过，烟火刹那的灿烂。正因为幸福与痛苦给了我们情感上强烈的冲击，所以它们才成了我们永恒的话题。 假设，在痛苦与幸福两者之间，定要你选其一，你会选哪个？我选了痛苦。正如周国平在书中所说，“痛苦使人深刻。”我还不曾感受过幸福给我带来的重大冲击，但是，我却领教过了痛苦赐予我的那份刻骨铭心。恕我冒昧，我有时会在心里偷偷认为，幸福是肤浅的，它的形式也是肤浅。所以，很多人说吃饭、睡觉、玩就是幸福。当然，也有人说要做作业就是痛苦。但我想说，你根本不懂痛苦。痛苦是折磨人却诱使人不断甘愿与它纠缠的东西。它有魔力，可以摧毁一个人，也可以成就一个人。当一个人战胜痛苦时，这种克服痛苦的力量就会成为他自身能力的一部分。反之，痛苦则将人打倒，吞噬，甚至毁灭。尽管有这样的风险，我仍愿痛苦着思考也不愿幸福着平庸。我始终相信，一个真正痛苦的灵魂是高贵的。 “我不知道什么叫爱情。” 如周国平所言，我也不知道什么叫爱情。但是，我知道它是甘药，也是毒药。俗言“爱之愈深，爱之愈切”。爱是毒药的一面，在某些分手的男女面前会被展现得淋漓尽致，因为有人会耿耿于怀，会心有不甘，会怀恨在心，会无法自拔。起初，我对这种反应很是理解，但是，周国平写在他的小书中的一句话，提醒了我。他说，“在失恋的痛苦中，自尊心的受挫占了很大的比重。”有些时候，人们爱上的不是那个他们口中的人，而是他们的自尊心。当他们追求而不可得的时候，其自尊心就会受挫，以至于耿耿于怀，不肯轻易放手。而倘若他们追求且得到的时候，那个爱慕的对象则不再美丽。这可能就是人性，得不到的总是好的，
俗世奇人读后感100字五篇
俗世奇人读后感100字 读了俗世奇人，我明白了一个道理：要想学成本领，就要脚踏实地去干，不能总想着走近道。其次便是坚持，不可半途而废。 世上无难事，只怕有心人。只要你有一颗热爱之心，做事能成就传奇，写文章也能留下传奇! 俗世，果然有奇人!就看您怎么做了。 我也在心中种下了一个梦 俗世奇人读后感100字 这《俗世奇人》是一篇一篇的写人文章，里边的‘刷子李’特别有趣。 比方说这段：刷子李是河北大街一家营造厂的师傅，专干粉刷一行，别的不干。他要是给您刷好一间屋子，屋里任嘛甭放，单坐着，就赛升天一般美。最让人叫绝的是，他刷浆时必穿一身黑，干完活，身上绝没有一个白点。别不信!他还给自己立下一个规矩，只要身上有白点，白刷不要钱。再加上他刷的墙是匀匀实实一道白，好似打开了一道雪白的屏障，也不难看出，这手艺有多好了。 俗世奇人读后感100字 在华大夫的身上发生了一件事，让我觉得十分有意思。 巡捕来问华大夫认不认识一个‘黑脸巨匪’华大夫因为记不住人的模样坚决说记不清!然而，华大夫根据巡捕的提示，在吃饭时，根据自己的医术和巡捕的提示，捉住了那个‘黑脸巨匪’。随后，就有很多人说华大夫是：认牙不认人。 俗世奇人读后感100字 在这本书里，我最喜欢的人物就是：苏七块和华大夫。首先来说苏七块，苏七块原名：苏金散。他每次给病者看病，病者都要先放七块银两在桌子上，如果没有这七块银两，他就动也不动，好赛旁边没有人似的。 所以，别人都在背后骂他：认钱不认人!又给苏金散起了个挨贬的外号：苏七块! 俗世奇人读后感100字 这个寒假，我在看一本十分有趣的书。它的名字叫做——《俗世奇人》。它，是著名作家冯骥才的作品。文章采用半文半白的写法，短小而精湛。
个人先进事迹简介
个人先进事迹简介 01 在思想政治方面,xxxx同学积极向上,热爱祖国、热爱中国共产党,拥护中国共产党的领导.利用课余时间和党课机会认真学习政治理论,积极向党组织靠拢. 在学习上,xxxx同学认为只有把学习成绩确实提高才能为将来的实践打下扎实的基础,成为社会有用人才.学习努力、成绩优良. 在生活中,善于与人沟通,乐观向上,乐于助人.有健全的人格意识和良好的心理素质和从容、坦诚、乐观、快乐的生活态度,乐于帮助身边的同学,受到师生的好评. 02 xxx同学认真学习政治理论,积极上进,在校期间获得原院级三好生,和校级三好生,优秀团员称号,并获得三等奖学金. 在学习上遇到不理解的地方也常常向老师请教,还勇于向老师提出质疑.在完成自己学业的同时,能主动帮助其他同学解决学习上的难题,和其他同学共同探讨,共同进步. 在社会实践方面,xxxx同学参与了中国儿童文学精品“悦”读书系,插画绘制工作,xxxx同学在班中担任宣传委员,工作积极主动,认真负责,有较强的组织能力.能够在老师、班主任的指导下独立完成学院、班级布置的各项工作. 03 xxx同学在政治思想方面积极进取,严格要求自己.在学习方面刻苦努力,不断钻研,学习成绩优异,连续两年荣获国家励志奖学金；作
为一名学生干部,她总是充满激情的迎接并完成各项工作,荣获优秀团干部称号.在社会实践和志愿者活动中起到模范带头作用. 04 xxxx同学在思想方面,积极要求进步,为人诚实,尊敬师长.严格 要求自己.在大一期间就积极参加了党课初、高级班的学习,拥护中国共产党的领导,并积极向党组织靠拢. 在工作上,作为班中的学习委员,对待工作兢兢业业、尽职尽责 的完成班集体的各项工作任务.并在班级和系里能够起骨干带头作用.热心为同学服务,工作责任心强. 在学习上,学习目的明确、态度端正、刻苦努力,连续两学年在 班级的综合测评排名中获得第1.并荣获院级二等奖学金、三好生、优秀班干部、优秀团员等奖项. 在社会实践方面,积极参加学校和班级组织的各项政治活动,并 在志愿者活动中起到模范带头作用.积极锻炼身体.能够处理好学习与工作的关系,乐于助人,团结班中每一位同学,谦虚好学,受到师生的好评. 05 在思想方面,xxxx同学积极向上,热爱祖国、热爱中国共产党,拥护中国共产党的领导.作为一名共产党员时刻起到积极的带头作用,利用课余时间和党课机会认真学习政治理论. 在工作上,作为班中的团支部书记,xxxx同学积极策划组织各类 团活动,具有良好的组织能力. 在学习上,xxxx同学学习努力、成绩优良、并热心帮助在学习上有困难的同学,连续两年获得二等奖学金. 在生活中,善于与人沟通,乐观向上,乐于助人.有健全的人格意 识和良好的心理素质.
读后感1500字《人与永恒》
读后感1500字《人与永恒》 一直都很喜欢周国平的文章，觉得他的文章里流露着浓浓的人文主义和对人生对生活的感悟与哲理。而《人与永恒》就体现而来周国平先生对人和自然生态的关系来着手，用了关怀的角度看问题。提醒着人们要爱护珍惜自然。 《人与永恒》一书记录了作者思想的原生态，而这样的原生态正存在于每一个感受着思考的人的头脑里。当人们为了生活忙碌，忘记了思考，作者却将他经过深思熟虑的生活感悟呈现出来，他用散文的笔调写他的哲学思考：人、自然和生命、爱、孤独、人生、美、超脱、幸福和痛苦、幽默、女人和男人、天才、婚姻、死、时间和永恒等26个话题。 周国平先生的《人与永恒》，是他随手写下的内心的点滴感思，令我万万没有想到的是，文字奇妙的排列组合竟渗透出如此的人生真谛。下面我将我在这本书中读到的最喜欢句子摘录出来跟大家分享，
也跟大家谈谈我对这些句子的感想。周国平先生是个爱思考的人，我也希望自己可以像他一样从平常的生活中去感悟生活，感悟生命。“幽默是一种轻松的深刻。面对严肃的肤浅，深刻露出了玩世不恭的微笑。幽默是智慧的表情，它教不会，学不了。有一本杂志声称它能教人幽默，从而轻松地生活。我不曾见过比这更缺乏幽默感的事情。幽默是对生活的一种哲学式态度，它要求与生活保持一个距离，暂时以局外人的眼光来发现和揶揄生活中的缺陷。毋宁说，人这时成了一个神，他通过对人生缺陷的戏侮而暂时摆脱了这缺陷。那种毫无幽默感的人，常常把隐蔽的讽刺听作夸奖，又把善意的玩笑听作辱骂。”我们喜欢 和幽默的人相处是因为能从他们身上得到欢笑。那些幽默的人似乎天生具有一种能力能给人带去欢乐，我们在羡慕那些幽默的人的同时却忘了原来不苟言笑的我们也有这种能力。正如周国平先生说的那样幽默是一种对生活的态度，只要我们对生活持一种乐观的态度，我们会惊奇的发现生活回馈给我们的不仅仅是幽默而已。 “闲适和散漫都是从俗务中抽身出来的状态，心境却迥异。闲适
教育书籍读后感
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人与永恒读后感 Prepared on 24 November 2020
《人与永恒》读后感 《人与永恒》是周国平随手写下的点滴生活思考。这是他早期的一本书，是他在研究尼采的同时，随手写下的内心的点滴感思。起文笔随性，文字朴实。细细品来，觉得意义深刻。文字奇妙的排列组合竟散发出如此芳香凛冽的人生真谛，正如“哲学家生活在永恒中，诗人生活在瞬时中，他们都不会 老”。 我偏爱那些用随笔、格言、手记等散文形式写作的哲学家，我喜欢徜徉在哲学的散文天地里。这里较少独断的论证和说教，有更多的质朴和自然，更多的直觉和洞见。这里没有普洛克路斯忒斯之床，用不着为了体系的需要而拉长或截短活的感觉和思想。 托尔斯泰的伟大在于他那种异乎寻常的质朴和真实。学了《世间最美的坟墓》后，更加觉得他的朴素正是我所向往的，我喜欢这种朴素的感觉。我不喜欢太多的争吵，我喜欢平静的生活，与其浪费时间争吵，倒还不如在争吵的时候腾出时间来寻求真理。 在世界万物中，人是最大的谜，在人类心目中，永恒是最大的谜。展现了人生意义探求的广阔领域，生与死，爱与孤独，自然与生命，真实，美，等等，无不是人与永恒相沟通的形式与体验。人是唯一能追问自身存在之意义的动物，这是人的伟大之处，也是人的悲壮之处。因为意义没有确定的标准，寻求生命的意义，可贵的不在意义本身，而在于寻求。 从生到死，人的起点和终点都一样，人会遇见不同的路途风景，但人的情绪大多是相似的：快乐与悲伤，程度的不同只在于两者的界限区分不同，就这样形成两种人，乐观者与悲观者。对我们年轻人而言，生与死的两头都很遥
远，无法感受生命开始的神圣，也无法感受死亡宣判的恐惧。我们只是在行走，一路寻找一路走，“生”在脚下延续，“意义”可能在心里，可能在脚印里，始终遍寻不见。但我始终相信，有自我感知，有精神品级，就足够。 爱是人生最美的梦，爱情一直是不朽的传说。人类想要幸福，把“爱情”当作终极象征的幸福，但世间好多的爱都不幸福，要么是难成眷属的无奈，要么是终成眷属后的厌倦，就如庄子云，“相濡以沫不如相忘于江湖”。相濡以沫，却让人厌倦到老；相忘于江湖，却让人怀念到哭。爱不是一潭死水，而是一股涓涓细流，时间在走，一切在变。没有什么人什么事会静止不动地等在原地。拥有的时候要懂得珍惜，失去的时候要懂得忘记，再铭记于心的曾经也只是过去，过去在去。回忆始终是时光赠予的最好的礼物，带着这份礼物，可以微笑着往前走。 爱与孤独一直是个矛盾，人怕孤独，这是大多数人的宿命。宿命的原因在于他们不理解孤独，孤独源于爱，无爱的人不会孤独，理解孤独的人学会珍惜自己，能领悟人生根本性孤独的人，便已经站到了一切人间欢爱的上方，不会做爱的奴隶，不会丢失自己。对人生深刻的感受大多是自我意识的产物，很难让别人懂你所懂，想你所想。所以，学会孤独，学会与自己交谈，听自己说话，就这样学会深刻。无聊者自厌，寂寞者自怜，孤独者自知。理解孤独的人，内心会冷暖自知，会眼神清亮，是一种智慧。 “人生唯一能够追问自身存在具有什么意义的生物，这就算人的伟大之处，但也正是人的悲壮之处，因为对自己的存在意义没有明确的标准。”人寻求生命存在的意义，其实可贵的并不在于意义本身，而是在于寻求的过程！生或死，
与孩子一起成长读后感
与孩子一起成长读后感 与孩子一起成长读后感（一） 儿女的成长只有一次，与他们一起成长，是责任，是幸福，也是一门艺术。 厚厚的一本书翻完，作者对女儿的一片爱心跃然纸上，本书是作者送给女儿的一份生日礼物，也是作者对自己培养孩子全过程的一个系统总结，李镇西老师既是一个学校的教育者，又是一位家庭教育者，视野全面客观，不存在厚此薄彼，以偏盖全之说，正适合当下有心于教育孩子的既是教师，又是家长的我们阅读。作者从日常生活中的一点一滴，一事一物入手，阐述了教育其实并不高深，寻常处，见真谛。 书中，李镇西老师告诉我们“家长也是教育者”，“教”“育”是相辅相成的，在我们教育子女的同时子女也在教育着我们，而且家庭教育和学校教育应该是和-谐的统一，作为家长首先应该是一位当之无愧的教育者，是孩子永远的老师，无论是学校老师或家长，其教育的目的都是为了把孩子培养成优秀的可造之才。我从未认为教育孩子只是学校老师的事情，也从不认为把孩子送到学校自己就完全放心，万事大吉。但在实际行动中却在这样做，读完本书后自觉惭愧。 李镇西老师记录女儿生命成长的历程，是用心在记录。从女儿一颦一笑到女儿许多的第一次，无不体现了一位伟大父亲对女儿的记挂和关爱。第一次随爸爸妈妈坐公交车，第一次呈现出笑的表情，第一
次独坐，第一次“手足舞蹈”地跳舞……无不体现出伟大的爱心。十八年，父亲从年轻到中年，从女儿呀呀学语到幼儿园到小学到初中到高中到亭亭玉立的大学生，失败则鼓励，迷惘则开导，困惑则解惑，始终充满期待充满微笑。 李老师在书中强调：“和许多年轻的父母一样，我非常爱我的女儿，但我不把我曾有过的‘科学家梦’、‘艺术家梦’强加给她。我抱定一个信念：我要让她成为一个快乐的人！而什么是快乐呢？李镇西告诉女儿：”快乐，源于善良：让人们因我的存在感到幸福，就是最大的快乐！快乐，源于知识：畅游在浩瀚知识的无边海洋，就是最大的快乐！快乐，源于童心：永远保持赤子般的纯净无暇，就是最大的快乐！快乐，源于超越：战胜自己并争取做最好的自己，就是最大的快乐！原来，快乐就是如此朴实的一个概念。 是的，世界上的孩子千差万别，不同的家庭，不同的环境，自然有着不同的孩子。这些孩子不一定智慧超常、才高八斗，不一定都能成名成家，铸成大器，不可能样样优秀，处处超越别人。但是，不论怎样的孩子，我们应该把他们培养成善良和快乐的人，塑造孩子完整的人格，让他们拥有一个幸福的人生。所以，“让女儿成为一个快乐的人！和女儿一起快乐地成长！”是李镇西坚定不移的家庭教育理念，也应该成为我们教育子女坚定不移的理念。 翻看多遍后，才发觉何谓“最好”？只有对比才有好坏，而此中的“最好”，却不是让家长们之间互相比较出来的“最好”，而是家长
俗世奇人读后感作文五篇
俗世奇人读后感作文五篇 俗世奇人读后感作文篇一： 《俗世奇人》这本书讲的是在平凡的世间生活着各式各样的、独一无二的的本领的人，在当时那算得上是赫赫有名。 他们每人只要有独一无二的绝技或者是另有绝活的，那就一定有绰号，比如说：像刷子李、刻砖刘、泥人张、风筝魏、机器王、苏金散等等。津门人好把这种人的性，和他拿手擅长的行当连在一起称呼。时间一长，名字不知道，倒知道一个响当当的绰号。 在刚看这本书的第一章《苏七块》时，我就一直在想：难道这本书里的这些人都有自己先天的能力？最让我感动的是：刷子李和苏金散，刷子李他刷完之后就绝不会有一个白颜色的小点；苏金散凭着他精湛的医技赢得了民众的尊敬。读完了这本《俗世奇人》我才知道这是怎么一回事原来我们一个个生下来并不是天才，而是靠后天付出“百分之九十九的努力，和百分之一的汗水。” 这不正体现出我可爱而又宽松的生活中的一个例子吗？在我刚开始学习舞蹈平转的时候我练了不到五分钟，我就不耐烦了，我觉得肯定练不好了，妈妈并没有逼着我练，而是在在网上查了一个有关平转的杂技表演拉出来给我看有句俗话说的好：台上一分钟，台下十年功。我想：她们居然能在舞台上表演杂技而且还是我连不好的平转。于是我信心十足的开始练平转，一遍练不好，练第二遍；第二遍练不好，练第三遍；三遍练不好练第四遍……我练了十遍终于练成了平转。
让我们在赛道上赛跑，即使摔倒了，不要气馁也不要懈怠，爬起来继续跑。 俗世奇人读后感作文篇二： 生活是平凡的，但不是平淡的。平凡的生活中同样也是波澜起伏，妙趣横生。冯骥才老师的《俗世奇人》说得好，“手艺人靠的是手，手上就必得有绝活”，“各行各业，全有几个本领齐天的活神仙。刻砖刘、泥人张、风筝魏、机器王、刷子李等等。天津人好把这种人的姓，和他们拿手擅长的行当连在一起称呼。叫长了，名字反没人知道。只有这一个绰号，在码头上响当当和当当响。” 在平凡的生活中，这些有“绝技”的奇人，生活会平淡吗？ 但问题的关键在于，“手艺人靠的是手，手上就必得有绝活。有绝活的，吃荤，亮堂，站在大街中央；没能耐的，吃素，发蔫，靠边呆。这一套可不是谁家定的，它地地道道是码头上的一种活法。” 得有真本事，才不会平淡啊！没有真本事，岂只平凡、平淡，还会更加糟糕，把生活过得一塌糊涂。 我们要把平凡的生活过得不平淡。就得靠那份才艺，不只是在那时候这套是种活法，就今时今日才华也是人不可缺少的啊。 在这时代有才华的人不怕遇不上伯乐，只怕才华比不上别人。随着社会的进步，物尽天择，强者生存，弱者淘汰，这不算残酷，这只是一个事实而已。 《俗世奇人》中的奇人并不是样样精通，但他们却把生活过得有滋有味，受人尊敬，当今社会也是一样，我们不可能成为面面俱到