美国国家概况

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列

Chapter: 1 geography 地理位置

1. Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American. Alaska northwestern lies in Canada, and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.

阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。

2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.

就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。

3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.

所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。

4. The Rockies, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.

落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。

5。The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.

阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。

6。The Mississippi River is the largest river in American, over 6000 kilometers. The Mississippi has been called "father of waters” or "old man river"

密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”。

7。The Ohio River has been called the American Ruhr, As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry. The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials.

俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品质的焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。

8。On the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south and the Columbia,

which rises in Canada.

太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。

9。The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.

格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的天然界河

10。The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan, the only entirely in the U.S., Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.

美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。

11。美国气候概述

1) A humid continental climate(湿润的大陆性气候）is found in the north-eastern part of the country.

2) In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(湿润的亚热带气候---东南部）

3）The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate海洋性气候--太平洋西北岸）

4）The southern part of the Pacific coast in California（加州太平洋沿岸南部）has a Mediterranean climate (地中海式气候）with warm, dry summers and moist winters.

12。Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States. Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes.

影响美国气候的最主要的因素除了纬度外还有：太平洋，和大西洋，墨西哥湾，五大湖。

13。Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into seven geographical regions.

美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。

14。New English is made up of six states of the Northeast .Because of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most important farm activity, New English is also well-known for its position in education, Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located here.

新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，由于土壤多石，不利于农业生产，乳制品业是最重要的农业活动，许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。

15。New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees, which came to stand for all American.

新英格兰人最初曾被称作“美国佬”这一名称，后来渐渐指所有的美国人。

16。The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the united states.

大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的1/5。

17。The soil is rich, the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long; these factors make the Midwest America’s most important agricultural area .It is also a major manufacturing region and the nation’s leading center of heavy industry.

中西部地区是美国最重要的农业区，也是主要的制造业区及最主要的重工业区。

18。Chicago, the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area.

芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，也是该地区最大的工商业中心。

19。Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world. Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the United states.

底特律被称作汽车之都，奥马哈被称作农业之都。

20。Dry farming, irrigation farming, and the cattle and sheep herding are the main activities of the Great Plains of the American West.

旱地农业，灌溉农业和牛羊牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。

21。Colorado has been called the steel city of the west，Denver is the largest city of the Great Plains.

科罗拉多市被称作“西部钢城”，丹佛市是大平原地区最大的城市。

22。The largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.

美国最大的土著群落位于科罗拉多高原。

23。Mauna Loa, the world’s largest volcano, is located on Hawaii and erupts from time to time; Sugar cane and pineapples are Hawaii’s main crops. Tourism is Hawaii’s most important industry.

莫纳洛阿火山是世界最大和活火山，甘蔗和菠罗是夏威夷的两大作物，旅游业是夏威夷最重要的产业。

24。Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska.

火奴鲁鲁是夏威夷的首府，朱诺是阿拉斯加的首府

Chapter 14：Population, Race and Ethnic groups

1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chinda and India.

美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。

2。Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth, The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independence until 1960s. Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.

19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。

3。Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992. Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.

如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。

4。Arizona, Nevada and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.

在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。

5。The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands.

美国历史是第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。

6。The first of these immigration waves in the mid-1810s and reached the highest point in 1845. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.

三次移民浪潮中最大的一次是1890-1914年。

7.One in five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity, a better climate of other goals.

有1/5的美国人每年搬一次家。

8。Four main people moves美国的四次大规模的人口流动：

流动方向

the First 1865-1880 east coast ------west

the Second 1980-1920 rural areas ------cities

the Third 1920----1960 the south/black people ----other areas

the fourth 1960-now Northeast /Central-N----the West/the South

9。A large number of black people move out of the south to other areas during the period between 1920-1960.

大批黑人离开南方涌向外地发生在1920-1960年间。

10。The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.

美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12.1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。

11。Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States. They are Mexico-Americans of Chicanos ,the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.

三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，波多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。

12。The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor market is their low education. Hispanics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial and ethnic group.

讲西班牙语的美国人在其他种族的民族中失学率最高，因此，阻挡他们在劳动力市场获得成功的最主要是教育程度低。

13。The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States. The largest group of Asian-Americans is the Chinese-Americans. Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-American: education, hard work and family.

美国少数民族人口中增长最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专家指出亚洲三大传统可以用来解释亚裔美国人的成功：教育，工作努和和家庭。

14。Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

传统上读，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。

还有几个必背解释，

1。W ASPs 即上述第十二条。

2。The Hispanics 讲西班牙语的（人或民族）

The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking persons of Latin-American origin who live in the United States. Now there are three major Hispanic groups which have great influence on the U.S. They are Mexico-American of Chicano, Pueto Ricans and Cuban-American.

Chapter 15: American History(1) (1600-1900) 美国历史（一）

1. The "first Americans "were the Indians. The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.

“最早的美国人”是印地安人，英国于1607年在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯墩，1607-1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了十三个殖民地。

2。In 1620, 201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.

1620年，有201名英国清教徒乘坐一名为“五月花号”的船到达了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地。

3。From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony.

从1630-1643年，约有200艘船把2万英国人抵马萨诸塞弯殖民地。

4。The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World. There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character. They were : representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.

殖民主义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要作用：建立代议制政府，

法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。

5。In September 1744, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.

1744年9月，第一届大陆会议在费城召开，鼓励美国人拒绝买英货。

6。The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.

《独立宣言》是由托马斯。杰文逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰-洛克。

7。On the Christmas Day of 1776, the Americans defeated the British troops at Trenton, New Jersey. Not long afterwards, the Americans troops defeated the British at Saratoga in Northern New York. This was a great turning point of the War of Independence, leading directly to an alliance between the U.S and France.

1766年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西的特伦顿挫败英军，这之后不久，美军在萨拉托加击败英军，史称“萨拉托加大捷”。这次胜利被认为是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的建立。

8。In September, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed; Britain recognized the independence of the U.S.

1783年9月签订《巴黎和约》，英正式承认美国独立。

9。The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of the constitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory.

《联邦文集》被认为是对美国宪法最好的解释，也是美国最重要的政治理论著作之一。

10。The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution, which was called the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals’ rights.

成为宪法的前十条修正案正案被称为《人权法案》。

11. The Articles of Confederation was accepted by all the states by Match 1781. It has two serious weaknesses: 1.there was no national executive of law-enforcing branch; 2.Congress has no power to raise taxes.

1781年美国各州批准了被称为《联邦条款》的文件，它有两缺陷：一是没有执行或执法机构；二是国会由于过于庞大起不到政府的作用，而且国会无权征税。

12。The U.S went to war with Britain in 1812, the last war fought between these two countries.

英美最后一次交火是1812的英美战争。

13。During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence, the Americans forced England to give up the Old Northwest and they forced Spain to open the Mississippi river. Their crossing of the Mississippi helped persuade Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. In 1853, in the Gadsden Purchase another 30000 square miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the U.S.

在独战后十三的印第安战争中，美国人迫使英国放弃了旧西北地区，使西班牙开放密西西比河，促使拿破伦把路易斯安娜卖给美国，在1853年的加兹登购买中，另外的3万平方米的墨西哥土地也为美国领土。

14。The two famous leaders of black movement in the U.S in the 1830s were Garrison and Frederick Douglass.

在19世纪30年代两位著名的黑人领袖为加里森和道格拉斯

15。The Union army under the command of Ulysses S. Grant defeated the Confederate army at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; this victory was the turning point of the Civil War.

北方联军在尤利西斯-格兰特的指挥下，在宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡击败了南方联盟军，葛底斯堡大捷是美国内战的转折点。

16。The Civil War, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation.

美国内战期间，林肯发表了《解放奴隶宣言》

17。On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He ended his speech with these memorable words: That government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他以另人难忘的语言结束了演说“民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。

18。A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Constitutional Convention.

1787年在费城召开的制宪会议上，除了罗得岛外，其他所有州都参加了，大家讨论如何使

《联邦条款》能够满足需要。

另外有几个名词解释和问答题也要记得：

包括：

Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件

the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言

the Emancipation of Proclamation 解放奴隶宣言

Chapter 16: American History(2) （1900-1945) 美国历史（二）

1．In 1913, the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900, the U.S. produced 245 million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.

1913年美国钢产`量世界第一，1900年煤产量世界第一。

2．Large corporation, urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20th century.

大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。

3．In 1903, the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In 1911, Glenn E. Curiss designed and flew a successful plane.

1903年，莱特兄弟发明了第一架飞机，但只飞行了12秒。1911年格伦-E-库利斯设计了一架飞机，并成功试飞。

4．At the beginning of the WWI, the U.S. was impartial neither in action, nor in thought. It pursued a policy of pro-Ally partiality.

第一次世界大战开始时，美国宣布保持中立，但在行动和思想上都没有做到中立，美国真正奉行的是支持同盟国的政策。

5．The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.

许多历史学家都把美国的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神是迷惘或漫无目标的时期。

6．The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic depression in the late 1920s and 1930S.

股票市场的崩溃是1929-1933年的经济大萧条的开端。

7．The aim of President Roosevelt’s New measures was to save American democracy and the capitalist system.

罗斯福总统“新政”措施的目的在于拯救美国民主及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济制度。

8．In the early 1930s, the American foreign policy was isolationism, to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.

在30年代初期，美国奉行的是孤立主义的外交政策，即使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。

9．During the WWII, the postponement of the opening of the Second Front was a reflection of the American’s desire not to give the Soviet Union the possibility of quick expansion.

二战期间，美国延缓开辟第二战场就反映出美国不让苏联有迅速扩张的可能性

10．American diplomacy in WWII was largely diplomacy towards Britain and the Soviet Union. There were two guiding principles behind all diplomatic activities: 1.to win the war; 2. to establish the postwar political structure in accord with American interests and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.

二战期间，美国的外交政策大体上是针对英国的前苏联的，所有外交政策的两个主导原则是：赢得战争，按美国利益建立战后政治格局并阻止苏联的过度扩张。

11．The leaders of the U.S. the Soviet Union and Britain met three times during the WWII.

1．The first summit was held at Teheran in November 1943. At the conference it was decided that a large-scale attack on the south of France would be launched in May ,1944, which was codenamed Overlord.

2. The second conference was held in Yalta in February, 1945, it decided on the setting-up of a world organization: the United Nation.

3. The third conference was held at Potsdam, which confirmed the temporary division of Europe agreed to at Yalta.

二战期间，英，美，苏三中领导人共会晤了三次，第一次是在1943年11月在德黑兰会议，该会决定进行代号为“霸王行动”的军事行动，向法国南部大举进攻，第二次是1945年2月的雅尔塔会议，本次会议决定建立联合国组织，第三次是在1945年7、8月间在柏林城外

举行的波茨坦会议，该会主要确认了雅尔雅尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分配。

必背解释

1．The Muckrakers(黑幕揭发者)

The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who, at the turn of 20th century, made investigations and exposed the dark sides of the society.

2.the Progressive Movement(进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism）

It was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which demanded government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social and economic reforms.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/a45957438.html,issez faire(放任主义)

It was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property.

4.the Red scare(红色恐惧)

Between 1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism existed. On November 7, 1919 and January 2, 1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass attests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S.

5.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党

The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It was a violent society which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks, but also progressives, labor union organizers, Communist and socialist party members, etc.

6.the New Deal(罗斯福新政)

It was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to “save American democracy” and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.

7.Isolationism(孤立主义)

It was the American foreign policy in the early 1930s. It tried to keep the U.S out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.

Chapter 17 American History (III) in post-W.W.II Era (1945-1980s)

1. On Feb 22, 1946, George Kennan, a high-ranking official in the American embassy to Moscow, wrote in the telegram that the U.S. policy should be vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union.

1946年2月22日，美国驻苏联大使乔治-凯南在他的电报中主张对苏联采取遏制政策。

2．The open declaration of the containment policy was made by President Truman on March 12, 1949 in a speech to the joint session of congress.

1949年3月12日杜鲁门总统在国会联席会议上公开宣布了遏制政策。

3．In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the U.S. decided to offer Western European countries economic aid. This later came to be called the Marshall Plan.

为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决定给予西欧国家经济支援，此举后来被称作“马歇尔计划。”

4．The North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed on April 4,1949, marked the beginning of U.S. efforts in setting up a military alliance around the Soviet Union and its allies.

美国于1949年4月4日签订的北大西洋公约标志着美国开始致力于在苏联及其盟国周围建立军事同盟。

5．When the Korean War broke out in June,1950, Truman sent the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Straits to prevent the PLA from liberating Taiwan.

1950年6月朝鲜战争爆发，美国杜鲁门政府第七舰队进驻台湾海峡，阻止中国人民解放军解放台湾。

6．The Montgomery boycott was led by Martin Luther King, Jr., a young black clergyman who later became a national leader of the Civil Rights movement.

1955年的蒙哥马利抵制公共汽车公司运动由小马丁。路德。金领导，他是一个黑人牧师，后来成为民权运动的全国领导人。

7．Since 1945 the United States had entered a twenty-five-year economic boom. The cornerstones were the automobile, housing, and defense industries.

自1945年以来，美国经济进入了长达25年的繁荣期，经济繁荣的基本为汽车，住房和国防工业。

8．Between 1946 and 1961, more than 63.5 million babies were born in the U.S, making the baby-boom generation the largest by far in the American history.

从1946年到1961年，是美国历史上的生育高峰期。

9．When the Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962, the president of American is Kennedy, the president of Russia is Khrushchev.

1962年古巴导弹危机爆发时，美国在位总统为肯尼迪，苏联首领为赫鲁晓夫。

10．Richard Nixon, who was elected on a platform of ending the Vietnam War, changed the strategy into “Vietnamization”of the war building up South Vietnamese troops to replace American fighting force.

里查德。尼克松以结束越战作为自己的竞选纲领，提出把战略改为战争越南化，即建立越南军队以其代替美国军队。

11．In the late 1960s and early 1970s the U.S began to look for a way to improve relations with China so as to get China’s help for its withdrawal from south Vietnam and to work with China against Soviet expansion.

20世纪60年代末70年代初，美国改善对华关系的目的有两个：一是以便从越撤军时能得到中国的帮助，再是希望与中国合作联手对付苏联的扩张。

12．In February 1972,子President Nixon visited China and met Mao Zedong and the two countries issued the Shanhai Communiqué. This visit ended twenty-three years of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in January 1979.

1972年2月尼克松与毛泽东东会晤，双方签署了《上海联合公报》。

13．From 1972 to 1979, the key problem that affected the progress in U.S.-China relations remained the Taiwan problem.

1972-1979年，影响中美关系的主要问题还是台湾问题。

14．Kennedy initiated the program called the New Frontier. Johnson also started a War on Poverty.

肯尼迪执政时启动了“新边疆号召”，约翰逊做总统时发动了反贫困大战。

15．The two famous leaders of black movements in the U.S. in the 60s were Martin Luther King, who advocated non-violent Civil Rights movement, and Malcolm X, who advocated violence in self defense, and attempted to separate themselves from white society.

60年代美国有名的黑人运动领袖为马丁。路德。金和迈克姆-X。

16．Nixon resigned because of Watergate Scandal ,the first president to do so in American history.

水门事件使尼克松成为美国历史上第一位辞职的总统。

17．From the mid-seventies onwards ,the U.S suffered from ‘stagflation’, that is, the occurrence of stagnation and inflation at the same time.

从70年代中期开始，美国开始遭受“经济滞胀”即经济停滞与通货膨胀的同时出现。

还有几个名词解释：

1．The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义

2．The Marshal Plan(马歇尔计划)

3．McCarthyism（麦卡锡主义）

4．Montgomery bus boycott（蒙哥马利抵制公共汽车公司运动）

5．The New Frontier（新边疆号召）

6．The Counterculture （反文化运动）

7．Watergate Scandal（水门事件）

8．The little Rock Incident（小石城事件）

Chapter 18 the Economy 美国经济

1．The U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in the world. It is first in such advanced field as computers, space, nuclear energy and electronics.

到止前为止，美国是世界上最大的工业国，在计算机，宇航，核能和电子等先进领域居世界首位。

2．Now American has more than half of the European market in transistors, oil refining, farm

products, telecommunications, and computers.

现在美国的晶体管，炼油，农产品，通讯和计算机占欧洲市场分额的一半多。

3．The U.S has less than 6% of the world’s population. Yet it produces about 25% of the total world output.

美国拥有不到6%世界人口，却生产出占世界总产量的25%的产品。

4．The U.S has a free-marked economy with a dominant private sector. The privately owned and operated businesses, including farms, produce about 85% of the total output of goods and services. Of course, the government has always been an important element American economy.

美国经济是以私营为主的自由市场经济。

5．In the postwar years government involvement was again emphasized when the U.S adopted the Keynesian theory in running the economy. But the American economy was still plagued by stagflation. In the early 1980s, under the Reagan Administration, the traditional Keynesian theory was replaced by new monetarist policies.

二战后美国采纳了凯恩斯理论来管理国这经济，再次强调政府于预。但美国经济还是出现连年的经济滞胀，于是，在80年代初期，在里根政府的领导下，传统的凯恩斯理论被新的货币主义政策所代替。

6．The cultivated land in the U.S makes up 21% of the total land, and people who are engaged in farming make up only 2.7% of the total population. Yet the U.S grows nearly one fourth of the world’s grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It is the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products.

在美国，耕地占国土总面积的21%，而从事农业生产的人口只占总人口的2.7%。然而，美国还生产出占全世界近1/4的粮食。美国是世界上最大的农产品出口国。

7．The U.S ranks first in the production and export of corn. It produces nearly 50% of the corn in the world. The Corn Belt is in the Midwest. Iowa is the leading corn-producing state. The Midwest is the most important agricultural region of the U.S.

美国的玉米产量几乎占到世界总产量的50%，是世界最大的玉米生产和出口国，玉米带主要位于中西部地区，衣阿华是主要的玉米生产州，中西部是美国最重要的农业区。

8．Wheat is American’s most important food crop. It is second only to corn in production every year. The Wheat Belt is located near the Corn Belt in the Midwest.

小麦是美国最重要的食用作物，小麦带也位于中西部地区。

9．The U.S ranks second in the export of rice in the world after Thailand.

美国的大米出口量仅次于泰国，居世界第二位。

10．The Midwest is the nation’s leading center of heavy industry. Texas is the country’s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits。

中西部是美国最重要的重工业中心，得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州。

11．Huston is now the greatest commercial center of the Southwest and the chemical capital of the world. It is a center of petrochemical and synthetic rubber production. It is also the home of the space center.

休斯敦被称作世界化工之都，是美国西南部地区最大的商业中心，也是石油化工和合成橡胶中心，还是宇航中心所在地。

12．The state of California now has passed New York as the most populous state. It is now first in manufacturing, especially the manufacture of aircraft parts and missiles, and in shipbuilding, as well as in food production.

加利福尼亚为美国人口最大的州，其飞机和导弹加工业，造船业和食口加工业居世界首位。

13. Currently U.S. exports are about 15% of the world’s total. The U.S imports about 13% of all world imports, Canada is the largest single source of goods imports by the U.S., outside of North American, Europe is the largest source of imports.

当前美国的出口额占世界总出口额的确良15%，进口额占到期13%，加拿大是美国进口产品的最大来源地，在北美以外，欧洲则是最大的进口来源。

14. Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the U.S.

肥沃的土壤，广袤的森林，充足的水源和丰富的矿藏是美国的主要自然资源。

15. Unemploument, inflation, financial deficit, and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the U.S.

失业，通货膨胀，财政赤字和贸易赤字是美国一直面临的问题。

16．The estimated number of people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which made up about 14% of the total population.

据估计，1995美国生活在贫困线以下的人口达3570万人，占总人口的14%。

17，The leading farm products in the U.S are corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat, milk,

apple, oats, cotton, tobacco, etc.

美国的主要农作物有玉米，小麦，大米，大豆，桔子，肉类，牛奶，苹果，燕麦和烟草等。

18．The Midwest round the Great Lakes, the Middle Atlantic states, the south, and the Pacific Coast are the major industrial regions of the U.S.

五大湖区周围的中西部，大西洋中部各州，南部和太平洋沿岸为美国主要的工业区。

必背解释：

Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)

Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论) was replaced by new monetarist policies, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand, taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.

Briefly discuss the factors that contributed to the fast growth of the American economy.

简要论述美国经济迅速增长的几个因素：

The fast growth of the American economy has been contributable to many factors:

1.The geographical location of the U.S. provides very good conditions for the country to grow

and become strong.

2.the U.S has been by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with

a moderate climate.

3.American has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labor necessary for a

constantly expanding economy.

4.The U.S has a skillful and willing labor force. The American labor force is not only

hard-working ,but also willing to experiment, to change and to learn new technology. Chapter 19 Political institution（政治制度）

1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.

美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。

2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegates from all the states to revise the Articles of

Confederation.

1787年，国会召开各州代表参加的大会，主要目的是修改有明显缺点的《联邦条款》。

3．The government is divided into three branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.

美国政府被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。

4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.

有两种情况可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案必须经过3/4的州批准才能生效。

5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation. The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age. The president election was held every 4 years.

宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。6．In American, the ” winner-take-all” system applies in all states except Maine.

在美国，“赢者全赢”的制度适用于除缅因州外的各州。

7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia---a total of 538 persons---comprise what is known as the Electoral College. To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.

50个州加上哥伦比亚特区共有538位总统候选人，他们组成选举团，要成为美国总统，候选人则要获得270票。

8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election. The president publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S. A president can be elected to office only twice.

美国总统任期为4年，每位总统任期最多只能两届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席大法官主持的。

9．Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state. Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.

国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派出两名议员共同组成，众议院成员数则按各州

人口及大小而定，因此众议员数宪法没有具体规定。

10．The Constitution requires that U.S. Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected. The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.

宪法规定美国参议员必须是年满30岁有美国公民资格9年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，参议员任期为6年，且每年改选1/3的议员。

11．Member of the House of Representatives must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress. Today, the House is composed of 435 members. Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.

宪法规定美国众议员必须是年满25岁有美国公民资格7年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，现在，众议院由来435名议员组成，由于众议员任期为2年，所以国会任期往往被认为是2年。

12．Each house of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.

除了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。

13．The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate. He has no vote, except in a case of a tie. The House of Representatives chooses its own presiding officer---the Speaker of the House.

宪法规定由美国副总统担任参议院议长，议长不参加投票，除非出现两派票数相等的情况，众议院则选出他自己的主持官员，---众议院议长。

14．According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 courts of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. U.S. judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.

根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。

15．The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.

最高法院是美国最高等的法院，也是惟一有权解释宪法的机构，目前法院由一名首席大法官和8名助理法官组成。

16．The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.高等法院最初只对两种案件拥有司法权：涉及国外达官贵人，一个州为一方当事人。

17．In general, American has a two-party system. There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans. There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.

一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。

18．The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and the Anti-federalists. The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.

美国政党制的第一阶段出现了两个主要党派，联邦派和反联邦派。第三阶段从19世纪60年代到达20世纪20年代，绝大部分时间是共和党执政。

19．In the 28 terms of the House of Representatives from 1933 to 1989, the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.

从1933年到1989年的28届众议院中，民主党在于26届中拥有多数席位，在参议院中民主党在于23届中拥有多数席位。

20．After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic - Republican Party split. The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.

1828年安德鲁-杰克逊当选总统后，民主共和党分裂，由安德鲁-杰克逊领导的主派自称为民主党，反对杰克逊的一派于1834年另立辉格党

必背解释：

1. 联邦制：the Federal system

2. the Bill of Right 《权利法案》

3. “winner-talk-all” system (赢者全赢)

问答：

1．What mechanism did the writers of the American Constitution introduce to provide safeguards?

英语国家概况—英国

Part One: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Land and People Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (500BC~AD1066) Chapter 3 The Shape of the Nation (1066~1381) Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455~1688) Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688~1990) Chapter 6 The Economy Chapter 7 Government and Administration Chapter 8 Justice the Law Chapter 9 Social Affairs Chapter 10 Cultural Affairs Chapter 1 Land, People and Language ?1 Different Names for Britain and its Parts The official name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The geographical names are the British Isles, Great Britain and England. People just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. ?People England is the largest and most populous, almost a quarter of the people lives in England’s prosperous and fertile southeast, with over 7 million in the capital. The majority of the population are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe who went to England between the 5th and 7th centuries.These people settled in England and drove the native Celtic people to the mountainous areas of Wales and Scotland. Their language became the official language of the country. Most people in W ales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people who were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. The Irish people were also of Celtic origin. About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and a quarter of the world’s land area. ?Geographical Features There are 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. The island of Ireland is divided into 2 parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with the North-W est slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; the east and south-east are mostly lowlands. There are 3 natural zones of Scotland: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands.

王恩铭英语国家概况英国、美国、加拿大对错题答案整合

Ⅰ. True or False: 1. The United Kingdom is located in northern Europe. F 2. The United Kingdom consists of four political divisions —England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. F 3. England is one of the two large islands in the British Isles. F 4. The British Isles are made up of three large islands and hundreds of small ones. F 5. Wales lies on the east coast of the island of Great Britain. F 6. The Commonwealth of Nations is a free association of independent countries that all used to be colonies of Britain. F 7. In Scotland, rugged mountains, green valleys, and deep, blue lakes provide some of the most beautiful scenery in Europe. T 8. The longest river in Britain is the Thames. F 9. The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in northwest England. F 10. Britain’s climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current that sweeps up from the equator and flows past the British Isles. T Ⅰ. True or False: 1. The English, the Scots, and the Welsh are Anglo-Saxons, but the Irish are Celts.F 2. London and England as a whole have great influence over the rest of the United Kingdom because of their large population. T 3. People of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin are the largest group of immigrants in Britain. T 4. Compared to the rest of the world, the UK has a smaller percentage of older people and a higher percentage of younger people. F 5. The Welsh language is the official language in Wales. T 6. Scottish Gaelic is the official language in Scotland. F 7. The English language is the predominant language in Northern Ireland. T 8. English people all strive to free themselves of regional or local accents in order to sound like educated English-speaking people. F 9. Social class in the UK lays more emphasis on money and property. F 10. Britishness is associated with political, historical, technological, sporting, and cultural achievements in Britain. T Ⅰ. True or False: 1. The first Roman invasion took place in 43 AD, headed by the Emperor Julius Caesar. F 2. The name “England”derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who came to England in the 5th and 6th centuries. T 3. The Magna Carta defined the King’s feudal rights, preventing him from arbitrarily collecting revenue. T 4. The Black Death once ravage England, carrying off three fourths of the population. F 5. During Edward III’ s reign, the war with France known as the Hundred Years’ War began. T 6. The Wars of the Roses were in the main a great contest for Crown between the rival houses of York and Lancaster. T

美国-国家概况、风土人情

美国概况及风土人情 首先要想做好美国项目就要了解目的国家的历史，政治经济，文化背景，风土人情等。相对于中国具有上下5000年的古老历史文明，美国作为一个新兴的资本主义国家，拥有的历史并不算漫长。 美国历史 最早可以追溯到15世纪左右，那时的美国本土居住着大量的土著印第安人。并没有被近现代文明社会所发现，直至意大利人航海家哥伦布发现了北美洲大陆，在1492-1502，十年间，哥伦布在西班牙的资助下四次横渡大西洋，达到美洲大陆。可以说；是哥伦布把欧洲的现代文明带到了美洲大陆。自从哥伦布发现了现代文明后， 在1776年7月 4日，反对英国殖民者的军队在费城召开了第二次大陆会议，组成“大陆军”，由乔治。华盛顿任总司令，并通过了《独立宣言》，那么这一天就被成为美国历史上最著名的“独立日” 1783年9月3日，独立战争结束。美国成为美洲首个独立国家。” 1787年制定联邦宪法。 1788年乔治。华盛顿当选为第一任总统。

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8级备考“英语国家概况”部分 地理 英国地理 国土由大不列颠Britain（其中包括南边的England, 最北的Scotland & 英格兰西侧的Wales）和西边的北爱尔兰组成。 英格兰和苏格兰之间以哈德良长城（Hadrain’s Wall）为界，当初罗马人为阻止凯尔特人南下而建。 英格兰首府是伦敦（London）。 苏格兰首府是爱丁堡（Edinburgh）。 威尔士首府是卡迪夫（Cardiff）。 北爱尔兰首府是贝尔法斯特（Belfast）。 Birmingham是英国第二大城市，仅次于伦敦，被称为“工业革命的发源地”（the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution）。 Manchester被誉为棉都（Cottonopolis），是英国的棉纺织业中心，也是英国的交通枢纽。 伦敦是英国的行政中心、金融中心、最重要的港口城市。 英国最长河流是塞文河（Severn River）。 英国的第二大河是泰晤士河（Thames River）。 英格兰人约占英国总人口的80%。 英格兰人口最为稠密，而苏格兰人口最为稀少。 不列颠群岛被天然分成两部分：高地和低地。高地地区包括北部和西部的高山和丘陵，低地地区位于南部和东部，大部分是起伏的平原。多数英国人生活在气候温和、土壤肥沃的低地地区（lowland zone）。 本宁山（The Pennine Chain）被称为“英格兰的屋脊”（the backbone of England）。 英国最高的山峰是本尼维斯山（Ben Nevis）。 美国地理 五大湖：Superior（苏必利尔湖）, Huron（休伦湖）, Erie（伊利湖）, Ontario（安大略湖）, Michigan （密歇根湖）, 除Michigan外，其他四个为美加共享。 新英格兰(New England) 包括Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island。其中，马萨诸塞州是最重要，也是人口最多的州。 Pacific Coast States（太平洋沿岸诸州）：Washington, Oregon, California。 首都Washington, D.C. 是为纪念华盛顿和哥伦布而命名。 New York 的别称：the Big Apple, the Capital of the World ，为美国最大城市。 Los Angeles被称为天使之城（The City of Angels），是“全球大众文化行业之都”（the capital of global popular culture industry）。 Boston是美国最古老的城市 Harvard为Massachusetts Institute of Technology所在地。 Detroit是Motor City。 Houston是美国南方第一大城，全国最大的石油中心。 最小的州是Rhode Island。 最大的州是Alaska。 落基山脉（The Rocky Mountains）被看成“北美洲的脊梁”（the backbone of the continent）。密西西比河（the Mississippi River）被称为美国的“河流之父”（the Father of Waters），是美国最长的河流。

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第三大题 Chapter 8 1.How is the American population distributed? The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country、 The great plains have a comparatively small population 、the south also has a population of almost 57、5million、 the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los A ngeles and san Francisco 、 it has about 20% of the nation’s population、 2.Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ? The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were wil ling to work for very low wages 、this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them 、 this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942、 Chapter 9 1.Why did American change its policy and enter world war II? Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countr ies were wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests 、 it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power 、 th e Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the w ar、 2.What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency? a) brought the Vietnam war to a close b)reestablishing U、S、 relations with china c) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union 、 3.What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program? Reagan’s economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in or der to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be el iminated so as to reduce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of busine ss、 Chapter 10 1.What are the two characteristics of the U、S、 constitution? One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified、 2.What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively? A senator must be over 30 years old , a U、 S、 citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent 、 a repres entative should be at least 25 years old and a U、S、 citizen for no less than seven years、 3.What are the major powers of the supreme court? a)to interpret laws b) to hear appeals from any federal court cases; c)to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or national laws