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The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates,the pterosaurs,have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries.How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from8to12meters,solved the problems of powered flight,and exactly what these creatures were—reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.

Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles.Their skulls,pelvises,and hind feet are reptilian.The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds.In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane.The other fingers were short and reptilian,with sharpclaws.In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing,which consists primarily of feathers.If the pterosaurs walked on all fours,the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping.When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger,and with it the wing,could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body.

The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions.This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints.Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones,a feature that represents a savings in weight.In the birds,however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.

Although scales typically cover reptiles,the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats.T.H.Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism,which in turn implies a high internal temperature.Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in

flight.The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long,dense,and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.

Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs,by dropping from trees,or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves.Each hypothesis has its difficulties.The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight.The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts.The wind that made such waves however,might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.

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1.It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that the

[A]enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.

[B]structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats.

[C]fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.

[D]pterosaurs were reptiles.

2.The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as

[A]revolutionary.

[B]unlikely.

[C]unassailable.

[D]probable.

3.According to the text,the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the

[A]size of its wingspan.

[B]presence of hollow spaces in its bones.

[C]anatomic origin of its wing strut.

[D]presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.

4.The ideas attributed to T.H.Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

[A]An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.

[B]An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.

[C]Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.

[D]The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.

5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?

[A]New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.

[B]Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information.

[C]Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.

[D]Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected.

[答案与考点解析]

1.【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题型。该题的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根据本句的内容即可得出本题的正确答案是D。考生要加强对题干的理解和认识，并且要善于找到原文和题干相吻合之处，否则就会失去解题思路。

2.【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道句间关系题型。本题的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒数第一、二句。从尾段的第二句“Each hypothesis has its difficulties”(每种假设都有缺陷)可以判断：作者认为“从浪尖上伴轻风飞起”是不可能的。考生要加强对句子之间语意关系的理解。

3.【答案】C

【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。其答案信息在第三段。题干中问翼龙和鸟类骨骼方面的“不同”。原文第三段中涉及两者相同与不同。第三段的尾句暗示本题的正确答案是C。考生在解题时应加强审题定位的能力。

4.【答案】B

【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。本题的正确答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。这三句话的内容暗示本题的正确答案是B，即动物的外型通常受环境要求和生理能力的影响。考生在解题时应注意提高对原文信息的归纳推导能力。

5.【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道段落结构识别题。尾段的第一句对所谈现象提出了三种解释，然后针对每一种解释进行科学上的否定。可见本题的正确答案是B。考生在复习中应该加强对段落结构的识别能力。

本文由“育明考博”整理编辑

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