12年12月8日托福考试-葡萄托福机经伴侣

TOEFL 机经伴侣 （大陆12月8日考试）

目 录

前言 (1)

机经伴侣使用说明 (2)

阅读机经伴侣使用说明 (2)

听力机经伴侣使用说明 (2)

口语机经伴侣使用说明 (3)

写作机经伴侣使用说明 (3)

阅读机经伴侣 (3)

听力机经伴侣 (15)

口语机经伴侣 .......................................................................................................................

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写作机经伴侣 (49)

模拟 (76)

口语模拟使用说明 (76)

写作模拟使用说明 (77)

口语模拟 (78)

写作模拟 (84)

前言

（配套音频请到https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9b18221426.html,/putaovip 的微盘下载）

元芳说：学机经一定要有葡萄机经伴侣

我们不是预测中不中的，我们是不管预测中不中都能帮你考高分的！！！

让有限的时间用在有效的学习中，让“看”机经变成“学”机经！！！！

从中国葡萄变成美国提子，你要相信托福考试是紫色的！！！！

1. 独家整理的真题英文还原，让机经不再仅仅是简单的网友回忆。 机经中不是人话的中文还原，让各位小盆友们从看不懂到看不懂到各种看不懂。。。，而伴侣中对重点题目英文还原让你彻底解脱，避免学了半天原来是不准确的。

2. 最简单的模板应用，让预测不中也有思路写出段子。

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针对题目和题型的重新定位，独家给出思路模版， 从此不再担心预测不中。组合＋联想，让你比写汉语作文还简单。

3. 独家音频还原，看机经时如临真实考场之中。

独家录制的机经真题音频还原，全新的机经学习体验。口语备考从没如此幸福。针对机经真题的考前听写训练你有木有？有木有？有木有？

机经伴侣使用说明

阅读机经伴侣使用说明

1.该机经伴侣针对2011年2月20日大陆机经的阅读部分进行详细分解，内容包括考生回

忆的中文内容；文章原文还原；长难句分析，生词集锦。

2.考生可以将原文还原作为托福阅读文章阅读，分析文章的内容结构，英文原文部分按照原

文的框架做了中文的标题说明，并用黑体字强调了核心语句，红体字强调了中文还原内容。

3.考生可以熟悉生词集锦，该集锦结合了《托福词以类记》，属于托福阅读高频词汇。

4.阅读伴侣提供了长难句分析以及练习，考生可以以此熟悉长难句类别和句法分析。

听力机经伴侣使用说明

1.该机经伴侣针对2011年2月20日大陆机经的听力部分进行详细分解，内容包括考生回忆

的中文内容；问题预测；背景介绍；生词集锦。

2.考生需要熟悉问题预测中的题型，出题原则，问题，出题点和可能问题部分，其中黑体字

部分为考生回忆出题点预测题目，非黑体字部分为根据出题原则预测题目。

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3.考生可以将背景介绍作为托福阅读文章阅读，分析文章的内容结构，英文原文部分按照原

文的框架做了中文的标题说明，并用黑体字强调了核心语句，红体字强调了中文还原内容。

4.考生可以熟悉生词集锦，该集锦结合了《托福词义类记》，属于托福听力高频词汇。

口语机经伴侣使用说明

1.浏览机经中所有口语独立题目即Task 1，2；

2.根据每道题目后面提供的思路和要点，挑选、组合并写出适合自己的答题提纲；

3.根据提纲，写出自己的答题段落（口头作文）；

4.反复朗读并修改自己的答题段落，直至能在规定时间（45秒）内流利说出答案为止；

5.模拟考试场景，录下自己的答题段落，考前反复重录重听。

写作机经伴侣使用说明

1.按照四种分类，浏览机经上所有独立写作题目，归纳每类题目的共同特点；

2.逐类浏览范文及分析，比较同一类题目不同写作思路的难易，针对每一类题目，选择最适

合自己的写作思路；

3.详细阅读范文，主要掌握文章开头、结尾的写作模式，文章主干的展开方式及结构；

4.按照范文框架，还原范文的内容；

5.摘抄、背诵范文主干当中的论证以及论述句子；

6.模仿范文的结构，进行同一类思路下面其他文章的写作。

阅读机经伴侣

（2011-2-20 ML）

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阅读机经如何“学”？

Part A

部分阅读真题背景还原+专业词汇

本期阅读背景和词汇主要涉及建筑学，气象学，生理学课程，以真题资料拓展学科背景，帮助考生在短时间备考中做到有目的性，有范围性地扩大视野。

Part B

真题背景长难句分析+阅读长难句练习

本期阅读长难句分析关注了长难句复杂类别（复杂修饰；修辞方法；省略；倒装；插入语；难词）；长难句成分分析和相关翻译。如何有效快速阅读，分解长难句是第一要务，因为阅读中80%的题目都与长难句有关。以真题背景长难句做句型，难点种类剖析，让长难句学习更有环境。

Part A

Passage 1

介绍埃及金字塔奇观：第一段讲述了某个地方最早的金字塔；第二段讲埃及人不断完善金字塔的建造技术，到了Khufu的时候，达到顶峰；第三段提到金字塔外观 的来源，因为只有这样的外观才能承受如此大的重量；第四段之后讲述了现在的科学家根据现有的金字塔规模来推算当时的人力和物力需求，反推出当时高度中央集权可以倾全国之力来建造金字塔；最后一段提到了金字塔的一致倾斜角度（52.5度）及其原因（主要是让死后的法老王可以跟着太阳光的的方向从天国走下来）.

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世界上最古老的金字塔——波斯尼亚金字塔

Bosnian pyramids have been finally confirmed. Pyramid experts from all over the world have confirmed the existence of the Bosnian pyramids. In addition, 90% of all these experts said that the the Bosnian pyramids are by far the world’s largest and oldest pyramids. There are five pyramids in Bosnia and it is said that they are 12000-26000 years old.

金字塔的建造技术发展

材料（主体材料：当地limestone; 外层：Tura开采的limestone;建筑功能结构：granite）

During the earliest period, pyramids were constructed wholly of stone. Locally quarried limestone was the material of choice for the main body of these pyramids, while a higher quality of limestone quarried at Tura (near modern Cairo) was used as the outer casing. Granite, quarried near Aswan, was used to construct some architectural elements, including the portcullis (a type of gate) and the roofs and walls of the burial chamber. Occasionally, granite was used in the outer casing as well, such as in the Pyramid of Menkaure.

建筑方式变化：建筑主体石头层向内倾斜

ê

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建筑主体石头水平叠放

ê

下层石头向内倾斜；上层水平叠放

In the early pyramids, the layers of stone forming the pyramid body were laid sloping inwards; however, this configuration was found to be less stable than simply stacking the stones horizontally on top of each other. The Bent Pyramid at Dahshur seems to indicate acceptance of a newer technique at a transition between these two building techniques. Its lower section is built of sloping courses, while in its upper section the stones are laid horizontally.

Significance of the pyramid shape (金子塔造型的来源和意义)

来源：太阳神向地面呈三角形投射光芒

意义：支撑整个建筑的重量

The ancient Egyptians ardently worshiped the Sun god Re, and designed the pyramid structure from the triangle formed from the sun’s rays beaming down to earth. The sun was the apex of this triangle and held untold power and energy, which was showered on to the earth, which formed the base of this triangle. Also, the pyramidal shape is the best structure to support enormous weights, especially while using heavy building material like limestone and granite with no metal framework required. All of us, as children have made mounds of sand or mud while playing; constructing our own versions of pyramids before we even attempted mud cylinders or cuboids. This just serves to emphasize the simplicity and stability of the pyramidal shape and it is no mystery that many ancient cultures used pyramidal shapes to construct holy and sacred monuments. The pyramids of the Aztecs, the Ziggurats of the Mesopotamians, the steep Nubian pyramids, the flat topped pyramidal mausoleums of the ancient Chinese and the Gopuram pyramids of South Indian temples, all seem to illustrate the popularity of this design.

中央集权政府主导的金字塔修建：修建工人并非是奴隶而是没有收入的农民

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Khufu （胡夫）, his son Khafra, and his grandson Menkauraall achieved lasting fame in the construction of their pyramids. To organize and feed the manpower needed to create these pyramids required a centralized government with extensive powers, and Egyptologists believe the Old Kingdom at this time demonstrated this level of sophistication.

Although it was once believed that slaves built these monuments, study of the pyramids and their environs have shown that they were built by a corvee of peasants drawn from across Egypt, who apparently worked while the annual Nile flood covered their fields.

词汇：

confirm 核实

pyramid 金字塔

monument 纪念建筑

quarry采石

limestone石灰石

outer casing 外层

granite 花岗岩

chamber 室

slope 倾斜

horizontal 水平的

transition 过渡

worship 膜拜

apex 顶点

sacred 神圣的

triangle三角形

mausoleum 陵墓

pharaoh法老

Passage 2

厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜

主要描述地球有时候会出现长期潮湿或者长期干旱的气候，分别是厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜现象导致的：美洲中部大平原会出现极端天气变化，要么持续大旱要么持续下雨，因为受到赤道太平洋的气温影

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响；厄尔尼诺现象使海上温度升高，气压减小，美国平原下大雨，危害很大；而反过来的就是拉尼娜，导致平原干旱。

El Nino and La Nina are important temperature changes to the Pacific Ocean surface water. El Nino means “the boy”, while La Nina means “the girl” in Spanish.

发生原因不同

In many ways, the two events are polar opposites. El Nino is the result of warmer conditions in the eastern portion of the Pacific Ocean, while La Nina comes from the cooling of these same waters, accompanied by the strengthening of the east-west trade winds.

发生频率不同

El Nino and La Nina also occur with different frequencies. La Nina usually occurs half as often as El Nino which happens every three to six years.

造成影响不同

Both El Nino and La Nina have big impacts on North America. However, these two events bring very different weather conditions to the same areas.

For example, during an El Nino event, winters in North America are warmer and drier in the Northwest, Upper Central Plains and Northeast, resulting in less snow. However, La Nina will affect the Midwest, Northern Rockies, Northern California and the Pacific Northwest with precipitation levels that are much above normal.

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Meanwhile, the Southwest portion of the United States along with northern Mexico will see a cooler and wetter winter season with El Nino, while these same regions would be drier than normal with La Nina.

While El Nino can bring floods to areas in South America, like the coast of Peru and Ecuador, La Nina will bring in droughts to these areas. La Nina also causes Brazil to be much wetter than normal from December through February. With El Nino, Canada will experience a warmer and drier winter while La Nina will lead to a cooler, snowier winter season in Canada.

对飓风的影响

The two events can affect the hurricane seasons. While El Nino reduces the number of hurricanes, thanks to a shift in the position of the Atlantic high pressure ridge, and creates stronger upper level wind shear, La Nina will do just the opposite.

La Nina has the opposite effect on the Atlantic Basin hurricane season as compared to El Nino. With a La Nina event, the wind shear is decreased over both the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. As a result, towering thunderstorms have a chance to grow and climb into the upper levels of the atmosphere and can eventually grow into hurricanes if other conditions are present.

For example, a La Nina event developed in 2008 and helped create one of the most active hurricane seasons since 1944. In 2008, there were 16 named storms, eight of which became hurricanes.

词汇：

El Nino 厄尔尼诺

La Nina 拉尼娜

polar 相反的

frequency 频率

drought 干旱

precipitation降雨

hurricane 飓风

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Passage 3

人体的体温

描述人的体温传递：人体为了散热体表shell温度一般比外界低；人体产生热量有core的部分，心肺和大脑产生的占了大多数，但是运动时也产生热量；热量 传递通过血液，流出来的血带走热量，回来的是cold血；core的部分也没有一个统一的温度可以表示，因为通过血液流动带走热量，core部分的不同 part也有温度差；shell温度能够一直维持均衡。

人体温度的调节

Body temperature reflects the balance between heat production and heat loss. All body tissues produce heat, those that are the most active metabolically produce the most heat.

?At Rest: Liver, heart and brain produce most heat. Muscles 20-30% of total.

?During Exercise: Muscles produce 30-40 times rest of body put together.

Body temperature under normal conditions is in narrow range of 36.1-37.8 °C. This rarely varies by more than 1°C throughout the day. This precise temperature homeostasis relates to the effect of temperature on the rate of biochemical reactions. At normal body temperature, conditions are optimal for enzymatic activity.

体核温度和体表温度（Core and Shell Temperatures）

Different regions of the body have different temperatures at rest. The body's core (that is, organs within the skull and the thoracic and abdominal cavities) has the highest temperature. Its shell, or heat loss surface, essentially the skin, has the lowest temperature.

Blood serves as the major heat transfer or exchange agent between the body core and shell. Whenever the shell is warmer than the external environment, heat is lost from the body. When heat must be dissipated, warm blood is allowed to flush into the skin capillaries. Oppositely, when heat must be conserved, blood largely bypasses the skin, which reduces heat loss and allows the shell temperature to drop to that of the environment. Thus, while the core temperature stays relatively constant, the temperature of the shell may fluctuate substantially.

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词汇：

shell temperature 体表温度

core temperature 体核温度

tissue 组织

metabolism 新城代谢

homeostasis 动态平衡

relate to 与…相关

optimal 最佳的

enzymatic activity 酶的活动

skull 头骨

transfer 交换

dissipate 释放

capillary 毛细血管

conserve 保存

bypass 绕过

constant 不变的

fluctuate 波动

substantially 大量地

Part B

阅读真题背景长难句分析

The pyramids of the Aztecs, the Ziggurats of the Mesopotamians, the steep Nubian pyramids, the flat topped pyramidal mausoleums of the ancient Chinese and the Gopuram pyramids of South Indian temples, all seem to illustrate the popularity of this design.

难句类型：复杂修饰——主语有多个并列词组构成；难词

难句分析：The pyramids of the Aztecs, the Ziggurats of the Mesopotamians, the steep Nubian pyramids,

the flat topped pyramidal mausoleums of the ancient Chinese and the Gopuram pyramids

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of South Indian

多个并列词组构成主语

temples, all seem to illustrate the popularity of this design.

难句翻译：阿兹克特人的金字塔、美索不达米亚人的通灵塔、陡峭的努比亚人金字塔、古代中国的平顶陵墓和南印度的庙塔看起来全部都展示了这个设计的流行。

Although it was once believed that slaves built these monuments, study of the pyramids and their environs have shown that they were built by a corvee of peasants drawn from across Egypt, who apparently worked while the annual Nile flood covered their fields.

难句类型：难词；定语从句；状语从句；宾语从句

难句分析：Although it was once believed that slaves built these monuments, study of the pyramids and

让步状语 宾语从句 多个并列词构成 their environs have shown that they were built by a corvee of peasants drawn from across Egypt, who

主语 宾语从句

apparently worked while the annual Nile flood covered their fields.

定于从句 状语从句

难句翻译：尽管人们一度认为是奴隶建造了这些纪念碑，但是对于金字塔和他们环境的研究已经表明它们是由埃及强迫劳役的农民所建造的，当他们的土地被洪水淹没的时候。

El Nino is the result of warmer conditions in the eastern portion of the Pacific Ocean, while La Nina comes from the cooling of these same waters, accompanied by the strengthening of the east-west trade winds.

难句类型：名词短语作形容词；伴随状语；难词

难句分析：El Nino is the result of warmer conditions in the eastern portion of the Pacific Ocean, while La Nina comes from the cooling of these same waters, accompanied by the strengthening of the east-west trade

伴随状语

winds.

难句翻译：厄尔尼诺现象是由于太平洋东部的较热的环境引起的，而拉尼娜现象是由于这些水的冷却引起的，伴随着东西信风的加强。

While El Nino reduces the number of hurricanes, thanks to a shift in the position of the Atlantic high pressure ridge, and creates stronger upper level wind shear, La Nina will do just the opposite.

难句类型：难词；并列时间状语

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难句分析：While El Nino reduces the number of hurricanes, thanks to a shift in the position of the Atlantic high pressure ridge, and creates stronger upper level wind shear, La Nina will do just the opposite.

并列时间状语

难句翻译：厄尔尼诺现象减少了火山的数量，多亏了大西洋高压脊的位置的移动，并且产生了更强的上层风切变，而拉尼娜现象则刚好相反。

Oppositely, when heat must be conserved, blood largely bypasses the skin, which reduces heat loss and allows the shell temperature to drop to that of the environment.

难句类型：定语从句；并列

难句分析：Oppositely, when heat must be conserved, blood largely bypasses the skin, which reduces heat

时间状语

loss and allows the shell temperature to drop to that of the environment.

定语从句

难句翻译：相反地，当热量必须被保留，血液不像皮肤流动这样就减少了热量损失并让体表温度降到外界环境的温度。

阅读长难句练习

1.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.

2.Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.

3.Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

4.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where

sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.

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5.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

练习答案，请参见https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9b18221426.html,/putaovip

听力机经伴侣

（2011-2-20 ML）

听力机经如何“学”？

葡萄听力机经伴侣是对本次考试机经中的部分听力机经还原。该部分以真题背景为资料，讲解了背景中涉及的听力出题原则，根据出题点预测了题目和答案，并介绍了听力单词。

听力出题原则是广大考生获取听力考分的重要技巧，得技巧者，得天下！细心的同学在听力机经伴侣中的每篇文章前的表格部分会发现开头原则，对比，并列平行原则出现的频率最高。可以断

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言：每篇文章出题时涉及的开头原则出现的机率是100%; 对比原则是100%, 平行并列原则是80%+。考生可以以此为契机，掌握托福听力出题原则，并且增加专业或常用词汇，真正做到学机经！

听力主要出题原则：

开头原则 并列平行原则 对比原则

因果原则 强调原则 转折原则

语气原则 建议原则 问答原则

不确定原则 数字原则 举例原则

Conversation 1

1. 一个学生也是老师的assistant，写了与海豚还是whale有关的论文，征求教授的意见，教授希望她参考最新的材料而不是84年的。此外，学生又得到了一个工作机会，教授希望她读master，但是学生表示要工作。

题型 出题原则 问题 出题点/Possible

Answer

主旨题 开头原则 What is the

conversation

about? 一个学生也是老师的assistant，写了与海豚还是whale有关的论文，征求教授的意见/To ask for

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professor’s advice on paper.

态度题 建议原则 What’s

professor’s

opinion about the

student’s

reference? 教授希望她参考最新的材料而不是84年的/He thinks the student’s sources are out of date.

推断题 对比原则 Why does the

student decline

professor’s advice

for her to apply for

master degree? 学生又得到了一个工作机会，教授希望她读master，但是学生表示要工作。/ The student has been offered a promising job.

词汇

dolphin 海豚

whale 鲸

reference 参考资料

literature review 文件综述

apply for 申请

master degree 研究生学位

Conversation 2

女生fall要去法国巴黎交换生，但是literature degree需要修当代美国文学，否则不能毕业。spring 没有这个课，summer选课人数满了（有题）。教授建议去法国学，学生说那个学校没有这个 课，

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教授又建议去另一个大学修。学生说去法国学美国文学？教授说那有啥，你不还在美国学法语么？（有题）

题型 出题原则 问题 出题点/Possible

Answer

主旨题 开头原则 What is the

conversation mainly

about? 无对应出题点/The student’s concern about graduation requirement for modern American literature.

推断题 并列原则 Why can’t the

student sign up

for modern

American

literature? spring没有这个课，summer选课人数满了/The course is not on curriculum schedule in spring; The course has been signed up to the full capacity in summer.

功能题 语气原则 Why does

professor say

this? Don’t you

study French in

America? 教授说那有啥，你不还在美国学法语么？/To encourage student to study American literature in France.

词汇：

Exchange student/ transfer student 交换生

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graduation requirement 毕业要求

minor 辅修

major 主修

curriculum schedule 课程安排

Lecture 1 (2012-7-6 ML)

Art history, 那艾菲尔铁塔举例,讲了两个流派, 一个是哪年以前,这个塔刚建好的时候,很多critic就说它长得跟铁路似的,一点都不好看,怎么能成为城市的风向标啊~!! 这个流派就喜欢有窗户的,美好的东西.后来呢,有一群年轻人出现了,他们喜欢挑战新的东西,觉得埃菲尔铁塔非常好,经常画这个塔,(听力上会出现铁塔的照片), 后来教授还提到了照片上铁塔后面的云,(题目有问提到云做啥?),考试的时候我旁边的人很大声的说啊说啊,我就看了她一眼,结果久没听见那个云到底要做 啥.

题型 出题原则 问题 出题点/Possible

Answer

主旨题 开头原则 What is the lecture

mainly about? 无对应点/ To introduce the reactions to Eiffel tower when it was built.

功能题 举例原则 Why did

professor

mention the

cloud in the

picture?

后来教授还提到了照片上铁塔后面的云/To exemplify the unique experience got by visitors going up the tower.

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