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土木工程专业英语全部

土木工程专业英语全部 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT

Lesson 1

Compression Members

New Words

1. achieve achievement

2. eccentricity center, 中心; ec centric 偏心的；ec centricity 偏心，偏心距

3. inevitable evitable 可避免的 avoidable; in evitable 不可避免的 unavoidable

4. truss 桁架 triangular truss, roof truss, truss bridge

5. bracing brace 支柱，支撑；bracing, 支撑，撑杆

6. slender 细长，苗条；stout; slenderness

7. buckle 压曲，屈曲；buckling load

8. stocky stout

9. convincingly convince, convincing, convincingly

10. stub 树桩，短而粗的东西；stub column 短柱

11. curvature 曲率；curve, curvature

12. detractor detract draw or take away; divert; belittle，贬低，诽谤；

13. convince

14. argument dispute, debate, quarrel, reason, 论据（理由）

15. crookedness crook 钩状物，v弯曲，crooked 弯曲的

16. provision 规定，条款

Phrases and Expressions

1. compression member

2. bending moment shear force, axial force

3. call upon (on) 要求，请求，需要

4. critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载 critical 关键的，临界的

5. cross-sectional area

6. radius of gyration 回转半径 gyration

7. slenderness ratio 长细比

8. tangent modulus 切线模量

9. stub column 短柱

10. trial-and-error approach 试算法

11. empirical formula 经验公式empirical 经验的

12. residual stress 残余应力residual

13. hot-rolled shape 热轧型钢 hot-rolled bar

14. lower bound 下限upper bound 上限

16. effective length 计算长度

Definition （定义）

Compression members are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compressive forces: that is, the loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid of the member cross section, and the stress can be taken as f a=P/A, where f a is considered to be uniform over the entire cross section. 受压构件是仅受轴向压力作用的构件，即：荷载是沿纵轴加在其截面形心上的，其应力可

表示为…，式中，假定f a在整个截面上均匀分布。 This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable. 然而，现实中从来都不可能达到这种理想状态，因为荷载的一些偏心是不可避免的。This will result in bending, but it can usually be regarded as secondary and can be neglected if the theoretical loading condition is closely approximated. 这将导致弯曲，但通常认为它是次要的，如果理论工况是足够近似的，就可将其忽略。This cannot always be done if there is a computed bending moment, and situation of this type will be considered in Beam-Columns. 但这并非总是可行的，如有计算出的弯矩存在时，这种情形将在梁柱理论中加以考虑。

The most common type of compression member occurring in buildings and bridges is the column, a vertical member whose primary function is to support vertical loads. 在建筑物和桥梁中最常见的受压构件就是柱，其主要功能就是支承竖向荷载。In many instances these members are also called upon to resist bending, and in these cases the member is a beam-column. Compression members can also be

found in trusses and as components of bracing systems. 在许多情况下，它们也需要抵抗弯曲，在此情况下，将它们称为梁柱。受压构件也存在于桁架和支撑系统中。

Column Theory （柱理论）

assume the shape indicated by the dashed line. 如果慢慢增加轴向荷载P ，它最终将达到一个足够大的值使该柱变得不稳定(失稳)，如图中虚线所示。 The member is said to have buckled, and the corresponding load is called th e critical buckling load . 这时认为构件已经屈曲，相应的荷载称为临界屈曲荷载。If the member is more stocky members and for more slender columns before they buckle, the compressive stress P/A is uniform over the cross section at any point along the length. 对这些短柱以及更细长的柱，在其屈曲前，在其长度方向上任意点处横截面上的压应力P/A 都是均匀的。As we shall see, the load at which buckling occurs is a function of slenderness , and for very slender members this load could be quite small. 我们将会看到，屈曲发生时的荷载是长细程度的函数，非常细长的构件的屈曲荷载将会很低。

If the member is so slender (a precise definition of slenderness will be given shortly) that the

stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit —that is, the member is still elastic —the critical buckling load is given by 如果构件如此细长（随后将会给出细长程度的精确定义）以致即将屈曲时的应力低于比例极限—即，构件仍是弹性的，临界屈曲荷载如下式给出：

22L EI

P cr π=

where E is the modulus of elasticity of the material, I is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area with respect to the minor principal axis, and L is the length of the member between points of support. 式中E 为材料弹性模量，I 为关于截面副主轴的惯性矩，L 为支座间的距离。For to be valid, the member must be elastic, and its ends must be free to rotate but not translate laterally. This end condition is satisfied by hinges or pins. 要使方程成立，构件必须是弹性的，且其两端必须能自由转动，但不能侧向移动。

This remarkable relationship was first formulated by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler and published in 1975. 此着名公式是瑞士数学家欧拉于1975年提出的。The critical load is sometimes referred to as the Euler load or the Euler buckling load. The validity of has been demonstrated

convincingly by numerous tests. 因此有时将临界荷载称为欧拉荷载或欧拉临界荷载。欧拉公式的有效性（正确性）已由许多试验充分证实。

It will be convenient to rewrite as follows: 方程可方便地写为 2222222)/(r L EA L EAr L EI

P cr πππ===

where A is the cross-sectional area and r is the radius of gyration with respect to the axis of buckling. The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression member ’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members. 式中A 为截面面积，r 为关于屈曲轴的回转半径，L/r 为长细比，它是对受压构件细长程度的一种度量，该值越大，构件越细长。

If the critical load is divided by the cross-sectional area, the critical buckling stress is obtained: 如果将屈曲荷载除以截面面积，便可得到以下屈曲应力： 22)/(r L E A P F cr cr π==

This is the compressive stress at which buckling occur about the axis corresponding to r. 这便是绕相应于r 的轴发生屈曲时的压应力。Since buckling will take place as soon as the load reaches the value by the column will become unstable about the principle axis corresponding to the largest slenderness ratio. This usually means the axis with the smaller moment of inertia. 由于一旦荷载达到式之值，柱将在与最大长细比对应的主轴方向变得不稳定（失稳），通常该轴是惯性矩较小的轴。Thus, the

minimum moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the cross section should be used in and . 因此，应在方程和中采用截面的最小惯性矩和最小回转半径。

Early researchers soon found that Euler ’s equation did not give reliable results for stocky, or less slender, compression members. 早期的研究者很快发现对短柱或不太细长的受压构件，欧拉公式并不能给出可靠的结果，This is because of the small slendernessthe stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the relation between stress and strain is not linear, and

the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used. 如果屈曲发生时的应力大于材料的比例极限，应力应变关系就不再是线性的，也不能再用弹性模量E 。

This difficulty was initially resolved by Friedrich Engesser, who proposed in 1889 the use of a variable tangent modulus E tpl . The tangent modulus E t is defined as the slope of the tangent to the stress-strain curve for values of f between F pl and F y . 对于如图所示的应力应变曲线(的材料)，当应力超过比例极限时，E 并非常数，当应力处于F pl 和F y 之间时，将切线模量定义为应力应变曲线的切线的斜率，If the compressive stress at buckling, P cr /A, is in this region, it can be shown that 如果屈曲时的压应力在此范围时，可以证明

22L I

E P t cr π=

This is identical to the Euler equation, except that E t is substituted for E. 除公式中将E 代之以E t 外，上式与欧拉公式完全相同。

Effective Length （计算长度）

Both the Euler and tangent modulus equations are based on the following assumptions: 欧拉和切线模量方程都是基于如下假定：

1. The column is perfectly straight, with no initial crooked ness. 柱完全竖直，无初始弯曲。

2. The load is axial, with no eccentricity. 荷载是轴向加载，无偏心。

3. The column is pinned at both ends. 柱在两端铰结。

The first two conditions mean that there is no bending moment in the member before buckling. 前两(假定)条件意味着在屈曲前无弯矩存在。As mentioned previously, some accidental moment will be present, but in most cases it can be neglected. 如前所述，可能偶然会存在一些弯矩，但在大多数情况下都可被忽略。The requirement for pinned ends, however, is a serious limitation, and provisions must be made for other support conditions. 然而，铰结要求是一个严重的局限，必须对其它支撑条件作出规定。The pinned-end condition is one that requires that the member be restrained from lateral

translation, but not rotation, at the ends. 铰结条件要求约束构件两端不发生侧移，但并不约束转动。Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best. 由于实际上不可能构造无摩擦铰连接，即使这种支撑条件最多也只能是非常近似。Obviously, all columns must be free to deform axially. 显然，所有柱必须在轴向自由变形。 In order to account for other end conditions, the equations for critical buckling load will be written as 为了考虑其它边界条件，将临界荷载写为如下形式

22)/(r KL EA

P cr π= or 22)/(r KL A

E P t cr π=

where KL is the effective length, and K is called the effective length factor. Values of K for different cases can be determined with the aid of the Commentary to the AISC Specification. 式中KL 为计算长度，K 称为计算长度系数，各种情况下的K 值可借助于AISC （美国钢结构学会American Institute of Steel Construction ）规范的条文说明加以确定。

Lesson 2

Introduction to structural design

New words

1. framework frame+work=frame 构架，框架; frame structure, 框架结构

2. constraint vt. constrain 约束，强迫；n. constraint 约束

3. collaborate vt. 合作，通敌；collaboration, collaborative

4. evaluation vt. evaluate, value; assess, assessment

5. fixture vt. fix, fixture 固定设备，固定物，夹具

6. partition vt. n 分割，划分， make apart; partition wall

7. overlook

8. crane n. 超重机，鹤

9. fatigue 疲劳 fatigue strength, fatigue failure

10. drift 漂流，漂移，雪堆

11. enumerate v. list 列举

12. plumbing n. (卫生，自来水)管道，plumber 管道工

13. ventilation n. 通风， ventilate, ventilate a room, a well-ventilated room, vent 通风口

14. accessibility n. 可达性， access, n. vt. 通道，接近；accessible 易接近的，可达到的

15. code n. vt 代码，编码，规范

16. administer v. 管理，执行；administrate, 管理

17. metropolitan a. 大城市，of metropolis

18. consolidate v. 巩固，strengthen，reinforce; consolidation

19. prescription n. 规定，命令，药方；prescribe

20. municipality n. 市政当局，直辖市， municipal government

21. specification n. 详述，规格, 规范；specify

22. mandate n. 书面命令，委托，

Phrases and expressions

1. functional design 功能设计

2. bending moment 弯矩

3. dead load

4. live load

5. nonstructural components 非结构构件

6. force due to gravity

7. gravity load

8. building code

9. design specifications 设计规程

10. nonprofit organization 非赢利组织，弄non-government organization

11. the National Building Code

12. the Uniform Building Code

13. the Standard Building Code

14. Building Officials and Code Administrators International (BOCA) 国际建筑公务员与法规管理人员

联合会

15. AISC 美国钢结构学会 American Institute of Steel Construction

16. AASHTO 美国公路和运输工作者协会

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

17. AREA 美国铁道工程协会the American Railway Engineering Association

18. AISI 美国钢铁学会American Iron and Steel Institute

Introduction to Structural Design

Structural design

The structural design of building, whether of structural steel or reinforced concrete, requires the determination of the overall proportions and dimensions of the supporting framework and the selection of the cross sections of individual members. 建筑结构设计，不论是钢结构还是钢筋混凝土结构，都需

要确定其支承结构的整体比例和尺寸以及各构件的截面尺寸。In most cases the functional design, including the establishment of the number of stories and the floor plan, will have been done by an architect, and the structural engineer must work within the constraints imposed by this design. 在大多数情况下，功能设计，包括楼层层数和楼层平面的确定，将要由建筑师来完成，因而结构工程师必须在此约束条件下工作。Ideally, the engineer and architect will collaborate throughout the design process so that the project is completed in an efficient manner. 在理想状态下，工程师和建筑师将在整个设计过程中协同工作从而高效地完成设计工作。In effect, however, the design can be summed up as follows: 然而，事实上，设计过程可概括如下：The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down. 建筑师确定建筑物的外观，工程师必须确保其不会倒塌。Although this is an oversimplification, it affirms the first priority of the structural engineer: safety. Other important considerations include serviceability (how well the structure performs in terms of appearance and deflection) and economy. 尽管这样说过分简单，但它明确了工程师的第一个主要任务，即，确保安全。其它要考虑的因素包括适用性（就外观和挠曲而言其工作性能如何）。An economical structure requires an efficient use of materials and construction labor. Although this can usually be accomplished by a design that requires a minimum amount of material, savings can often be realized by using slightly more material if it results in a simpler, more easily constructed projects. 经济的结构要求对材料和人工的有效使用，尽管这通常都能通过要求最少材料来取得，但通过采用稍多的材料，但能使建筑物更简单和更容易建造常常会实现节约的目的。

Loads

The forces the act on a structure are called loads. They belong to one of two broad categories, dead load and live load. 作用在结构物上的各种力称为荷载，它们属于一两种广义类型，恒载和活载。Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself, which is sometimes called the self-weight. 恒载是那些永久荷载，包括结构自身的重量，有时也称为自重。Other dead loads in a building include the weight of nonstructural components such as floor coverings, suspended ceilings with light fixtures, and partitions. 其它建筑物恒载包括非结构构件的重量，如楼面面层、带有灯具

的吊顶以及隔墙。All of the loads mentioned thus far are forces due to gravity and are referred to as

gravity loads. 至此所提的各种荷载都是由重力所引起，因而称为重力荷载。Live loads, which can

also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. 活载也可以是重力荷载，它们

是那些不如恒载那样永久的荷载。This type may or may not be acting on the structure as any given

time, and the location may not be fixed. 这类荷载可能也可能不总是作用在结构物上，且作用位置也

可能不是固定的。Examples of live load include furniture, equipment, and occupants of buildings. 活荷

载包括家具、设置和建筑物的居住者。In general, the magnitude of a live load is not as well defined as that of a dead load, and it usually must be estimated. In many cases, a given structural member must be investigated for various positions of the live load so that a potential failure situation is not overlooked. 通

常，活荷载的大小不如恒载那样确定，常常必须估计。在许多情况下，必须研究活荷载作用在一

给定的结构构件的各个位置以便不会漏掉每个可能的破坏情形。

Building codes

Building must be designed and constructed according to the provisions of a building codes, which is a legal document containing requirements related to such things as structural safety, fire safety, plumbing, ventilation, and accessibility to the physically disabled. 建筑物必须根据各种建筑规范的条款设计和建

造，规范是一种法律文件，包含各种要求，如建筑安全、防火安全、上下水、通风和体残人的可

达性等。A building code has the force of law and is administered by a governmental entity such as a city,

a county, or, for some large metropolitan areas, a consolidated government. 建筑规范具有法律效力，由

政府部位发布，如城市、县、对于大的城区，如联合政府。Building codes do not give design provisions, but they do specify the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied. 建筑规范并不给出设计规定，但却规定设计必须满足的各种要求和约束条款。Of particular importance to the structural engineer is the prescription of minimum live loads for buildings. 对结构工程师特别重要的是建筑物的最小活荷载规定。Although the engineer is encouraged to investigate the actual loading conditions and attempt to determine realistic values, the structure must be able to support these specified minimum loads. 尽管鼓励工程师研究实际荷载工况以确定真实的荷载值，结构必须能支承这些规定的最小荷载。

Design specifications

In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the design of structural members and their connections. 与建筑规范不同，设计规程给出结构构件及其连接的更具体的指南。They present the guidelines and criteria that enable a structural engineer to achieve the objectives mandated by a building code. 它们给出各种方针和标准，使结构工程师能建筑规范所规定的目标。Design specifications represent what is considered to be good engineering practice based on their latest research. 根据其最新研究，设计规程结出认为是好的工程作法。They are periodically revised and updated by supplements or by completely new editions. 它们通过补充或通过发布新版本得到定期修订和更新。As with model building codes, design specifications are written in a legal format by nonprofit organizations. 如同一般建筑规范，设计规程由非赢利组织编写。They have no legal standing on their own, but by presenting design criteria and limits in the form of legal mandates and prohibitions, they can easily be adopted, by reference, as part of a building code. 尽管它们本身并无法律地位，但却以法令和禁令的形式给出设计准则和限制，以参考文献的形式，它们可容易地被录入，并作为建筑规范的一部分。

Lesson 3

New words

1. col`loidal 胶状的，胶体的，`colloid 胶体

2. sieve n,v. 筛，过筛，过滤

3. sample . 样品，取样 specimen

4. mesh 网孔，网格，分网格

5. `cumulative a. 积累的；cumulate, cumulation

6. grading n. 级配，等级；grade

7. sedimentation n. 沉淀; sediment

8. suspension n. 悬浮；suspend ~bridge cable-stayed bridge

9. agitate v. 搅动，混合；disturb

10. hydro meter n. （液体）比重计

11. viscosity n. 黏性；viscoidal

12. flaky n. 薄片状的，of flake

13. pipette n. 吸液管

14. ir recoverable a.

不可恢复的 ir retrievable

15. con cave a. 凹的；con vex凸的

16. permeability n. 渗透性; permeate, permeable seep seepage

Phrases and expressions

1. frost susceptibility 霜冻敏感性

2. sieving method 筛分法

3. semi-logarithmic curve 半对数曲线

4. grading curve 级配曲线

5. wet sieving 湿法筛分

6. dispersing agent 分散剂

7. Stoke’s law 斯托克定律

8. unit weight 重度

9. coefficient of grading 级配系数

10. sedimentation method 沉降法

11. particle-size distribution 粒径分布

Text Particle Size Analysis 粒径分析

The range of particle sizes encountered in soils is very wide: from around 200mm down to the colloidal size of some clays of less than . 在各种土中所遇到的粒径范围很大，大到200mm小到小于的一些粘土胶粒。Although natural soils are mixtures of various-sized particles, it is common to find a predominance occurring within a relatively narrow band of sizes. 尽管天然土都是由各种粒径的颗粒组成，但通常可发现其主要组成颗粒出现在一个比较小的粒径范围内。When the

width of this size band is very narrow the soil will be termed poorly-graded, if it is wide the soil is said to be well-graded. 当这一粒径范围非常小时，称这种土级配较差，而当其较大时，称这种土级配良好。A number of engineering properties, . permeability, frost susceptibility, compressibility, are related directly or indirectly to particle-size characteristics. 土的许多工程特性，如渗透性、霜冻敏感性、可压缩性等都直接或间接的与土的级配特性有关。

shows the British Standard range of percentage of particle sizes. 图为粒径百分数的英国标准范围。The particle-size analysis of a soil is carried out by determining the weight percentage falling within bands of size represented by these divisions and sub-divisions. 通过确定落入由这些粒径分组和子组所代表的粒径范围的重量百分比，对土进行粒径分析。In the case of a coarse soil, from which fine-grained particles have been removed or were absent, the usual process is a sieve analysis. 对于粗粒土，它里面的细粒土被除去或本身就无细颗粒，常用的方法就是筛分法。A representative sample of the soil is split systematically down to a convenient sub-sample size and then oven-dried. 此法是将要分析土的一代表样本系统地分为方

便的子样本，然后烘干。This sample is then passed through a nest of standard test sieves arranged in descending order of mesh size. 再使烘干的土样通过一组筛孔尺寸由大至小放置的标准试验筛。

Where the soil sample contains fine-grained particles, a wet sieving procedure is first carried out to remove these and to determine the combined clay/silt fraction percentage. 在土样中含有细土粒的场合，首先用湿筛分法将其除去，并确定粘粒/粉粒总共所占的分数。A suitable-sized sub-sample is first oven-dried and then sieved to separate the coarsest particles (>20mm). 将一适量的分土样烘干，并过筛分开最粗的颗粒（>20mm的颗粒）The sub-sample is then immersed in water containing a dispersing agent and allowed to stand before being washed through a 63 m(micron) mesh sieve. 然后将土样浸入含有分散剂的水中，并在将其用63微米筛过筛前搁置起来（并将其搁置一会，再用63micron的筛子过筛）。The retained fraction is again oven-dried and passed through a nest of sieves. 将筛中保留的部分烘干，并用一组筛子过筛。After weighing the fractions retained on each sieve and calculating the cumulative

percentage passing each sieve, the grading curve is drawn. 称量落在每个筛中土重，并计算出通过每个的累计百分数后，就可描出级配曲线。The combined clay/silt fraction is determined from the weight difference and expressed as a percentage of the total sub-sample weight. The coarsest fraction (>20mm) can also be sieved and the results used to complete the grading curve. 由重量差确定粘粒/粉粒的总重，并将其表示为子土样总重的百分数。最粗的部分（即粒径>20mm的部分）也可被过筛，并用其结果完成级配曲线的绘制。

A further sub-division of particle-size distribution in the fine-grained fraction is not possible by the sieving method. 不能用筛分法对细粒部分的粒径分布作进一步分组。A process of sedimentation is normally carried out for this purpose. 通常必须用沉降法实现此目的。 A small sub-sample of soil is first treated with a dispersing agent and then washed through a 63 m sieve. 首先将一小子土样用分散剂进行处理，然后洗过63的筛子。The soil/water suspension is then made up to 500 ml, agitated vigorously for a short while and then allowed to settle. 再从中取出500ml的土/水悬浮液，充分搅拌一会后让其沉降。The procedure is based on Stoke’s law, which states that the velocity at which a spherical particle will sink due to gravity in a suspension is given by: 此方法是基于斯托克思定律，即在重力作用下球形颗粒在某一悬浮液中下降的速度为

Where d=diameter of particle 颗粒直径

?s =unit weight of the grain of particle 颗粒重度

?w =unit weight of the suspension fluid (usually water) 悬浮液的重度（通过为水的重度）

?=vescosity of the suspension fluid （悬浮液的黏度）

Usually h=100mm, 通常h=100mm, giving 由此给出

Samples taken at a depth of 100mm, at an elapsed time of t, will not, therefore, include particles of greater size than the diameter d given by 因此在，在深度100mm处，t 时间后所取的悬浮液中将不会有粒径大于式所给出的土粒; but the proportions of particles smaller than d in the suspension will remain unchanged. 但悬浮液中小于d的颗粒所占的比例仍保持不变。The procedure using a hydrometer consists of measuring the suspension density at a depth of 100mm at a series of elapsed-time intervals. 用液体比重计的方法包括以一系列时间间隔在深度100mm处测定悬浮液的比重。The percentage-finer values corresponding to particular diameter . particle sizes) are obtained from the density readings, and thus a grading curve for the fine-grained fraction may be drawn. 通过比重读数得到小于某一特定粒径的颗粒的百分数，从而可画出细粒部分的级配曲线。

Grading Characteristics

The grading curve is a graphical representation of the particle-size distribution and is therefore useful in itself as a means of describing

the soil. 级配曲线是粒径分布的一种图形表达，因而可用来作为描述土的手段。For this reason it is always a good idea to include copies of grading curves in laboratory and other similar reports. 因此，人们总是认为在实验室报告或其它报告里附上几份级配曲线是一种好做法。 It should also be remembered that the primary object is to provide a descriptive term for the type of soil. 还应牢记的是我们的主要目的是提供对土的类型的描述性术语。This is easily done using the type of chart by estimating the range of sizes included in the most representative fraction of the soil. 这可容易地通过采用这种级配曲线做到，因为用它能估计出土中最有代表性的成分的粒径范围。For example, the steep curve may be taken to represent a poorly-graded medium sand, indicating a narrow range of sizes. 例如，陡峭的曲线可用来表示级配差的中砂，并表示其粒径范围比较小。

A further quantitative analysis of grading curves may be carried out using certain geometric values known as grading characteristics. 通过采用某些称为级配特征的几何值，可进一步对级配曲线进行定量的分析。First of all, three points are located on the grading curve to give the following characteristic sizes: 首先，定出级配曲线上的三个点以给出以下特征粒径：

D10=maximum size of the smallest 10 percent of the sample; 只有10%土样通过的最大粒径；

D30= maximum size of the smallest 30 percent of the sample; 只有30%土样通过的最大粒径；

D60= maximum size of the smallest 60 percent of the sample；只有60%土样通过的最大粒径；

From these characteristic sizes, the following grading characteristics are defined: 根据这些特征粒径，定义出如下级配特征：Effective size 有效粒径

Uniformity coefficient 均匀系数

Coefficient of gradation 级配系数

Lesson 4

New Words

1.u ndergo

[nd u] vt. 经历, 遭受, 忍受; experience

2.e vaporation

[i v p rei

n] n.蒸发(作用) evaporate vapor 3.a ttribute

[tribju(:)t] vt.10.distribution [distri bju:

n]n.分配, 分发distribute distributor

11. upwind

[p wind]adj.逆风的adv.逆风地windward; leeward 12.diminish

[di mini]v.(使)

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

(完整版)土木工程专业英语常用词汇

Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语

non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数

土木工程专业英语词汇汇总

A Type Wooden Ladder A字木梯 A-frame A型骨架 A-truss A型构架 Abandon 废弃 Abandoned well 废井 Aberration of needle 磁针偏差Abnormal pressure 异常压力abnormally high pressure 异常高压Abort 中止 abrasion 磨损 Abrasion surface 浪蚀面 abrasive cut-off machine 磨切机Abrasive Cutting Wheel 拮碟abrasive grinding machine 研磨机Abrasive Grinding Wheel 磨碟abrasive particle 磨料颗粒 Absolute address 绝对地址Absolute altitude 绝对高度Absolute damping 绝对阻尼Absolute deviation 绝对偏差Absolute flying height 绝对航高Absolute gravity 绝对重力 absolute permeability 绝对渗透率absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率absolute temperature 绝对温度absorbability 吸收性；吸附性absorption 吸收 abutment 桥墩 abutting end 邻接端 acceleration 加速 acceleration lane 加速车道Acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration pedal 加速器踏板accelerator 催凝剂；加速器；催化剂acceptance criteria 接受准则 access 通路；通道 access door 检修门；通道门access lane 进出路径 access panel 检修门 access point 入口处；出入通道处access ramp 入口坡道；斜通道access road 通路；通道 access shaft 竖井通道 access spiral loop 螺旋式回旋通道access staircase 通道楼梯 access step 出入口踏步 access tunnel 隧道通道 accessible roof 可到达的屋顶accessory 附件；配件accident 事故；意外 accidental collapse 意外坍塌 accommodate 装设；容纳 accredited private laboratory 认可的私人实验室 accumulator 储压器；蓄电池 accuracy limit 精度限制 acetylene cylinder 乙炔圆筒 Acetylene Hose 煤喉 Acetylene Regulator 煤表 acid plant 酸洗设备；酸洗机 acid pump 酸液泵 acid tank 酸液缸 acidic rock 酸性岩 acoustic couplant 声耦合剂 acoustic coupler 声音藕合器；音效藕合器 acoustic lining 隔音板 acoustic screen 隔声屏 Acoustic wave 声波 acrylic paint 丙烯漆料(压克力的油漆) acrylic sheet 丙烯胶片(压克力的胶片) active corrosion 活性腐蚀 active earth pressure 主动土压力 active fault 活断层 active oxidation 活性氧化 actual plot ratio 实际地积比率 actuator 促动器；唧筒；激发器 adapt 改装 adaptor 适配器；承接器；转接器； addition 增设；加建 additional building works 增补建筑工程 additional horizontal force 额外横向力 additional plan 增补图则(附加的平面图) additional vent 加设通风口 additive 添加剂 Address 地址 adhesive 黏结剂；胶黏剂 adhesive force 附着力 Adhesive Glue 万能胶 Adhesive Reflective Warning Tape 反光警告贴纸 adit 入口；通路；坑道口 adjacent construction 相邻建造物 adjacent level 相邻水平 adjacent site 相邻基地 adjacent street 相邻街道 adjoining area 毗邻地区 adjoining building 毗邻建筑物 adjoining land 毗邻土地 adjoining structure 毗邻构筑物 adjustable 可调校 Adjustable Wrench Spanner 昔士 adjuster 调节器 adjustment 调校；调整 Administrative Lawsuit 行政诉讼 Administrative Remedy 行政救济 admixture 掺合剂；外加剂 advance directional sign 前置指路标志；方向预告标志 advance earthworks 前期土方工程 advance warning sign 前置警告标志 advance works 前期工程 aeration 曝气 aeration tank 曝气池 aerial 天线 Aerial mapping 航空测图 aerial photograph 航测照片 Aerial photography 航照定位 aerial rapid transit system 高架快速运输系统 aerial ropeway 高架缆车系统 aerial view 鸟瞰图 aerofoil 翼型 aerosol 悬浮微粒；喷雾 aerosphere 大气圈 affix 贴附 aftercooler 后冷却器 afterfilter 后过滤器 aftershock 余震 agent 作用剂；代理人 aggradation 堆积 aggregate 骨材；集料；碎石 aggregate area 总面积 aggregate grading 骨材级配 aggregate superficial area 表面总面积 aggregate usable floor space 总楼地板空间 agitator 搅拌器；搅动机 air bleeding 放气(空气渗出) air blower 鼓风机 air brake 气压制动器 Air chambor 气室 air circuit 空气回路 air circuit breaker 空气断路器 air cleaner 空气滤清器

土木工程专业英语修正版

Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the

土木工程专业英语原文及翻译

土木工程专业英语原文及翻译文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷考试科目专业英语考试时间学生姓名所在院系土木学院任课教师徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections． In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface． Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：