2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题(4)

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语

试题(4)

Part B

Directions：

Directions： In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For Questions （41-45）， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s， British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena， including human societies，changed over time，advancing toward perfection.

41.____________. American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan， along with Tylor， was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work， he attempted to show how all

aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________. In the early 1900s in North America，German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism， which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures， gave new direction to anthropology.

43._____________. Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________. Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology，largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few， especially gifted peoples that，according to diffusionists， then spread to other cultures.

45.________________. Also in the early 1900s，French sociologist ？mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity.

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