考博心得之考博英语阅读理解

考博心得之考博英语阅读理解

阅读理解在大家看来，是英语考试中最关键的部分，因为这部分所占的分数最多，在试卷中的地位举足轻重。有很多方面的书籍，介绍大家如何来提高阅读理解水平，却很少提到不同类别的英语考试试卷中，都有自己的出题特点。其结果是，大凡英语考试，大家都采用几乎一样的思考模式，这在相当程度上影响了具体类别考试复习时的针对性。

首先，介绍如何提高阅读理解的基本功

很多参考书中（推荐一本考博英语阅读理解精练220篇(上下册)）。都提到在阅读时，不能读出声来，要快速的阅读。要达到这个水平需要相当的训练，可惜的是大部分考生由于各种原因，没有这样的条件。根据个人的体会，阅读中，碰到的最大问题往往不是理解不了其中内容，经常让人头痛的是阅读过程中，会在一些关键地方碰到自己不认识的单词，大大影响了自己对文章的领悟。所以第一个基本功还是词汇部分，我们不需要把大纲中所有的词汇（考博英语10000词汇详解）都会拼写，因为除了写作之外，会认某个词与会写某个词没区别，即使是写作，用到的词也都是常见的。

学会用自己的呼吸来控制自己的阅读，进而提高阅读速度。这点可能不少朋友没有听说过吧，对，这是我自己体会后总结出来的。针对一个句子，大家要学着在吸气的过程中，看明白前半部分的意思，而在呼气的过程中，看明白后一半的内容。开始训练时，大部分人达不到这个要求，没关系，重新吸气，呼气，直到这个句子看懂。选择的文章不要太难，但也不能过于简单，仔细体会这个过程。

我比较推荐的一个方法是：充分利用选择填空题目，在要填空的位置上，先写上正确的答案，然后尝试着在一个呼吸过程中看懂它所表述的意思。这不仅将来能提高选择填空的阅读速度，也提高了语感。当训练的差不多后，可以转入阅读文章了，把呼吸和大脑的思维连贯性统一起来。

其次，阅读理解过程中，需要从头读到尾吗？

这个问题，我也曾经问了自己很多次。经过尝试后，我总结的经验是没必要。说起来大家可能不相信，我觉得阅读理解，如其说是阅读，不如说是把文章的内容结构搞懂：这篇阅读理解分了几个段落？每个段落中最重要的那个主旨句要表达的是什么意思？文章作者是以什么口气、什么态度来看待自己文章所描述的内容的？实际就是从宏观上把握作者的意图

全面阅读有什么不？第一个就是浪费时间，考试中的时间是最宝贵的，如果费了不少时间读懂了文章的某些内容（即使是比较重要的），可偏巧这在后边的题目中又没有体现出来，不就是浪费时间和精力吗？第二就是使得人容易忘记其他部分的内容，当我们看第一段的时候，看明白它的内容了，可当你把最后一段也看懂之，第一段的内容你还能记得多少呢？这个问题在阅读理解进行到第三篇，第四篇的时候尤其突出，以至于头晕脑胀。相信很多人有这个感觉，英语考试过程中，觉得自己脑力不够用，或者考试结束后有朦胧的倦意。这对后边题目的完成绝对是个巨大威胁。第三就是缺乏对整个文章的理解，由于在全面阅读过程中，人的精力集中在具体句子的理解上，冲淡了整体的认识，而几乎每个阅读理解后的题目中，总少不了1个或2个关于文章整体概括性的题目，稍有偏差，就会出错。

采用“跳读”的方法，可以克服全面阅读的缺点。这种阅读方法可以这样

来描述：在阅读过程中，先试图把每个句子都读懂，当你觉得它不是主旨句后，就快速读过去，或者直接跳过去。当你读完之后，直接去做后边的题目，带着题目返回到文章中去寻找答案

“跳读”的主要目的有两个：一是把每一段的主要意思抓住，这一段主要讲的是哪一方面的内容，而不需要知道具体内容是什么；二是搞清楚文章的结构，从宏观整体上明白作者的语气、看法、态度。

带着题目返回文章中寻找答案。一般来说，阅读理解的题目是先问细节问题，再涉及文章中某一词是什么意思、某一复杂的句子在表达作者什么看法，最后是关于文章整体的理解。由于“跳读”占用的时间比较少，记的也比较清楚，所以一看到问细节问题后，基本上就知道去文章中哪个段落中去寻找答案了。如果看到了关于文章整体理解方面的题目，可以把各个段落中的主旨句联系起来判断，采用排除的方法，确定最佳答案。

最后，多多分析历年考试试卷，总结出相关“规律”（一种可以意会，而不可言传的经验）。我很想把自己总结的中科院英语博士入学考试试卷的具体规律写出来，可真的又不知道该如何写，只是在自己的感觉上觉得它就是这样。所以这点需要大家自己去意会，总结属于自己的“规律”。我在这里肯定的告诉各位：每个类别的英语考试，都有自己的侧重点，都有自己特殊的规律。

要善于分析阅读理解正文中的规律

1，每个段落的主旨句一般都在段的开头或者结尾，少部分在段的中间，这些句子的意思比较宽，覆盖了本段内容；在中科院英语博士入学考试中，每个阅读理解后边有6个问题，一般来说，有3-4个是细节部分，1-2个是正文概括性的题目，1个是关于正文中某个词汇或者某个句子的问题（有些阅读理解后边没有）。不幸的是，正文中比较长的，或者比较难懂的，或者有生词的句子，往往是题目中要涉及的。然而幸运的是这些句子虽然表面上看比较复杂、也很长。基本上不是带有复杂结构的简单句，就是并列句，再不就是双重否定句（其他的可能性就不是很大了）。在“跳读”中，如一时不能理解它的意思可以暂时放过，一旦题目中涉及到该句，切不可紧张，先分析结构，再层层理解。这时就考大家平时积累了，我强烈建议：在做模拟题的过程中，只要碰到这样的句子，就一定不要放过，摘抄下来后，研究一番：这个句子是如何构成的？它采用什么句式？而实际上某一类别英语考试中，经常拿来考的比较难的句型，翻来覆去也就那么几种，无非是填充了不同内容罢了，搞懂后就没什么神秘感。这种规律在其他试题类型中也存在，当题目类型确定后，命题小组的人就那么几个，成员相对比较稳定，每个人都有自己的偏向性，作为一个小组，出的题目有偏向性不足为奇，关键在于大家通过自己的研究，发现它的偏向特征。

如何去寻找那些“偏向特征”。当我们把历年的几套试题放在一起综合对比后，就可以按提供如下线索去体会：

都喜欢怎么问问题？比如说同样考察正文中的某个细节，有的类别考试喜欢把小问题问的很复杂，而有的则直接就问，但基本都是换了个说法去问的。这个时候，大家最去考察一下问的风格。综合所有阅读理解试题，可以感觉命题人喜欢在正文的哪些方面做文章。

B答案喜欢怎么给出？总的来说，答案直接与正文细节一一对应的几乎没有。但无外乎两个方面，一是把正文中内容直接用另一个方式表达出来，这种

情况下，答案与正文中有不少单词是一样的；一是表面上看没有任何联系，但所说内容与正文意思一致，相对来说这种情况少见一些。

答案中一般有三种类情况，一是正确回答了问题；一是部分回答了问题，但意思不完整或者有偏差；一是干扰型，拿一些与正文无关的内容来扰乱考试者的思路。基于这一点，我才强调一定要在阅读过程中，掌握作者的写作结构，写作心态，与具体细节相互结合，一般就不难排除错误，给出正确答案。

答案中有些选项一看就知道是错误的，这些项往往语气非常肯定，后者所囊括的范围过于宽广。因此，提醒大家在阅读时，如果发现有了有表露作者口气、心态的词语，一定要多加留心，这些词语从一个侧面反映了作者的写作意图，与重要段落的主旨意相互呼应，就成了回答文章整体概括性题目的依据。

采用什么方法来做阅读理解的题目效果最？

我总结的经验是：排除法。细节的问题，往往来说比较回答，扫过一遍后，基本就可以确定正确答案。而概括性，判断性的题目，相对难些，选项中总有那么两个比较类似，只有语气，侧重点的区别。我推荐下列步骤A，阅读理解的问题是什么？各个选项说的是什么意思？

B，选项与正文内容相比较，要把握仔细（语气，重要的形容词侧重）；

C，主要采用排除的方法做不很确定的题目；

D，每个段落的主旨句有关键作用

E，做完题目后，快速的回顾下各个问题的答案的意思是否前后对应，而不相互矛盾。

根据题目的不同情况，结合大家自己的理解，灵活处理。

在中科院英语博士入学考试中，还有一类特殊的题目：排序。这类题目与阅读理解部分不少是类似的，就不多说，提供以下参考：

A，注意段中的主旨句，往往决定了这个段落中某个选项的内容范围

B，由于选项有多的，容易引起误选，所以要注意可能的选项必须与本段内的细节，还有整体意是否相关，并符合；

C，根据排序位处于段落中的位置，如果在段首，有可能是主旨句，也有可能是承上启下的句子；如果在段中，注意前后相关；如果在段尾，要能完整主旨句在段落中的意思（并不一定如此，请大家灵活处理）。

D，确定所有选项后，注意整个正文在语意上是前后呼应的。

我做这类题目的一个小窍门是：先把各个选项的意思搞清楚，然后再去看正文，一边看，一边尝试着带如某个选项，再把这个选项与该段主旨句，邻近句子的细节相互对应起来，选择最恰当的一个。

说了这么多，关键还是自己去实践，做错了题很正常，无论如何一定要搞清楚自己为什么错了，思考命题人是如何设置“陷阱”来套自己的，而自己是犯了什么错误才掉进去的，要如何做才能避开它。正是在总结自己错误的过程中，才能总结出自己的经验。这些偏向性，往往都是在发现错误的过程中显现的。

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Passage10肺癌 Among all the malignancies,lung cancer is the biggest killer;more than 100,000Americans die of the disease,giving up smoking is one of obvious ways to reduce the risk,but another answer may lie in the kitchen.According to a new report,even heavy smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by eating a daily portion of carrots,spinach or any other vegetable or fruit containing a form of vitamin A called carotene. The finding,published in The Lancet,is part of a long-range investigation of diet and disease.Since1957,some American researchers have monitored the dietary habits and medical histories of2,000middle-aged men employed by the Western Electric Co.in Chicago.Led by Dr.Richard Shekelle of St.Luke’s Medical Center,and the researchers recently began to sort out the links between the subjects’dietary patterns and cancer.Other studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer.The correlation seemed logical,explains Shekelle,since vitamin A is essential for the growth of the epithelial(上皮的)tissue that lines the airways of the lungs. But the earlier research did not distinguish between the two different forms of the vitamin.“Preformed”vitamin A,known as retinol,is found mainly in liver and dairy products like milk,cheese,butter and eggs.But vitamin A is also made in the body from carotene,which is abundant in a variety of vegetables and fruits, including carrots,spinach,squash,tomatoes,sweet potatoes and apples.

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