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第1讲 名词

第1讲 名词
第1讲 名词

第一讲名词

【名题实战】

1.—More and more people come to visit Mount Huangshan.

—That's true.It has become the____of Anhui.(2014,安徽)

A.pride B.effort C.praise D.courage

2.—What is Miss Gao's favourite____?

—She is always in pink.Don't you know?(2013,安徽)

A.colour B.book C.song D.movie

3.—I have great____in learning math and I'm so worried.Could you help me?

—Sure.I'd be glad to.(2011,安徽)

A.trouble B.interest C.joy D.fun

4.—Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?(2010,安徽)

—Sorry,I know nothing about him.We are____.

A.friends B.neighbors C.classmates D.strangers

【考点梳理】

从上面考题分析可知,名词辨析是近年来安徽中考考查的重点,同学们应加强这方面的训练。同时,对名词其它方面的知识点也应予以了解和掌握。

高频考向一常用专有名词

1.人名。如:Jackie Chan,Yao Ming

2.地名。如:New York,the Great Wall

3.国名。如:China,America

4.一周七天。如:Monday,Tuesday

5.一年十二个月。如:May,September

6.节日。如:Teachers'Day,Mother's Day,Christmas Day

7.专有名词缩写形式。如:USA,CD

【例1】________is the most important festival in China.

A.Christmas Day B.Spring Festival

C.Mid-autumn Day D.National Day

解析:A选项是圣诞节;B选项是春节;C选项是中秋节;D选项是国庆节。根据句意“在中国最重要的节日”,当然是春节。

答案:__B__

高频考向二名词辨析

名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中,通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同的名词准确地掌握其意义,然后做出正确的选择。近年来,这一考点成为了考查名词的主要形式之一,并且

越来越受到各地的欢迎。

【例2】—What are you going to do when you grow up?

—My________is to become an astronaut.(2014,襄阳)

A.hobby B.dream C.job D.advice

解析:由问句“你长大后将去做什么”可知,答句应为“我的梦想是成为一名航天员”。

答案:__B__

【例3】—The picnic is only in three days.Have you made any________?

—Not yet.So let's discuss what to prepare.(2014,台州)

A.wishes B.plans C.mistakes D.friends

解析:A选项意为“愿望”;B选项意为“计划”;C选项意为“错误”;D选项意为“朋友”。由答句句意“还没有。所以让我们去讨论准备什么”可知,问句句意为“野餐只剩下三天了。你做计划了吗”。

答案:__B__

高频考向三名词的数

名词分可数名词与不可数名词两类。可数名词有单、复数变化形式。a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。如:an uncle,a university,an honest man,an hour,a useful book,an apple等。其复数形式分为规则和不规则两种:

1.可数名词的复数规则变化

构成方法例子

①一般情况下

,在名词的末尾加-s

desk →desks ,apple →apples ②以s ,x ,sh ,ch 结尾的名词,在词尾

加-es

class →classes ,box →boxes ,watch →watches ③以辅音+y 结尾的名词,把y 变为i ,

再加-es

country →countries ,factory →factories ④以f 或fe 结尾的名词,把f 或fe 变为

v ,再加-es

knife →knives ,wife →wives ,leaf →leaves ⑤以o 结尾表示有生命的名词,在词尾

加-es

tomato →tomatoes ,hero →heroes ⑥以o 结尾表示无生命的名词,在词尾

加-s radio →radios.photo →photos

(这是边文,请

据需要手工删加)

语法复习(这是单页眉,请据需要手工删加)

2.可数名词的复数不规则变化

?元音或词尾发生变化。

如:man →men ;woman →women ;Frenchman →Frenchmen ;tooth →teeth ;foot →feet ;child →children ?单复数形式相同。

如:sheep →sheep ;fish(鱼的条数)→fish ;Chinese(中国人)→Chinese ;Japanese(日本人)→Japanese ;deer(鹿)→deer

?形式为单数,意思为复数。

如:people ,police

?视为整体时,谓语用单数;视为个体时,谓语用复数。

如:family ,class ,team ,group

?形式为复数,意思为单数。

如:news ,maths ,physics ,the United States 等。

?只用复数形式pants ,shorts ,clothes ,glasses (眼镜)等。

?由man ,woman 构成的合成名词,变复数时将名词及man ,woman 都变成复数。

如:man driver →men drivers ,woman teacher →women teachers

但其他合成名词,只需把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。

如:a banana tree→banana trees;a shoe factory→shoe factories

注意:①可数名词的单复数要与句子结构保持一致。

②可数名词一般不单独使用,表类别时可用复数形式,或用不定冠词或定冠词加单数名词。如:oranges,the/an orange。

③修饰可数名词复数的词有these,those,many,(a)few,a/the number of,some/any,a lot of等。常用they,them来替代。

3.不可数名词

不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词,它们一般没有复数形式。如果要表示不可数名词的数量则要借助于“a+量词(可数名词)+of+不可数名词”短语,变复数时把a变为具体数词,量词变为复数形式。如:a bowl of water一碗水;two cups of tea两杯茶

初中阶段常见的不可数名词有:water,rice,tea,milk,food,fruit,meat,fish(鱼肉),chicken(鸡肉),beef,mutton,orange(橙汁),sugar,salt,paper(纸),porridge,bread,sand,juice,news,music,time(时间),information,fun,advice等。

注意:①有些名词既可作不可数名词,又可作可数名词,如:time(时间/次数,倍数),fish(鱼肉/鱼),room(空间/房间),noise(噪音/响声),paper(纸/试卷,文件),chicken(鸡肉/鸡),experience(经验/经历)

②表示不定数量时,不可数名词常用much,(a)little,a lot of,some,any等修饰。常用it来替代。

【例4】—Where are you going,Sam?

—There isn't any________in the fridge.I'll go and buy some.(2014,凉山)

A.vegetables B.beef C.eggs D.money

解析:由is可知此处应用可数名词单数或不可数名词,故排除A、C选项。再根据句意来判断。

答案:__B__

【例5】I saw some________and________dancing in the street the day before yesterday.(2013,绥化)

A.Germen;Englishmen B.Germans;Englishmans

C.Germans;Englishmen

解析:German的复数形式为Germans;Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen。

答案:__C__

高频考向四名词所有格

①有生命的东西的名词所有格,一般用在词尾加“'s”这种形式来表示。

如:It's my mother's handbag.这是我妈妈的手提包。

②以-s或-es结尾的名词末尾只加“'”。有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的事物的名词,也可以加“'s”构成所有格。如:

It's only twenty minutes'walk.这只是步行20分钟的路程。

Who won the girls'100-meter race?谁赢了女子100米赛跑?

③不以-s或-es结尾的复数名词末尾仍要加“'s”。如:Where's the People's Hospital,please?请问人民医院在哪儿?

It's the policemen's bedroom.这是警察宿舍。

(这是边文,请据需要手工删加)

④表示两个或多个人共同拥有的人或物时,只需在并列名词的后一个名词词尾加“'s”。若表示两者各自所拥有时,则每个名词后均加“'s”。试比较:

Lily and Lucy's father is a worker.莉莉和露茜的父亲是工人。

Lily's and Lucy's fathers are both workers.莉莉的父

亲和露茜的父亲都是工人。

⑤有些名词如:诊所、家、店铺等名词所有格后加“'s”后,可以省去表示相关处所的名词。如:the doctor's(医生诊所),Mr.White's(怀特先生家),the book-seller's(书店)。

⑥of所有格主要表示无生命的东西。如:

a map of China一幅中国地图

⑦既表示所属关系又表示数量时要用双重所有格。如:an old friend of my uncle's,a photo of Jim's family等。

【例6】________desk is long and wide.They like it very much.(2014,齐齐哈尔)

A.Sonia's and Jane's

B.Sonia and Jane's

C.Sonia and Jane

解析:A项表示两个人各自的桌子,后应接复数名词;B项表示两个人共有的桌子,后接单数名词;C项不可以直接作定语。

答案:__B__

【例7】—How far is your home from school?

—It's about two________walk.(2013,潍坊)

A.hours B.hours'C.hour's D.hour

解析:由答语“两个小时的步行路程”可知,此处应用名词所有格形式。hour为可数名词,在基数词后应使用复数形式hours,以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格直接在词尾加“'”构成。

答案:__B__

一、单项选择。

1.—Mum,I want to buy an iPhone5s for a change.

—Well.I think there is no____.It's almost the same as an iPhone4s.(2014,宁波)

A.reason B.need C.answer D.way

2.Recently people care more about the safety of____.Everyone wants to eat healthily.(2014,衡阳) A.foods B.clothes C.buildings D.traffic

3.Miss Black is a friend of____,she always looks after my sister.(2014,龙东)

A.Mary's mother's B.Mary's mother'

C.Mary mother's D.Mary's mother

4.There are fifty____in our school.They are all friendly to us.(2014,安顺)

A.woman teachers B.women teachers

C.woman teacher D.women teacher

5.—I hear you have to get up early every morning.

—Right.It's one of the____of my family.(2014,泰安)

A.plans B.jobs C.programs D.rules

6.I'm tired.This is not the right____to ask me to go for a walk.(2014,杭州)

A.moment B.chance C.place D.season

7.Could you please get me some____?I'm hungry.(2014,黔西南)

A.apple B.water C.bread D.egg

8.—Excuse me,where did you get the book?

—I borrowed it from the____.(2013,重庆)

A.cinema B.library C.park D.station

9.—The sweater is not the right____for me.

—Well,shall I get you a bigger one or a smaller one?(2013,绍兴)

A.price B.color C.size D.material

10.You'd better read the____first before you use the camera.(2013,嘉兴、舟山) A.websites B.expressions

C.instructions D.advertisements

二、根据首字母及汉语提示完成单词。

11.Uncle Wang bought two_____________(手表)yesterday.

12.There are a lot of______________(绵羊)on the grass.

13.The cat caught two____(老鼠)last night.

14.Gina would like some_____________(果汁)to drink.

15.Jack went to have two_____________(牙齿)pulled out yesterday afternoon. 16.Nick,can you give me some____________(信息)about that event?

17.___________(周五)is Linda's favorite day,because she has P.E.on that day. 18.There is not enough__________(空间)in the corner to put the table.

19.It's a__________(秘密).You shouldn't tell it to others.

20.Ben likes the__________(形状)of the cake.It's a heart.

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第二讲名词

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第1讲 名词与主谓一致

第1讲名词与主谓一致(要点透析) 名词 一、名词的数 在熟悉名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点: 1. 注意以下名词数的概念 ①以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如: physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States ②总称名词:表示一类事物的总称,不能加s,如: machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence ③单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如: fish 鱼肉—fishes 各种鱼 paper 纸—papers 试卷 water 水—waters 水域 room 空间—rooms 房间 time 时间—times 时代 arm 手臂—arms 武器 ④形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如: people, police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the +分词 2. 集体名词的数 family,team,audience,class,club,committee,crowd, group, enemy, cattle, government, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff等 集体名词注意其主谓一致,一般来说,视为整体时作单数看待,侧重其成员时则作复数看待。The enemy has suffered heavy losses. The enemy are in flight. 3. 单复数同形的名词 a.某些动物名称 fish, deer, sheep b.某国人的名词 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss

(整理)专题+基础知识之正确使用词语--讲义.

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B、在2003年春季运动会上,这个队_______了田赛的全部冠军。 (2)勾通、沟通 A、国际互联网传递着世界的最新消息,它_______了各国文化,使愈来愈多的人相互了解。 B、原中共河北省委书记程维高的秘书李真,滥用手中的权力,上下_______,翻手为云,覆手为雨,大肆侵吞国家财产,收受巨额贿赂。 (3)信任、信赖 A、他永远是一个能够以诚相待的值得_______的同志。 B、共产党是给他们指出前进道路的最可________的灯塔。 (4)留传、流传 A、经过世代的筛选,_______至今的谷肉果菜,水陆珍奇,不仅营养价值高,而且易于消化吸收。 B、眉山苏氏一门才俊当然不错,而“苏小妹三难新郎”纯属虚构,然而这个浪漫故事却至今_______,多少说明古今人们对苏氏一门的偏爱。 (5)勉励、勉力 A、北京和东北的两位历史学教授都在回信中_______他执著追求,并向他介绍了一些考研必读书目和学习方法。 B、乡邻的冷言冷语,生活的艰难困苦,都没有动摇他考研的决心,他在逆境中_______苦学,终于在40岁考上了重庆师院历史系研究生。 (二)正确使用虚词 虚词,是指现代汉语中不能单独成句,意义比较抽象,但起着帮助造句的作用的词。包括副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词、拟声词六种。 近年来高考中主要考查连词、介词、副词、助词。 一、虚词的作用 虚词的表达功能是不可忽视的。 (1)语法作用 1、修饰(如副词) 2、连接(如介词、连词) 3、附着(如助词) (2)修辞作用 虚词用得好,语句可表达得准确严密、委婉、曲折,起到很好的帮助表达的作用,并且能够提高表达效果。 二、虚词使用中的常见错误 1. 副词使用中的常见错误 (1)自相矛盾

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