A novel compact dual-wideband bandpass filter with multi-mode resonators

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters,Vol.51,79–85,2015

A Novel Compact Dual-Wideband Bandpass Filter

with Multi-Mode Resonators

Jun Li1,2,*,Shan-Shan Huang1,3,Hui Wang4,and Jian-Zhong Zhao1 Abstract—A novel compact dual-wideband bandpass?lter(BPF),with two multi-mode resonators (MMRs),a quad-mode one(QMR)and a triple-mode one(TMR),is proposed in this paper.The?rst passband is generated by a QMR loaded with a short-ended stub and two open-ended stubs,and the second one is realized by a TMR loaded with a square ring and a short-ended stub.Each passband can be tuned separately by controlling the corresponding resonator.The classical even-/odd-mode analysis is applied to characterize the presented MMRs due to their symmetric con?gurations.In order to validate the design methodology,a dual-wideband BPF prototype centered at2.34and3.46GHz with fractional bandwidths of25.6%and21.4%for WLAN and WiMAX applications is designed,fabricated and measured.Measurements have good agreement with simulations.

1.INTRODUCTION

In the last decades,dual-band bandpass?lters(BPFs)have been aggressively investigated due to the rapid development of modern multi-band multi-service wireless communication systems.As a result,various dual-band BPFs have been reported[1–7].For example,stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs)are employed to design a dual-band BPF in[1].In[2]quarter-wavelength SIR is used to implement dual-band BPF.A tri-band BPF using asymmetric SIR with one step discontinuity is proposed in[3].However,the center frequencies cannot be independently controlled.By utilizing two pairs of degenerate modes of a single ring resonator,dual-band response is achieved in[4].However, this solution needs indispensable perturbations and su?ers from notch-like upper stopband.Dual-band BPF,which resonant frequencies can be controlled by tuning the centrally loaded stubs,is realized by stub-loaded resonators in[5].In[6],center-grounded SIRs are introduced to design dual-band?lter. Multi-mode resonators(MMRs)are proposed to implement dual-band BPFs in[7].Although these ?lters are quali?ed for some applications,the bandwidths of these?lters are not wide enough to satisfy the requirement in modern dual high data-rate communication systems.Thus,dual-wideband BPFs are needed.Recently,some dual-wideband BPFs have been reported[8–11].Short-circuited SIRs[8], transversal signal-interaction concept[9],open stub-loaded coupled-line section[10],and penta-mode resonator[11]are introduced to implement dual-wideband BPFs.However,only a few designs of high performance dual-wideband BPFs have been reported so far.

In this letter,a novel compact dual-wideband BPF with two MMRs is proposed.The?rst MMR is a quad-mode resonator(QMR)which consists of a main transmission line loaded with a short-ended stub and two open-ended stubs,and the second MMR is a triple-mode resonator(TMR)which is composed of a main transmission line loaded with a square ring and a short-ended stub.Even-/odd-mode analysis is applied to explain their resonant characteristics due to their symmetric con?gurations. Received23December2014,Accepted22January2015,Scheduled30January2015

*Corresponding author:Jun Li(lijun njust@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9116266794.html,).

1Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT,Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing210094,China.2Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai200121,China.3Spreadtrum Communications Inc.,Shanghai201203,China.428th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation(CETC),Nanjing210007,China.

80Li et al.

By arranging the four and three resonant modes of the QMR and TMR within the desired passbands,and then connecting the two resonators with a common short-ended via-hole and feeding them with a pair of common feedlines,the proposed dual-wideband BPF is constituted.The center frequency (CF)and bandwidth of each passband can be tuned separately by controlling the corresponding resonator.Finally,the design method is veri?ed by a fabricated prototype ?lter,and the measured results agree well with the simulated ones.

2.DUAL-WIDEBAND BPF DESIGN 2.1.Analysis of the Proposed MMRs

Figure 1(a)illustrates the speci?c con?guration of the QMR which generates the ?rst passband.As can be seen in Figure 1(a),it consists of a main transmission line loaded with a short-ended stub and two open-ended stubs.For analysis simplicity,the widths of the main transmission line and the loaded open-ended stubs are w ,whereas the width of the loaded short-ended stub is 2w .In addition,the condition with θ1=θ2=θ=π/2at frequency f m 1is considered in this section,where θn =2πL n /λg (n =1,2,s,s 1)and λg is the guided wavelength at f m 1.Since the QMR is symmetric in structure,even-/odd-mode analysis can be adopted to characterize it.

w

2w

L 1

s

L

2

s 1

(a)(b)(c)

Z , θ

1Z ,

2Z , θ Z , θ s 1

Figure 1.(a)Con?guration of the QMR,(b)odd-and (c)even-mode equivalent circuits of (a).For the odd-mode excitation,the symmetrical plane is equivalent to an electric wall,and Figure 1(b)

depicts its equivalent circuit.The one-port input impedance of the odd-mode equivalent circuit is Z in,odd =jZ

tan 2θ?cot θs tan θ?1

2tan θ?cot θs

(1)

The odd-mode resonance occurs when Z in,odd =∞,which is

tan θ=∞

(2a)

2tan θ?cot θs =0

(2b)

By solving Equation (2),the odd-mode resonant frequencies of the QMR can be obtained as

f o 1=f m 1

(3a)f o 2=2f m 1πtan ?1

cot (sπ/λg

)2

(3b)For the even-mode excitation,the symmetrical plane can be modeled as a magnetic wall,and its equivalent circuit is illustrated in Figure 1(c).The input impedance of the even-mode equivalent circuit is

Z in,even =jZ

tan 2θ?cot (θs +θs 1)tan θ?1

2tan θ?cot (θs +θs 1)(4)By applying the even-mode resonant condition Z in,even =∞,the following equations can be obtained

tan θ=∞

(5a)2tan θ?cot (θs +θs 1)=0

(5b)

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters,Vol.51,201581

Thus,the even-mode resonant frequencies of the QMR can be expressed as

f e1=f m1(6a)

f e2=2f m1

π

tan?1

cot((s+2L s1)π/λg)

2

(6b)

From Equations(3)and(6),one can clearly observe that the QMR generates four resonant modes

(i.e.,f o1,f o2,f e1,and f e2).However,f o1(f e1)is a degenerate mode.According to[4],the degenerate mode will split when a perturbation is used.Thus,the presented QMR exhibits quad-mode resonant

characteristics when the two open-ended stubs are weakly coupled to each other as a perturbation.In

addition,Equation(3b)reveals that f o2is only a?ected by s,whereas Equation(6b)indicates that L s1 only in?uences f e2.Therefore,it is possible to build up a passband with wide bandwidth when the

four modes draw near.That is,when s and s+2L s1is short enough,f o2and f e2will approach to f m1

according to Equations(3b)and(6b)respectively,then the?rst wideband can be constructed.

Figures2(a)and(b)depict the extracted resonant modes of the QMR with varied L s1and s.It is

clear that f1can be controlled by L s1independently and both f1and f2are a?ected by s.In addition, f3and f4get closer when s becomes longer.This is because,when s increases the coupling between

the two open-ended stubs becomes weaker,and the two modes tend to merge as one degenerate mode.

The conclusions drawn from these two plots are consistent with the analysis mentioned above.

(a)(b)(c)(d)

L (mm)

s1s (mm)L (mm)

s2

L (mm)

4

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.0

F

r

e

q

u

e

n

c

y

(

G

H

z

)

F

r

e

q

u

e

n

c

y

(

G

H

z

)

F

r

e

q

u

e

n

c

y

(

G

H

z

)

F

r

e

q

u

e

n

c

y

(

G

H

z

)

Figure2.Variation of resonant modes with varied(a)L s1(w=0.4,L1=L2=18.15,s=1),and(b) s(w=0.4,L1=L2=18.15,L s1=1.23)of the QMR,and variation of resonant modes with varied(c) L s2(w=0.4,L3=L5=12.25,L4=1.34),and(d)L4(w=0.4,L3=L5=12.25,L s2=0.23)of the TMR.Unit:mm.

The speci?c con?guration of the TMR is depicted in Figure3(a).It provides the second passband. As shown in Figure3(a),it consists of a main transmission line loaded with a square ring and a short-ended stub.For analysis simplicity,the widths of the main transmission line and the loaded square ring are w,whereas the width of the loaded short-ended stub is2w.In addition,the condition with θ3=θ5=θ=π/2at frequency f m2is considered in this section,whereθn=2πL n/λg(n=3,4,5,s2) andλg is the guided wavelength at f m2.Even-/odd-mode analysis method can be applied to explain its resonant characteristics due to its symmetrical con?guration.

The one-port input impedance of the odd-and even-mode equivalent circuits shown in Figures3(b) and(c)can be derived as

Z in,odd=jZ

cotθ4tanθ+2

cotθ?tanθ+cotθ4

(7a)

Z in,even=jZ

tan2θ?cot(θ4+θs2)tanθ?1

2tanθ?cot(θ4+θs2)

(7b)

By applying the resonant conditions Z in,odd=∞and Z in,even=∞,the following equations can be obtained

tan2θ?cotθ4tanθ?1=0(8)

82Li et al.

2w

L 3

L 5

L s 2

Z , θ

in,odd

in,even

(a)(b)(c)

Z , θ

34w

L 4

Z , θ

5Z , θ

3Z , θ

5Z , θ

4, θ s 2

Figure 3.(a)Con?guration of the TMR,(b)odd-and (c)even-mode equivalent circuits of (a).

tan θ=∞

(9a)2tan θ?cot (θ4+θs 2)=0

(9b)

And the odd-mode resonant frequencies can be extracted by Equation (8),whereas the even-mode ones can be deduced by Equation (9).

The solutions of Equation (8)is

f o 3=2f m 2

πtan ?1 cot (L 4π/λg )+

cot 2(L 4π/λg )+42

(10a)f o 4=2f m 2

πtan ?1 cot (L 4π/λg )?

cot 2(L 4π/λg )+42 (10b)However,f o 3is approximately f m 2when L 4is very short whereas f o 4is about 2f m 2according to

Equations (10a)and (10b).Therefore,only f o 3is considered for constructing the second passband.

The even-mode resonant frequencies can be obtained by solving Equation (9)

f e 3=f m 2

(11a)f e 4=2f m 2πtan ?1

cot ((L 4+2L s 2)π/λg

)2

(11b)

It is notable from Equations (10)and (11)that the TMR exhibits triple-mode resonant

characteristics (i.e.,f o 3,f e 3,and f e 4).Equation (10b)reveals that f o 3is only a?ected by L 4,whereas Equation (11b)indicates that L s 2only in?uences f e 4.Therefore,the second wideband can be formed by shortening L 4and L 4+2L s 2according to Equations (10a)and (11b),respectively.

Figures 2(c)and (d)show the extracted resonant modes of the TMR with varied L s 2and L 4.It can be seen that f 5can be controlled by L s 2independently,and both f 5and f 6decrease with the increase of L 4.These are consistent with the analysis mentioned above.2.2.Filter Design

Based on the above analysis,a dual-wideband BPF centered at 2.34and 3.46GHz with fractional bandwidths of 25.6%and 21.4%is designed for WLAN/WiMAX applications.Figure 4depicts the speci?c con?guration of the proposed dual-wideband BPF it is composed of the QMR and TMR analyzed above and a pair of common feedlines.The two resonators are connected by a common via-hole.Also,the stubs are folded for the sake of a compact size.

The design procedure of the ?rst passband using the QMR can be expressed as follows.First,determine L 1and L 2(l 1+l 2+l 3and l 4+l 5+l 6in Figure 4)by locating f o 1(f e 1)at the CF of the ?rst passband f c 1.Second,shorten s and L s 1(s and l s 1in Figure 4)and make f o 2and f e 2approaching to f c 1.Then,f o 1and f e 1will split under weak coupling between the two loaded open-ended stubs.At last,f o 1,f o 2,f e 1,and f e 2can be allocated within the ?rst passband after ?ne tuning,and the bandwidth can be tuned by controlling the positions of these four modes.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters,Vol.51,2015

83

w

s2

s1

Figure4.Con?guration of the proposed dual-wideband BPF.

The design procedure of the second passband is similar to that of the?rst one.First,determine L3and L5(l7+l8and l9+l10/2in Figure4)by locating f e3at the CF of the second passband f c2. Then,shorten L4and L s2(l10and l s2in Figure4)and make f o3and f e4approaching to f c2.Finally, f o3,f e3,and f e4can be distributed within the second passband after?ne tuning,and the bandwidth can be adjusted by controlling the positions of these three modes.

After the two resonators are designed,the proposed dual-wideband BPF can be formed by connecting them with a common via-hole and feeding them with a pair of common input and output. The length of the feedlines are about quarter-wavelength at f c2,and the coupling length between the QMR and the feedlines is tuned by l1.Figure5compares the?rst,second,and dual passbands with the QMR,TMR,and both MMRs,respectively.It is noted that each resonator provides an individual wide passband and the dual-wideband performance can be obtained by combining these two resonators, which means the two passbands of the proposed?lter can be controlled independently by tuning the design parameters of the corresponding resonator.These are consistent with the above analysis.

3.SIMULATED AND MEASURED RESULTS

For demonstration,a dual-wideband BPF prototype is designed,fabricated,and measured.The substrate used in this work has a dielectric constant of3.38a thickness of0.508mm,and a loss tangent of0.0027.All simulation works are carried out by an electromagnetic(EM)simulator HFSS,and measurement works are performed with an Agilent’s N5244A PNA.The optimal dimension parameters are as follows:l1=3.84,l2=10.16,l3=3.4,l4=1.6,l5=6.8,l6=9.75,l7=9.85,l8=2,l9=11.6, l10=2.14,l11=2.3,l12=10.36,l s1=1.23,l s2=0.23,w=1.15,w1=w2=0.4,w3=0.8,w4=0.2, g1=0.13,g2=1.06,g3=0.4,g4=0.1,g5=0.2,s=1,and D=0.7(all in mm).The overall size is only15.86×16.28mm2,i.e.,about0.2×0.21λ2g,whereλg is the guided wavelength at2.34GHz.The photograph of the fabricated?lter is shown in the inset plot of Figure6.

Figure6plots the simulated and measured results of the prototype?lter,which indicates that the measured results agree well with the simulated ones.The?rst and second passbands,which CFs are2.34and3.46GHz,have measured minimum insertion losses(IL)of0.84and1.21dB with3dB fractional bandwidths(FBWs)of25.6%,and21.4%,respectively.The measured return losses(RL)are better than16.9and15.8dB.The isolation level between the two passbands is about32.5dB.Three transmission zeros can be observed at1.34,2.8and4.46GHz in Figure6:TZ1is created by the weak source-load coupling,TZ2is introduced by the loaded open-ended stubs of the QMR(L2in Figure1(a)) when its length is about quarter-wavelength at TZ2,and TZ3is generated due to the transversal signal

84

Li et

al.

1

2

345

6

Frequency (GHz)

0-10-20-30-40-50-60

S -P a r a m e t e r s (d B )

Figure 5.Simulated S -parameters of the ?rst,second,and dual passbands with the QMR (dash line),TMR (dot line),and both MMRs (solid

line).

1

2345

6

Frequency (GHz)

0-10-20-30-40

-50-60

S -P a r a m e t e r s (d B )

Figure 6.Simulated and measured results of the proposed dual-wideband BPF.

interference between the two signal paths of the TMR.These TZs improve skirt selectivity and band-to-band isolation level greatly.

Table 1summarizes the comparison of the proposed ?lter with some previously reported works.The proposed dual-wideband BPF exhibits merits of compact size,wide bandwidths,low IL,good in-band and stop-band performance,high skirt selectivity,and independent control of CFs and FBWs.It is worth mentioning that the size of the proposed ?lter is about 80.4%reduction in comparison with [10].Table https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9116266794.html,parison of the proposed dual-wideband BPF with other reported works.

Refs.CF (GHz)IL (dB)RL (dB)FBW (%)Size (λg ×λg )

Filter 2in [1] 2.35/5.05 1.64/2.917.7/11.616.6/13.5N/A Filter 4in [2]

2.4/5.8 1.1/2.218.6/12.48/50.68×0.158[5] 2.4/5.7 1.37/1.7313/159.8/120.22×0.215[10] 1.63/2.420.86/0.97N/A 28.8/22.70.69×0.31[12]

3.32/5.320.62/0.9117/1927.7/19.20.18×0.4This work

2.34/

3.46

0.84/1.21

16.9/15.8

25.6/21.4

0.2×0.21

4.CONCLUSION

In this letter,a novel compact dual-wideband BPF using two sets of MMRs,a quad-mode one (QMR)and a triple-mode one (TMR),is introduced and analyzed.The QMR consists of a main transmission line loaded with a short-ended stub and two open-ended stubs,and the TMR is composed of a main transmission line loaded with a square ring and a short-ended stub.Due to the symmetrical con?gurations,even-/odd-mode analysis is applied to explain their modal characteristics,which reveals that both of the proposed MMRs exhibit independently controllable resonant modes.By controlling the dimension parameters,each resonator forms an individual wide passband.Then,dual-wideband performance can be achieved by sharing a common via-hole and feeding them with a pair of common feedlines.The center frequency and bandwidth of each passband can be tuned separately by controlling the corresponding resonator.Good agreement between the simulated and measured results demonstrates the validity of the proposed dual-wideband BPF.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters,Vol.51,201585 REFERENCES

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中国姓氏英文翻译大全S-Z

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范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong 焦--Chiao 金/靳--Jin/King 景/荆--King/Ching

图像处理中值滤波器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料对照外文翻译 一、英文原文 A NEW CONTENT BASED MEDIAN FILTER ABSTRACT In this paper the hardware implementation of a contentbased median filter suitabl e for real-time impulse noise suppression is presented. The function of the proposed ci rcuitry is adaptive; it detects the existence of impulse noise in an image neighborhood and applies the median filter operator only when necessary. In this way, the blurring o f the imagein process is avoided and the integrity of edge and detail information is pre served. The proposed digital hardware structure is capable of processing gray-scale im ages of 8-bit resolution and is fully pipelined, whereas parallel processing is used to m inimize computational time. The architecturepresented was implemented in FPGA an d it can be used in industrial imaging applications, where fast processing is of the utm ost importance. The typical system clock frequency is 55 MHz. 1. INTRODUCTION Two applications of great importance in the area of image processing are noise filtering and image enhancement [1].These tasks are an essential part of any image pro cessor,whether the final image is utilized for visual interpretation or for automatic an alysis. The aim of noise filtering is to eliminate noise and its effects on the original im age, while corrupting the image as little as possible. To this end, nonlinear techniques (like the median and, in general, order statistics filters) have been found to provide mo re satisfactory results in comparison to linear methods. Impulse noise exists in many p ractical applications and can be generated by various sources, including a number of man made phenomena, such as unprotected switches, industrial machines and car ign ition systems. Images are often corrupted by impulse noise due to a noisy sensor or ch annel transmission errors. The most common method used for impulse noise suppressi on n forgray-scale and color images is the median filter (MF) [2].The basic drawback o f the application of the MF is the blurringof the image in process. In the general case,t he filter is applied uniformly across an image, modifying pixels that arenot contamina ted by noise. In this way, the effective elimination of impulse noise is often at the exp ense of an overalldegradation of the image and blurred or distorted features[3].In this paper an intelligent hardware structure of a content based median filter (CBMF) suita ble for impulse noise suppression is presented. The function of the proposed circuit is to detect the existence of noise in the image window and apply the corresponding MF

中国姓氏英语翻译大全

中国姓氏英语翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha

常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F:

范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H:

韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong

图像处理外文翻译 (2)

附录一英文原文 Illustrator software and Photoshop software difference Photoshop and Illustrator is by Adobe product of our company, but as everyone more familiar Photoshop software, set scanning images, editing modification, image production, advertising creative, image input and output in one of the image processing software, favored by the vast number of graphic design personnel and computer art lovers alike. Photoshop expertise in image processing, and not graphics creation. Its application field, also very extensive, images, graphics, text, video, publishing various aspects have involved. Look from the function, Photoshop can be divided into image editing, image synthesis, school tonal color and special effects production parts. Image editing is image processing based on the image, can do all kinds of transform such as amplifier, reducing, rotation, lean, mirror, clairvoyant, etc. Also can copy, remove stain, repair damaged image, to modify etc. This in wedding photography, portrait processing production is very useful, and remove the part of the portrait, not satisfied with beautification processing, get let a person very satisfactory results. Image synthesis is will a few image through layer operation, tools application of intact, transmit definite synthesis of meaning images, which is a sure way of fine arts design. Photoshop provide drawing tools let foreign image and creative good fusion, the synthesis of possible make the image is perfect. School colour in photoshop with power is one of the functions of deep, the image can be quickly on the color rendition, color slants adjustment and correction, also can be in different colors to switch to meet in different areas such as web image design, printing and multimedia application. Special effects production in photoshop mainly by filter, passage of comprehensive application tools and finish. Including image effects of creative and special effects words such as paintings, making relief, gypsum paintings, drawings, etc commonly used traditional arts skills can be completed by photoshop effects. And all sorts of effects of production are

库卡工业机器人运动指令入门知识学员必备)

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线性运动是机器人沿一条直线以定义的速度将TCP引至目标点。在线性移动过程中，机器人转轴之间进行配合，是工具或工件参照点沿着一条通往目标点的直线移动，在这个过程中，工具本身的取向按照程序设定的取向变化。 圆周运动 圆周运动是机器人沿圆形轨道以定义的速度将TCP移动至目标点。圆形轨道是通过起点、辅助点和目标点定义的，起始点是上一条运动指令以精确定位方式抵达的目标点，辅助点是圆周所经历的中间点。在机器人移动过程中，工具尖端取向的变化顺应与持续的移动轨迹。 样条运动 样条运动是一种尤其适用于复杂曲线轨迹的运动方式，这种轨迹原则上也可以通过LIN 运动和CIRC运动生成，但是相比下样条运动更具有优势。 创建以优化节拍时间的运动（轴运动） 1?PTP运动 PTP运动方式是时间最快，也是最优化的移动方式。在KPL程序中，机器人的第一个指令必须是PTP或SPTP，因为机器人控制系统仅在PTP或SPTP运动时才会考虑编程设置的状态和转角方向值，以便定义一个唯一的起始位置。 2?轨迹逼近 为了加速运动过程，控制器可以CONT标示的运动指令进行轨迹逼近，轨迹逼近意味着将不精确到达点坐标，只是逼近点坐标，事先便离开精确保持轮廓的轨迹。

双语：中国姓氏英文翻译对照大合集

[ ]

步Poo 百里Pai-li C: 蔡/柴Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑Cheng 崔Tsui 查Cha 常Chiong 车Che 陈Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程Cheng 池Chi 褚/楚Chu 淳于Chwen-yu

D: 戴/代Day/Tai 邓Teng/Tang/Tung 狄Ti 刁Tiao 丁Ting/T 董/东Tung/Tong 窦Tou 杜To/Du/Too 段Tuan 端木Duan-mu 东郭Tung-kuo 东方Tung-fang F: 范/樊Fan/Van

房/方Fang 费Fei 冯/凤/封Fung/Fong 符/傅Fu/Foo G: 盖Kai 甘Kan 高/郜Gao/Kao 葛Keh 耿Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭Kung 勾Kou 古/谷/顾Ku/Koo 桂Kwei 管/关Kuan/Kwan

郭/国Kwok/Kuo 公孙Kung-sun 公羊Kung-yang 公冶Kung-yeh 谷梁Ku-liang H: 海Hay 韩Hon/Han 杭Hang 郝Hoa/Howe 何/贺Ho 桓Won 侯Hou 洪Hung 胡/扈Hu/Hoo

花/华Hua 宦Huan 黄Wong/Hwang 霍Huo 皇甫Hwang-fu 呼延Hu-yen J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬Chi 居Chu 贾Chia 翦/简Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/ Chiang/Kwong 焦Chiao 金/靳Jin/King 景/荆King/Ching

图像处理中常用英文词解释

Algebraic operation 代数运算一种图像处理运算，包括两幅图像对应像素的和、差、积、商。 Aliasing 走样（混叠）当图像像素间距和图像细节相比太大时产生的一种人工痕迹。Arc 弧图的一部分；表示一曲线一段的相连的像素集合。 Binary image 二值图像只有两级灰度的数字图像（通常为0和1，黑和白） Blur 模糊由于散焦、低通滤波、摄像机运动等引起的图像清晰度的下降。 Border 边框一副图像的首、末行或列。 Boundary chain code 边界链码定义一个物体边界的方向序列。 Boundary pixel 边界像素至少和一个背景像素相邻接的内部像素（比较：外部像素、内部像素） Boundary tracking 边界跟踪一种图像分割技术，通过沿弧从一个像素顺序探索到下一个像素将弧检测出。 Brightness 亮度和图像一个点相关的值，表示从该点的物体发射或放射的光的量。 Change detection 变化检测通过相减等操作将两幅匹准图像的像素加以比较从而检测出其中物体差别的技术。 Class 类见模或类 Closed curve 封闭曲线一条首尾点处于同一位置的曲线。 Cluster 聚类、集群在空间（如在特征空间）中位置接近的点的集合。 Cluster analysis 聚类分析在空间中对聚类的检测，度量和描述。 Concave 凹的物体是凹的是指至少存在两个物体内部的点，其连线不能完全包含在物体内部（反义词为凸） Connected 连通的 Contour encoding 轮廓编码对具有均匀灰度的区域，只将其边界进行编码的一种图像压缩技术。 Contrast 对比度物体平均亮度（或灰度）与其周围背景的差别程度 Contrast stretch 对比度扩展一种线性的灰度变换 Convex 凸的物体是凸的是指连接物体内部任意两点的直线均落在物体内部。Convolution 卷积一种将两个函数组合成第三个函数的运算，卷积刻画了线性移不变系统的运算。 Corrvolution kernel 卷积核1，用于数字图像卷积滤波的二维数字阵列，2，与图像或信号卷积的函数。 Curve 曲线1，空间的一条连续路径，2 表示一路径的像素集合（见弧、封闭曲线）。 Deblurring 去模糊1一种降低图像模糊，锐化图像细节的运算。2 消除或降低图像的模糊，通常是图像复原或重构的一个步骤。 Decision rule 决策规则在模式识别中，用以将图像中物体赋以一定量的规则或算法，这种赋值是以对物体特征度量为基础的。 Digital image 数字图像 1 表示景物图像的整数阵列，2 一个二维或更高维的采样并量化的函数，它由相同维数的连续图像产生，3 在矩形（或其他）网络上采样一连续函数，并才采样点上将值量化后的阵列。 Digital image processing 数字图像处理对图像的数字化处理；由计算机对图片信息进

库卡工业机器人运动指令入门知识 学员必备

库卡工业机器人运动指令的入门知识 问?学完了的运动指令后，可以了解到哪些？ 答（1）通过对机器人几种基本运动指令的学习，能够熟练掌握机器人各种轨迹运动的相关编程操作 （2）通过学习PTP运动指令的添加方法，能够掌握机器人的简单编程 机器人的运动方式： 机器人在程序控制下的运动要求编制一个运动指令，有不同的运动方式供运动指令的编辑使用，通过制定的运动方式和运动指令，机器人才会知道如何进行运动，机器人的运动方式有以下几种： （1）按轴坐标的运动（PTP:Point-toPoint，即点到点） （2）沿轨迹的运动：LIN直线运动和CIRC圆周运动 （3）样条运动：SPLINE运动 点到点运动

PTP运动是机器人沿最快的轨道将TCP从起始点引至目标点，这个移动路线不一定是直线，因为机器人轴进行回转运动，所以曲线轨道比直线轨道运动更快。此轨迹无法精确预知，所以在调试及试运行时，应该在阻挡物体附近降低速度来测试机器人的移动特性。 线性运动

线性运动是机器人沿一条直线以定义的速度将TCP引至目标点。在线性移动过程中，机器人转轴之间进行配合，是工具或工件参照点沿着一条通往目标点的直线移动，在这个过程中，工具本身的取向按照程序设定的取向变化。 圆周运动 圆周运动是机器人沿圆形轨道以定义的速度将TCP移动至目标点。圆形轨道是通过起点、辅助点和目标点定义的，起始点是上一条运动指令以精确定位方式抵达的目标点，辅助点是圆周所经历的中间点。在机器人移动过程中，工具尖端取向的变化顺应与持续的移动轨迹。 样条运动

样条运动是一种尤其适用于复杂曲线轨迹的运动方式，这种轨迹原则上也可以通过LIN运动和CIRC运动生成，但是相比下样条运动更具有优势。 创建以优化节拍时间的运动（轴运动） 1?PTP运动 PTP运动方式是时间最快，也是最优化的移动方式。在KPL程序中，机器人的第一个指令必须是PTP或SPTP，因为机器人控制系统仅在PTP或SPTP运动时才会考虑编程设置的状态和转角方向值，以便定义一个唯一的起始位置。 2?轨迹逼近 为了加速运动过程，控制器可以CONT标示的运动指令进行轨迹逼近，轨迹逼近意味着将不精确到达点坐标，只是逼近点坐标，事先便离开精确保持轮廓的轨迹。 PTP运动的轨迹逼近是不可预见的，相比较点的精确暂停，轨迹逼近具有如下的优势： （1）由于这些点之间不再需要制动和加速，所以运动系统受到的磨损减少。（2）节拍时间得以优化，程序可以更快的运行。 创建PTP运动的操作步骤 （1）创建PTP运动的前提条件是机器人的运动方式已经设置为T1运行方式，并且已经选定机器人程序。

中国姓氏英语翻译大全

中国姓氏英语翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi

图像处理英文翻译

数字图像处理英文翻译 （Matlab帮助信息简介） xxxxxxxxx xxx Introduction MATLAB is a high-level technical computing language and interactive environment for algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis, and numeric computation. Using the MATLAB product, you can solve technical computing problems faster than with traditional programming languages, such as C, C++, and Fortran. You can use MATLAB in a wide range of applications, including signal and image processing, communications, control design, test and measurement, financial modeling and analysis, and computational biology. Add-on toolboxes (collections of special-purpose MATLAB functions, available separately) extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems in these application areas. The MATLAB system consists of these main parts: Desktop Tools and Development Environment This part of MATLAB is the set of tools and facilities that help you use and become more productive with MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes: the

中国姓氏英文翻译大全

中国姓氏英文翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁 --Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅 --Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊 --Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简 --Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong 焦--Chiao 金/靳--Jin/King 景/荆 --King/Ching 讦--Gan K: 阚--Kan 康--Kang 柯--Kor/Ko 孔--Kong/Kung 寇--Ker 蒯--Kuai 匡--Kuang L: 赖--Lai 蓝--Lan 郎--Long 劳--Lao 乐--Loh 雷--Rae/Ray/Lei 冷--Leng 黎/郦/利/李--Lee/Li/Lai/Li 连--Lien 廖--Liu/Liao 梁--Leung/Liang 林/蔺--Lim/Lin

(完整版)KUKA简单操作说明书

KUKA简单操作说明书 一、KUKA控制面板介绍 1、示教背面 在示教盒的背面有三个白色和一个绿色的按钮。三个白色按钮是使能开关（伺服上电），用在T1和T2模式下。不按或者按死此开关，伺服下电，机器人不能动作；按在中间档时，伺服上电，机器人可以运动。绿色按钮是启动按钮。 Space Mouse为空间鼠标又称6D鼠标。 2、示教盒正面

急停按钮： 这个按钮用于紧急情况时停止机器人。一旦这个按钮被按下，机器人的伺服电下，机器人立即停止。 需要运动机器人时，首先要解除急停状态，旋转此按钮可以抬起它并解除急停状态，然后按功能键“确认（Ackn.）”，确认掉急停的报警信息才能运动机器人。 伺服上电： 这个按钮给机器人伺服上电。此按钮必须在没有急停报警、安全门关闭、机器人处于自动模式（本地自动、外部自动）的情况下才有用。 伺服下电： 这个按钮给机器人伺服上电。

模式选择开关： T1模式：手动运行机器人或机器人程序。在手动运行机器人或机器人程序时，最大速度都为250mm/s。 T2模式：手动运行机器人或机器人程序。在手动运行机器人时，最大速度为250mm/s。在手动运行机器人程序时，最大速度为程序中设定的速度。 本地自动：通过示教盒上的启动按钮可以使程序自动运行。 外部自动：必须通过外部给启动信号才能自动执行程序。 退出键： 可以退出状态窗口、菜单等。 窗口转换键： 可以在程序窗口、状态窗口、信息窗口之间进行焦点转换。当某窗口背景呈蓝色时，表示此窗口被选中，可以对这个窗口进行操作，屏幕下方的功能菜单也相应改变。 暂停键： 暂停正在运行的程序。按“向前运行”或“向后运行”重新启动程序。 向前运行键： 向前运行程序。在T1和T2模式，抬起此键程序停止运行，机器人停止。 向后运行键： 向后运行程序。仅在T1和T2模式时有用。 回车键： 确认输入或确认指令示教完成。 箭头键： 移动光标。

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E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J:

中国姓氏英文翻译大全

中国姓氏英文翻译大全- - [b][u]中国姓氏英文翻译大全- -[/u][/b] A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C:

蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too

段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou

古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang

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