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system function

real-time images recorded by the vehicle

license plate recognition system to provide physical testing of vehicles identified by the two methods and software algorithms, both externally and internally.

External use of the principle of electromagnetic induction test vehicle when the vehicle through the detection coil, the system automatically in real time through the vehicle to capture two images, one for the color panorama, for human eyes to determine visual models, condition and body color; Another one for the front color images for human or machine readable license plate, catch rate of more than 99% (speed range 0 ~ 200KM / H time); no smoke case, during the day and clearly identify the vehicle and the characteristics of the entire body conditions, night and the whole body features of the vehicle license as clear.

The internal signal is based on computer vision, meaning that the visual image signal is extracted from the scene change information to determine whether the vehicle is entering the monitored area, and then start sending signals throughout the system works.

automatically save captured images of vehicles

The saved image as 24-bit true color image, the image resolution is 768 ×576 pixels, JPEG compression format; save the image are covered by way of recycling old images automatically overwrite the previous month.

car license plate recognition

Vehicles on the image captured in real time vehicle license plate recognition, license plate recognition using advanced computer visual recognition technology to identify ten Arab figures 0-9, AZ Twenty-six upper case letters and related characters, and can identify the black , white, yellow

and blue license plate colors. System to identify the line with "GA36-92" (92 type license) and "GA36.1-2001" (02 type new license) standard civilian vehicle licenses and military vehicles, police cars and other special license of the Chinese characters, letters, numbers, colors and other information . No smoke in the environment, the system during the day and the actual license plate recognition results consistent with four or more than 95% recognition rate, the night and the actual license plate recognition results consistent with four or more than 95% recognition rate.

real-time measurement of vehicles per hour and drivers Can be measured in real time through the vehicle's speed, speed range of 5-80Km / h speed range, the measured speed value and the actual speed value of the error within ± 3%; in the 80-140Km / h speed range, measured value and the actual speed of the speed error at ± 5% or less; in the 140Km / h over the speed of the speed values measured value and the actual error rate of less than ± 8%. System, the length of the vehicle real-time measurement error was less than 1 m, and the color combination of license plate recognition models can be automatically analyzed, can distinguish between large vehicles, small vehicles and special vehicles and other models.

Real-time alarm function

Vehicle for speeding and was stealing the vehicle and traffic hit and run in real time alarm.

When the user pre-set by the vehicle exceeds the speed limit, the system can immediately at the scene to sound the alarm to alert staff on duty by a speeding vehicles; the same time the system will automatically transmit alarm information to the monitoring center, the center surveillance. Alarm information including license plate number, vehicle speed, vehicle, vehicles through time, the vehicle pictures.

When using the vehicle entered by the user prior robbery and other vehicles or traffic hit and run vehicle license numbers and vehicle information

features such as match, the system can immediately at the scene to sound the alarm to alert staff on duty suspicious vehicle through; the same time The system will transmit alarm information to the monitoring center, and 110 or 122 system combines the catch to escape. Alarm information including license plate number, vehicle speed, vehicle, vehicles through time, the vehicle pictures. Have the data center and the traffic police or public security features for data exchange, and real-time information about the alarm upload vehicle. Vehicle Data Management

Through the lens mount system records information on each vehicle, including license plate number, vehicle speed, vehicle, elapsed time, vehicle images, and stored in the database, mount on the past statistical traffic flow information, and provides easy The data search and browsing, alarm settings, and operating means. Able by time, speed, vehicle, vehicle license, driving direction and other conditions to find, list display, playback history; a vehicle query statistics, traffic statistics curve printing; with fuzzy queries and precise query capabilities to provide management for the command center and command data.

unique B / S network architecture

WEB search function with can be any computer within the network port on the remote query card information through the vehicle, according to time, speed, model, license plate, direction and other conditions, check and print records, and has fuzzy inquiry function.

work around the clock

The system can be set data retention time, and can automatically overwrite the image data loop, the system can store images at least 100 million vehicles. Can be no duty, when the system crashes when the case of failure, automatic restart. The site can be remotely suspected of vehicle parameters, the data on the site for maintenance.

Performance

Vehicle capture rate: ≥ 99%

License plate recognition rate: the whole brand recognition rate of ≥ 90%

≥ 95% over four matches

Identification time: ≤ 150mS

Speed range: 5-180Km / h

Speed Error: 5-80Km / h ≤ ± 3% when

80-120 Km / h ≤ ± 5% when

120 Km / h ≤ ± 10% above

Car length error: ≤ ± 10%

Image Resolution: 752 × 582 pixel

Color Mode: RGB

Compression format: JPEG

Image size: 40K or so

Cycling image number: two, a panoramic image, a license plate (head) image Data format: After a time the vehicle, license plate number, license plate color, speed, vehicle length, super-

Speed record, driving directions, front image, panoramic image

Camera Protection class: IP55

Normal working temperature: -30 ℃~ +80 ℃

Working humidity: ≤ 95%;

Protection class: IP55 compliance standards;

Power range: 220V 50Hz ± 10%

System MTBF: 30,000 hours;

Systems Network Architecture

System network architecture as shown above, the system including data servers, user terminals, mount applications and access network of communication.

After application of the bayonet mount of all road vehicles to capture, access to vehicle images, automatic license plate character recognition in real time, record the elapsed time of vehicles, speed, model, license plate number and direction of the data. Data server for real-time data collection mount system, save vehicle information.

Features:

◆expansion can easily mount workstation.

◆bayonet system on the data collected for secondary protection, reducing damage due to the hard disk the risk of data loss, reduce the burden on system memory card port to ensure its stability to work properly. Real-time collection of data server mount the image acquisition system, so the system

can not mount a large hard drive. At the same time as image files small, less disk fragmentation and improve the system stability, disk scanning easier. If the exception is temporarily off the network, mount the system will save the image to the local, waiting for the collection of data server, so ensure that the information collected will not be lost.

◆centralized management of data. All vehicle information (not including pictures) are collected to the database server to facilitate centralized data management and data backup.

◆convenient query. Users can query the statistics, adding police vehicles, to see the real-time display of the bayonet.

◆flexible networking. According to mount, increasing convenience to reduce the data server, data query server service software upgrades without the need to adjust.

mount applications

Mount vehicle monitoring and recording system part by the host computer, image acquisition to capture part of the measurement part of the vehicle detection, automatic control of auxiliary optical parts, power supply parts and components of other applications.

Workflow

When a car through the bayonet, the sensing device detects the vehicle to reach the signal, the master computer through the rapid capture device to capture images and panoramic images under the front, then the front of image processing, automatic license plate number to identify the character and color, record the vehicle through the time, speed, vehicle length, the front features panoramic images and vehicle images, all possible information uploaded to the center, entry database for queries. Mount weather station for each real-time monitoring of a motor vehicle road in the past, and records of suspicious vehicles and illegal vehicles real-time transmission to the relevant management site.

capture part of the image acquisition

Capture part of the image acquisition system for monitoring and control by industrial camera, professional camera lenses, professional digital image Standard installation of camera signal as shown.

Then the image in the collection plate accounts for about 1 / 8 width of each lane close-up camera field of view is about 3500 mm, for this application, we specialize in the recognition algorithm has been improved on, so other than characters, letters and numbers on the license plate recognition rate as high, but because of the width of the plate in the image is too small, license plate too few pixels, so that character recognition accuracy will drop, do not ask for recognition of Chinese characters occasions in order to reduce project cost. Drive the camera field of view generally coincides roughly the width of a license. Enhanced configuration of the installation of the camera signal as shown.

Then the images in the collection plate accounts for about 1 / 5 of the image width of each lane close-up camera field of view is about 2,200 mm, this configuration can make the license plate recognition in the best effect, each field of view close-up camera also coincides approximately to the width of a license.

Ultra low-light color camera camera scanning system for the PAL standard, 1 / 3 inch area array CCD, Horizontal Resolution 520 video cable, electronic shutter 1 / 50 - 1 / 10000. With 5-50mm zoom lens. Double shield with an outdoor all-weather protective cover, in line with IP55 degree of protection, with automatic thermostat and automatic ventilation, to ensure that the camera work in an outdoor environment. In order to effectively address the headlight glare at night and daytime backlighting problems, we specialize in improving the camera's exposure mode, the camera exposure makes the precise control of software, the image clearer, higher recognition rate. Part with the aid of light, so that the recognition rate of the day and night are more than

98%.

Auxiliary light automatic control section

By the metal halide lamp, flash or light-control switches and other components, mainly for low light and night when the smart fill light. Each Drive to install a 150W or 175W Metal Halide about industrial lighting, mainly around the scene to illuminate the entrance to reduce the impact of the driver flash, accurate shooting night, features panoramic views of the vehicle.

Each Drive to install a close-up lights, the light intensity is not enough, you can add.

part of the host computer

Master control is a core part of the whole system. The host computer from the industrial control computer, professional image acquisition card, digital signal input / output card (external trigger), Intelligent Vehicle mount monitoring and recording system software.

In order to ensure the stability of the work unattended for a long time, we use industrial control computer as a host computer, the kernel uses Intel 845 series or more series of motherboard chipsets, CPU P4 2.0G or above, more than 256M memory, hard disk 80G above system is based on Windows2000 operating system, and industrial machinery WATCHDOG function, once the industrial computer running disorder, the system automatically restart.

System uses high-performance digital image capture card as the system image acquisition equipment, standard plug 2 of a master control image acquisition card, while the image on the monitor 2-way video collection, including two close-lane; enhanced configuration of a Insert four main computer image acquisition card, can simultaneously monitor 4 video capture, including two close-lane, all the way to assist middle and one close-up panoramic views.

Software can identify the ten Arabic numerals 0 to 9, twenty-six upper case letters A ~ Z and the associated license plate with Chinese characters:

Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Hebei, Inner Mongolia and Liaoning, Jilin, black, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and cloud, Tibetan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, new, Chongqing, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, Xin, Wang, Kuei, son, b, c, d, e, f, afternoon, no, shen, Xu, Hai, so, lead, learn, test, environmental, consumer, side, police, general, forest, gold, electricity; License plate colors: blue, white, black, yellow and so on.

Host computer also includes communications software and remote maintenance software system can be saved on the hard drive of any data uploaded to the needs of local and remote maintenance. Block diagram of the operation of main computer as follows:

Master the operation of the computer interface as shown below:

license plate recognition system

power supply section

System uses 220V AC power supply, power supply all the equipment necessary to go through the security device (regulator, overload, leakage), to ensure the safety of electricity and equipment. Various types of equipment can

be individually controlled power supply, easy maintenance. Camera housings, flash, columns, cabinets and other outdoor equipment design are fully taken into account drainage, dust needs. Also in the column on the lightning protection devices installed to prevent lightning damage.

译文

系统功能

实时记录经过车辆的图像

车牌识别系统提供物理检测车辆通过和软件算法识别两种方式,既外部方式和内部方式。

外部方式利用电磁感应的原理检测车辆，当车辆经过检测线圈时，系统自动实时捕获两幅经过车辆的图像，一幅为彩色全景图，用于人眼目测确定车型、车况和车身颜色等；另一幅为彩色车头图像，用于人工或机器识别车牌，捕获率超过99%(车速范围在0~200KM/H 时)；无烟雾情况下，白天能清晰识别车辆牌照及整个车身的特征情况，夜间车辆牌照及整个车身特征同样清晰。

而内部信号则基于计算机视觉，即指从视觉图像信号中提取场景的变化信息，从而判断出车辆是否进入监控区域，而后送出的启动整个系统的工作的信号。自动保存所捕获的车辆图像

所保存的图像为24 位真彩色图像，图像分辩率为768×576 像素，JPEG 压缩格式；保存图像均为循环覆盖方式自动覆盖上个月的旧图像。

汽车牌照自动识别

对捕获的车辆图像可实时进行汽车牌照自动识别，车牌识别采用先进的电脑视觉识别技术，能够识别0-9 十个阿拉数字，A-Z 二十六个大写英文字母及相关汉字，并且可识别黑、白、黄、蓝车牌颜色。系统能够识别符合“GA36-92”（92 式牌照）和“GA36.1-2001”（02 式新牌照）标准的民用车牌照和军车、警车等特殊牌照的汉字、字母、数字、颜色等信息。在环境无烟雾情况下，系统白天的牌照识别结果与实际牌照有四位以上相符合识别率在95%以上，晚上的牌照识别结果与实际牌照有四位以上相符合识别率在95%以上。

实时测量车辆的时速和车长

可实时测出经过车辆的时速，测速范围在5—80Km/h 的速度范围内，测出的速度值与实际速度值误差在±3%以内；在80—140Km/h 的速度范围内，测出的速度值与实际速度值误差在±5%以内；在140Km/h 以上的速度，测出的速度

值与实际速度值误差在±8%以内。系统可实时测量车辆的长度，误差小于1 米，与识别的车牌颜色结合可自动对车型进行分析，可以区分大型车辆、小型车辆和特种车辆等车型。

实时报警功能

针对超速及被盗抢车辆和交通肇事逃逸车辆能实时报警。

当通过车辆超过用户事先设置的速度限值时，系统在现场可以立即以声音进行报警，提醒值班人员有超速车辆通过；同时系统自动将报警信息传输到监控中心，由中心进行布控。报警信息中包括车牌号码，车速、车型、车辆通过时间、车辆图片等。

当通过车辆与用户事先输入的被盗抢车辆或交通肇事逃逸等车辆的牌照码及车型等信息特征相符合时，系统在现场可以立即以声音进行报警，提醒值班人员有可疑车辆通过；同时系统将报警信息传输到监控中心，与110 或122 系统结合进行抓逃。报警信息中包括车牌号码、车速、车型、车辆通过时间、车辆图片等。具备与交警或公安数据中心进行数据交换功能，并可实时将报警车辆的有关信息上传。

车辆数据管理

系统记录经过卡口的每一辆车的信息，包括车牌号码、车速、车型、经过时间、车辆图像等，并保存在数据库中，对过往卡口车辆的流量信息进行统计，并提供方便的数据搜索与浏览、报警设置等操作手段。能够按时间、速度、车型、车辆牌照、行驶方向等条件查找、列表显示、回放历史记录；具有车辆查询统计信息、流量统计曲线打印功能；具有模糊查询和精确查询功能，为指挥中心提供管理与指挥的数据资料。

独有的B/S 网络架构

具有WEB 查询功能，可在网内任意一台计算机上远程查询卡口经过车辆的信息，可按时间、速度、车型、车牌、方向等条件查询和打印记录，并具有模糊查询功能。

全天候工作

系统可设定数据保存时间，并能自动对图像数据循环覆盖，系统可存储不少

于100 万辆车辆图像。可无人职守，当系统遇故障死机时，自动重启。可远程对各站点进行嫌疑车辆参数设置，对各站点数据进行维护。

性能指标

车辆捕获率：≥99%

车牌识别率：整牌识别率≥90%

四位以上相符≥95%

识别时间：≤150mS

测速范围：5-180Km/h

测速误差：5-80Km/h时≤±3%

80-120 Km/h 时≤±5%

120 Km/h 以上时≤±10%

车长误差：≤±10%

图像分辨率：752×582 pixel

色彩模式：RGB

压缩格式：JPEG

图像大小：40K左右

单车图像数：两幅，一幅全景图像，一幅车牌（头）图像

数据格式：车辆经过时间、车牌号、车牌颜色、车速、车长、超

速记录、行驶方向、车头图像、全景图像

摄像机防护等级：IP55

正常工作温度：－30℃～＋80℃

正常工作湿度：≤95%；

防护等级：符合IP55 标准；

电源范围：220V 50Hz ±10%

系统平均无故障时间：30000 小时；

系统网络架构

系统网络架构如上图所示，系统包括数据服务器、、用户终端、卡口应用系统和接入通讯网络组成。

卡口应用系统对经过道路卡口的所有车辆抓拍，获得车辆图像，自动实时地

识别车牌字符，记录下车辆经过的时间、速度、车型、车牌号、方向等数据。数据服务器用于实时收集卡口系统的数据，保存车辆信息。

特点：

◆可以很方便的扩充卡口工作站。

◆对卡口系统采集的数据进行二级保护，降低了由于硬盘损坏而导致数据丢失的风险，减轻卡口系统存储负担，保证其稳定正常的工作。数据服务器实时收集卡口系统采集的图片，这样卡口系统可以不需要很大的硬盘。同时由于图片文件少，磁盘碎片少，提高了系统的稳定性，磁盘扫描更为容易。若网络出现异常暂时断开，卡口系统仍会保存图片到本地，等待数据服务器的收集，这样保证不会丢失采集的资料。

◆数据集中管理。所有车辆信息（不包括图片）都收集到数据库服务器中，便于数据的集中管理和数据的备份。

◆查询方便。用户可以通过查询统计数据，添加报警车辆，看各卡口的实时显示。

◆组网灵活。根据卡口情况，增加减少数据服务器方便，数据查询服务器服务软件无需升级调整。

卡口应用系统

卡口车辆监测记录系统由主控计算机部分、图像采集抓拍部分、车辆检测测量部分、辅助光自动控制部分、动力电源部分和其它应用部分组成。

工作流程

当有车经过卡口时，感应设备检测到车辆到达的信号，主控计算机通过抓拍设备迅速拍摄下车头图像和全景图像，然后对车头图像进行处理，自动识别出车牌的号码字符及颜色，记录下车辆通过时间、车速、车长、前部特征图像和车辆全景图像，所有可能的信息上传到中心，录入数据库以备查询。卡口工作站全天候实时监控道路过往的每一辆机动车，并将可疑车和违章车记录实时传送到相关管理站点。

图像采集抓拍部分

系统图像采集抓拍部分采用工业监控用摄像机、专业摄像机镜头、专业数字

图像采集卡等构成。

这时车牌在采集图像中大约占1/8 宽度，每个车道特写摄像机的视场大约为3500 ㎜，针对这种应用情况，我们专门在识别算法上做了改进，使得除汉字以外，车牌上的字母和数字的识别率一样很高，但由于车牌在图像中的宽度太小，车牌像素太少，以致于汉字识别的准确率会下降，适用于对汉字识别要求不高的场合以降低工程造价。车道摄像机的视场一般要重合大约一个牌照的宽度。

增强配置中摄像机的安装示意如图所示。

这时车牌在采集的图像中大约占1/5 图像宽度，每个车道特写摄像机的视场大约为2200 ㎜，这种配置可以使牌照识别处于最佳效果，每个特写像机的视场也同样要重合大约一个牌照的宽度。

摄像机采用超低照度彩色摄像机，扫描系统为PAL 制式、1/3 英寸面阵CCD、水平分辨率520 视频线、电子快门1/50 - 1/10000。镜头采用5-50mm 变焦镜头。防护罩采用室外双层全天候防护罩，符合IP55 防护等级，具有自动恒温和自动通风装置，能保证摄像机在室外环境正常工作。为了有效地解决晚上大灯的眩光和白天的逆光问题，我们专门改进了摄像机的曝光模式，使得摄像机的曝光用软件精确控制，图像更清晰，识别率更高。配合辅助光部分，使白天和晚上的识别率都超过98%。

辅助光自动控制部分

由金卤灯、闪光灯或光控开关等组成，主要用于光线较暗时和夜间智能补光。每个车道安装一个150W 左右的金卤灯或175W工业照明灯，主要将出入口周围场景照亮，减少闪光灯对司机的影响，准确拍摄夜间车辆的全景特征。

每个车道再安装一个特写灯，在光线照度不够时，可以补充。

主控计算机部分

主控机是整个系统的核心部分。主控机由工业控制计算机、专业图像采集卡、数字量信号输入/输出卡（外部触发）、卡口车辆智能监测记录系统软件组成。

为保证系统长时间无人值守工作的稳定性，我们选用工业控制计算机做为主控计算机，内核采用Intel 845 系列或以上系列的芯片组主机板、CPU P4 2.0G 以上、内存256M 以上、硬盘80G 以上，系统基于Windows2000 操作系统，并且工控机具WATCHDOG 功能，一旦工控机运行失常，系统自动重启。

系统采用高性能数字图像采集卡作为系统图像采集设备，标准配置一台主控机插2 块图像采集卡，可同时对2 路视频图像进行监视采集，包括两路车道特写；增强型配置一台主控机插4 块图像采集卡，可同时对4 路视频图像进行监视采集，包括两路车道特写、一路辅助中道特写和一路全景。

软件能识别0～9 十个阿拉伯数字，二十六个大写英文字母A～Z 以及相关的车牌用汉字：京、津、晋、冀、蒙、辽、吉、黑、沪、苏、浙、皖、闽、赣、鲁、豫、鄂、湘、粤、桂、琼、川、贵、云、藏、陕、甘、青、宁、新、渝、台、港、澳、甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸、子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥、使、领、学、试、境、消、边、警、通、林、金、电；车牌颜色：蓝、白、黑、黄等。

主控计算机中还包括通讯软件和远程维护软件，可以将系统保存在硬盘上的数据上传至任一需要的地方及远程维护。

主控计算机的的运行界面如下图所示：

车牌识别系统

动力电源部分

系统采用220V 交流电源供电，所有的设备供电都要经过必要的安全装置（稳压、过载、漏电），保证用电及设备的安全。各类设备都能单独控制供电，

维护方便。摄像机防护罩、闪光灯、立柱、机柜等室外设备设计都充分考虑到了放水、防尘需要。在立柱上还安装有避雷装置，防止雷电破坏。

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(2) w 12… . (3) R 1,2, … (4) Δ ? ? ?others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01 (5) . I t I t . (6) △ I ’s a .( ’t .) (7) (5) t I △ ,( △ ). , – a . (8) (6) (7), I ( = △* △ ). (9) =ηi / * , ηi I ; * I , * =∑=R k ki 1 δ . , . , , . 3.3 , , : = ∑∑==N i i N i Ci 11 ω i i N i i N i c t ??∑∑==1 1 ω (2) ∑∑ ==N i i N i 1 1 ω ) E i R i ki i t - ?? ∑=1 δη i c ? 2F Z 2()i t ? ) E i R i ki i t - ??∑=1 δη (3) () ,(N j i K 3,2,1,=?) (4)

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例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ）译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no

常用材料中英文对照表

常用原材料英文缩写与中文名称对照表A 英文缩写全称 A/MMA 丙烯腈/甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物 AA 丙烯酸 AAS 丙烯酸酯-丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯共聚物 ABFN 偶氮(二)甲酰胺 ABN 偶氮(二)异丁腈 ABPS 壬基苯氧基丙烷磺酸钠 B 英文缩写全称 BAA 正丁醛苯胺缩合物 BAC 碱式氯化铝 BACN 新型阻燃剂 BAD 双水杨酸双酚A酯 BAL 2，3-巯(基)丙醇 BBP 邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯 BBS N-叔丁基-乙-苯并噻唑次磺酰胺 BC 叶酸 BCD β－环糊精 BCG 苯顺二醇 BCNU 氯化亚硝脲 BD 丁二烯 BE 丙烯酸乳胶外墙涂料 BEE 苯偶姻乙醚 BFRM 硼纤维增强塑料 BG 丁二醇 BGE 反应性稀释剂 BHA 特丁基-4羟基茴香醚 BHT 二丁基羟基甲苯 BL 丁内酯 BLE 丙酮-二苯胺高温缩合物 BLP 粉末涂料流平剂 BMA 甲基丙烯酸丁酯 BMC 团状模塑料 BMU 氨基树脂皮革鞣剂

BN 氮化硼 BNE 新型环氧树脂 BNS β－萘磺酸甲醛低缩合物 BOA 己二酸辛苄酯 BOP 邻苯二甲酰丁辛酯 BOPP 双轴向聚丙烯 BP 苯甲醇 BPA 双酚A BPBG 邻苯二甲酸丁(乙醇酸乙酯)酯 BPF 双酚F BPMC 2-仲丁基苯基-N-甲基氨基酸酯 BPO 过氧化苯甲酰 BPP 过氧化特戊酸特丁酯 BPPD 过氧化二碳酸二苯氧化酯 BPS 4，4’-硫代双(6-特丁基-3-甲基苯酚) BPTP 聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯 BR 丁二烯橡胶 BRN 青红光硫化黑 BROC 二溴(代)甲酚环氧丙基醚 BS 丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物 BS-1S 新型密封胶 BSH 苯磺酰肼 BSU N，N’-双(三甲基硅烷)脲 BT 聚丁烯-1热塑性塑料 BTA 苯并三唑 BTX 苯-甲苯-二甲苯混合物 BX 渗透剂 BXA 己二酸二丁基二甘酯 BZ 二正丁基二硫代氨基甲酸锌 C 英文缩写全称 CA 醋酸纤维素 CAB 醋酸-丁酸纤维素 CAN 醋酸-硝酸纤维素 CAP 醋酸-丙酸纤维素 CBA 化学发泡剂

有限元分析中英文对照资料

The finite element analysis Finite element method, the solving area is regarded as made up of many small in the node connected unit (a domain), the model gives the fundamental equation of sharding (sub-domain) approximation solution, due to the unit (a domain) can be divided into various shapes and sizes of different size, so it can well adapt to the complex geometry, complex material properties and complicated boundary conditions Finite element model: is it real system idealized mathematical abstractions. Is composed of some simple shapes of unit, unit connection through the node, and under a certain load. Finite element analysis: is the use of mathematical approximation method for real physical systems (geometry and loading conditions were simulated. And by using simple and interacting elements, namely unit, can use a limited number of unknown variables to approaching infinite unknown quantity of the real system. Linear elastic finite element method is a ideal elastic body as the research object, considering the deformation based on small deformation assumption of. In this kind of problem, the stress and strain of the material is linear relationship, meet the generalized hooke's law; Stress and strain is linear, linear elastic problem boils down to solving linear equations, so only need less computation time. If the efficient method of solving algebraic equations can also help reduce the duration of finite element analysis. Linear elastic finite element generally includes linear elastic statics analysis and linear elastic dynamics analysis from two aspects. The difference between the nonlinear problem and linear elastic problems: 1) nonlinear equation is nonlinear, and iteratively solving of general; 2) the nonlinear problem can't use superposition principle; 3) nonlinear problem is not there is always solution, sometimes even no solution. Finite element to solve the nonlinear problem can be divided into the following three categories: 1) material nonlinear problems of stress and strain is nonlinear, but the stress and strain is very small, a linear relationship between strain and displacement at this time, this kind of problem belongs to the material nonlinear problems. Due to theoretically also cannot provide the constitutive relation can be accepted, so, general nonlinear relations between stress and strain of the material based on the test data, sometimes, to simulate the nonlinear material properties available mathematical model though these models always have their limitations. More important material nonlinear problems in engineering practice are: nonlinear elastic (including piecewise linear elastic, elastic-plastic and viscoplastic, creep, etc. 2) geometric nonlinear geometric nonlinear problems are caused due to the nonlinear relationship between displacement. When the object the displacement is larger, the strain and displacement relationship is nonlinear relationship. Research on this kind of problem Is assumes that the material of stress and strain is linear relationship. It consists