2015年6月大学英语六级试卷真题及答案(第三套)(word精校版)

2015年6月英语六级真题及答案（第三套）

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying “If you cannot do great things, do small things in a great way. ??You can cite examples to illustrate your point of view. You should write at least l50 words but no more than 200 words.

注意: 此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the blank more than once.

Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.

Travel websites have been around since the 1990s, when Expedia, Travelocity, and other holiday booking sites were launched, allowing travelers to compare flight and hotel prices with the click of a mouse. With information no longer 36____ by travel agents or hidden in business networks, the travel industry was revolutionized, as greater transparency helped 37____ prices.

Today, the industry is going through a new revolution—this time transforming service quality. Online rating platforms—38____ in hotels, restaurants, apartments, and taxis—allow travelers to exchange reviews and experiences for all to see.

Hospitality businesses are now ranked, analyzed, and compared not by industry 39____, but by the very people for whom the service is intended—the customer. This has 40____ a new relationship between buyer and seller. Customers have always voted with their feet; they can now explain their decision to anyone who is interested. As a result, businesses are much more 41____, often in very specific ways, which creates powerful 42____ to improve service.

Although some readers might not care for gossipy reports of unfriendly bellboys（行李员）in Berlin or malf-unctioning hotel hairdryers in Houston, the true power of online reviews lies not just in the individual stories, but in the websites' 43____ to aggregate a large volume of ratings.

The impact cannot be 44____. Businesses that attract top ratings can enjoy rapid growth, as new customers are attracted by good reviews and 45____ provide yet more positive feedback. So great is the influence of online ratings that many companies now hire digital reputation managers to ensure a favorable online identity.

注意: 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

A)accountable

B. capacity

C. controlled

D. entail

E) forged

F) incentives

G) occasionally

H) overstated

I) persisting

J) pessimistic

K) professionals

L) slash

M) specializing

N) spectators

O) subsequently

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Plastic Surgery

A better credit card is the solution to ever larger hack attacks

[A] A thin magnetic stripe (magstripe) is all that stands between your credit-card information and the bad guys. And they've been working hard to break in. That's why 2014 is shaping up as a major showdown: banks, law enforcement and technology companies are all trying to stop a network of hackers who are succeeding in stealing account numbers, names, email addresses and other crucial data used in identity theft. More than 100 million accounts at Target, Neiman Marcus and Michaels stores were affected in some way during the most recent attacks, starting last November.

[B] Swipe（刷卡）is the operative word: cards are increasingly vulnerable to attacks when you make purchases in a store. In several recent incidents, hackers have been able to obtain massive information of credit-, debit-（借记）or prepaid-card numbers using malware, i.e. malicious software, inserted secretly into the retailers' point-of-sale system—the checkout registers. Hackers then sold the data to a second group of criminals operating in shadowy comers of the web. Not long after, the stolen data was showing up on fake cards and being used for online purchases.

[C] The solution could cost as little as $2 extra for every piece of plastic issued. The fix is a security technology used heavily outside the U.S. While American credit cards use the 40-year-old magstripe technology to process transactions, much of the rest of the world uses smarter cards with a technology called EMV (short for Europay, MasterCard, Visa) that employs a chip embedded in the card plus a customer PIN (personal identification number) to authenticate（验证）every transaction on the spot. If a purchaser fails to punch in the correct PIN at the checkout, the transaction gets rejected. (Online purchases can be made by setting up a separate transaction code.)

[D] Why haven't big banks adopted the more secure technology? When it comes to mailing out new credit cards, it's all about relative costs, says David Robertson, who runs the Nihon Report, an industry newsletter: "The cost of the card, putting the sticker on it, coding the account number and expiration date, embossing（凸印）it, the small envelop—all put together, you are in the dollar range." A chip-and-PIN card currently costs closer to $3, says Robertson, because of the price of chips. (Once large issuers convert together, the chip costs should drop.)

[E] Multiply $3 by the more than 5 billion magstripe credit and prepaid cards in circulation in the U.S. Then consider that there's an estimated $12.4 billion in card fraud on a global basis' says Robertson. With 44% of that in

the U.S., American credit-card fraud amounts to about $5.5 billion annually. Card issuers have so far calculated that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plastic.

[F] That leaves American retailers pretty much alone the world over in relying on magstripe technology to charge purchases—and leaves consumers vulnerable. Each magstripe has three tracks of information, explains payments security expert Jeremy Gumbley, the chief technology officer of CreditCall, an electronic-payments company. The first and third are used by the bank or card issuer. Your vital account information lives on the second track, which hackers try to capture. "Malware is scanning through the memory in real time and looking for data," he says. "It creates a text file that gets stolen."

[G] Chip-and-PIN cards, by contrast, make fake cards or skimming impossible because the information that gets scanned is encrypted（加密）. The historical reason the U.S. has stuck with magstripe, ironically enough, is once superior technology. Our cheap, ultra-reliable wired networks made credit-card authentication over the phone frictionless. In France, card companies created EMV in part because the telephone monopoly was so maddeningly inefficient and expensive. The EMV solution allowed transactions to be verified locally and securely.

[H] Some big banks, like Wells Fargo, are now offering to convert your magstripe card to a chip-and-PIN model. (It's actually a hybrid（混合体）that will still have a magstripe, since most U.S. merchants don't have EMV terminals.) Should you take them up on it? If you travel internationally, the answer is yes.

[I] Keep in mind, too, that credit cards typically have better liability protection than debit cards. If someone uses your credit card fraudulently（欺诈性地）it's the issuer or merchant, not you, that takes the hit. Debit cards have different liability limits depending on the bank and the events surrounding any fraud. "If it's available, the logical thing is to get a chip-and-PIN card from your bank," says Eric Adamowsky, a co-founder of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/aa7674796.html,. "I would use credit cards over debit cards because of liability issues." Cash still works pretty well too.

[J] Retailers and banks stand to benefit from the lower fraud levels of chip-and-PIN cards but have been reluctant for years to invest in the new infrastructure（基础设施）needed for the technology, especially if consumers don't have access to it. It's a chicken-and-egg problem; no one wants to spend the money on upgraded point- of-sale systems that can read the chip cards if shoppers aren't carrying them--yet there's little point in consumers' carrying the fancy plastic if stores aren't equipped to use them. (An earlier effort by Target to move to chip and PIN never gained progress.) According to Gumbley, there's a "you-first mentality. The logjam（僵局）has to be broken."

[K] JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon recently expressed his willingness to do so, noting that banks and merchants have spent the past decade suing each other over interchange fees—the percentage of the transaction price they keep-rather than deal with the growing hacking problem. Chase offers a chip-enabled card under its own brand and several others for travel-related companies such as British Airways and Ritz-Carlton.

[L] The Target and Neiman hacks have also changed the cost calculation: although retailers have been reluctant to spend the $6.75 billion that Capgemini consultants estimate it will take to convert all their registers to be chip-and-PIN-compatible, the potential liability they now face is dramatically greater. Target has been hit with class actions from hacked consumers. "It's the ultimate nightmare," a retail executive from a well-known chain admitted to TIME.

[M] The card-payment companies MasterCard and Visa are pushing hard for change. The two firms have warned all parties in the transaction chain--merchant, network, bank--that if they don't become EMV-compliant by October 2015, the party that is least compliant will bear the fraud risk.

[N] In the meantime, app-equipped smartphones and digital wallets--all of which can use EMV technology--are beginning to make inroads（侵袭）on cards and cash. PayPal, for instance, is testing an app that lets you use your mobile phone to pay on the fly at local merchants--without surrendering any card information to them. And further down the road is biometric authentication, which could be encrypted with, say, a fingerprint.

[O] Credit and debit cards, though, are going to be with us for the foreseeable future, and so are hackers, if we stick with magstripe technology. "It seems crazy to me," says Gumbley, who is English, "that a cutting-edge- technology country is depending on a 40-year-old technology." That's why it may be up to consumers to move the needle on chip and PIN. Says Robertson: ……When you get the consumer into a position of worry and inconvenience, that's where the rubber hits the road."

注意: 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

46. It's best to use an EMV card for international travel.

47. Personal information on credit and debit cards is increasingly vulnerable to hacking.

48. The French card companies adopted EMV technology partly because of inefficient telephone service.

49. While many countries use the smarter EMV cards, the U.S. still clings to its old magstripe technology.

50. Attempts are being made to prevent hackers from carrying out identity theft.

51. Credit cards are much safer to use than debit cards.

52. Big banks have been reluctant to switch to more secure technology because of the higher costs involved.

53. The potential liability for retailers using magstripe is far more costly than upgrading their registers.

54. The use of magstripe cards by American retailers leaves consumers exposed to the risks of losing account information.

55. Consumers will be a driving force behind the conversion from magstripe to EMV technology.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

The report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics was just as gloomy as anticipated. Unemployment in January jumped to a 16-year high of 7.6 percent, as 598000 jobs were slashed from US payrolls in the worst single-month decline since December, 1974. With 1.8 million jobs lost in the last three months, there is urgent desire to boost the economy as quickly as possible. But Washington would do well to take a deep breath before reacting to the grim numbers.

Collectively, we rely on the unemployment figures and other statistics to frame our sense of reality. They are a vital part of an array of data that we use to assess if we're doing well or doing badly, and that in turn shapes government policies and corporate budgets and personal spending decisions. The problem is that the statistics aren't an objective measure of reality; they are simply a best approximation. Directionally, they capture the trends, but the

idea that we know precisely how many are unemployed is a myth. That makes finding a solution all the more difficult.

First, there is the way the data is assembled. The official unemployment rate is the product of a telephone survey of about 60000 homes. There is another survey, sometimes referred to as the "payroll survey," that assesses 400000 businesses based on their reported payrolls. Both surveys have problems. The payroll survey can easily double-count someone: if you are one person with two jobs, you show up as two workers. The payroll survey also doesn't capture the number of self-employed, and so says little about how many people are generating an independent income.

The household survey has a larger problem. When asked straightforwardly, people tend to lie or shade the truth when the subject is sex, money or employment. If you get a call and are asked if you're employed, and you say yes, you're employed. If you say no, however, it may surprise you to learn that you are only unemployed if you've been actively looking for work in the past four weeks; otherwise, you are "marginally attached to the labor force" and not actually unemployed.

The urge to quantify is embedded in our society. But the idea that statisticians can then capture an objective reality isn't just impossible. It also leads to serious misjudgments. Democrats and Republicans can and will take sides on a number of issues, but a more crucial concern is that both are basing major policy decisions on guesstimates rather than looking at the vast wealth of raw data with a critical eye and an open mind.

注意: 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

56. What do we learn from the first paragraph?

A) The US economic situation is going from bad to worse.

B) Washington is taking drastic measures to provide more jobs.

C) The US government is slashing more jobs from its payrolls.

D) The recent economic crisis has taken the US by surprise.

57. What does the author think of the unemployment figures and other statistics?

A) They form a solid basis for policy making.

B) They represent the current situation.

C) They signal future economic trends.

D) They do not fully reflect the reality.

58. One problem with the payroll survey is that ________.

A) it does not include all the businesses

B) it fails to count in the self-employed

C) it magnifies the number of the jobless

D) it does not treat all companies equally

59. The household survey can be faulty in that ________.

A) people tend to lie when talking on the phone

B) not everybody is willing or ready to respond

C) some people won't provide truthful information

D) the definition of unemployment is too broad

60. At the end of the passage, the author suggests that ________.

A) statisticians improve their data assembling methods

B) decision makers view the statistics with a critical eye

C) politicians listen more before making policy decisions

D) Democrats and Republicans cooperate on crucial issues

Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

At some point in 2008, someone, probably in either Asia or Africa, made the decision to move from the countryside to the city. This nameless person pushed the human race over a historic threshold, for it was in that year that mankind became, for the first time in its history, a predominantly urban species.

It is a trend that shows no sign of slowing. Demographers (人口统计学家) reckon that three-quarters of humanity could be city-dwelling by 2050, with most of the increase coming in the fast-growing towns of Asia and Africa. Migrants to cities are attracted by plentiful jobs, access to hospitals and education, and the ability to escape the boredom of a farmer?s agricultural life. Those factors are more than enough to make up for the squalor (肮脏), disease and spectacular poverty that those same migrants must often at first endure when they become urban dwellers.

It is the city that inspires the latest book from Peter Smith. His main thesis is that the buzz of urban life, and the opportunities it offers for co-operation and collaboration, is what attracts people to the city, which in turn makes cities into the engines of art, commerce, science and progress. This is hardly revolutionary, but it is presented in a charming format. Mr. Smith has written a breezy guidebook, with a series of short chapters dedicated to specific aspects of urbanity—parks, say, or the various schemes that have been put forward over the years for building the perfect city. The result is a sort of high-quality, unusually rigorous coffee-table book, designed to be dipped into rather than read from beginning to end.

In the chapter on skyscrapers, for example, Mr. Smith touches on construction methods, the revolutionary invention of the automatic lift, the practicalities of living in the sky and the likelihood that, as cities become more crowded, apartment living will become the norm. But there is also time for brief diversions onto bizarre ground, such as a discussion of the skyscraper index (which holds that a boom in skyscraper construction is a foolproof sign of an imminent recession).

One obvious criticism is that the price of breadth is depth; many of Mr. Smith?s essays raise as many questions as they answer. Although that can indeed be frustrating, this is probably the only way to treat so grand a topic. The city is the building block of civilisation and of almost everything people do; a guidebook to the city is really, therefore, a guidebook to how a large and ever-growing chunk of humanity chooses to live. Mr. Smith?s book serves as an excellent introduction to a vast subject, and will suggest plenty of further lines of inquiry.

61. In what way is the year 2008 historic?

A) For the first time in history, urban people outnumbered rural people.

B) An influential figure decided to move from the countryside to the city.

C) It is in this year that urbanisation made a start in Asia and Africa.

D) The population increase in cities reached a new peak in Asia and Africa.

62. What does the author say about urbanisation?

A) Its impact is not easy to predict. C) It is a milestone in human progress.

B) Its process will not slow down. D) It aggravates the squalor of cities.

63. How does the author comment on Peter Smith?s new book?

A) It is but an ordinary coffee-table book.

B) It is flavoured with humourous stories.

C) It serves as a guide to arts and commerce.

D) It is written in a lively and interesting style.

64. What does the author say in the chapter on skyscrapers?

A) The automatic lift is indispensable in skyscrapers.

B) People enjoy living in skyscrapers with a view.

C) Skyscrapers are a sure sign of a city?s prosperity.

D) Recession closely follows a skyscraper boom.

65. What may be one criticism of Mr. Smith?s book?

A) It does not really touch on anything serious.

B) It is too long for people to read from cover to cover.

C) It does not deal with any aspect of city life in depth.

D) It fails to provide sound advice to city dwellers.

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

汉朝是中国历史上最重要的朝代之一。汉朝统治期间有很多显著的成就。它最先向其他文化敞开大门, 对外贸易兴旺。汉朝开拓的丝绸之路通向了中西亚乃至罗马。各类艺术一派繁荣, 涌现了很多文学、历史、哲学巨著。公元l00年中国第一部字典编撰完成, 收入9 000个字, 提供释义并列举不同的写法: 英间, 科技方面也取得了很大进步, 发明了纸张、水钟、日晷(sundials)以及测量地震的仪器。汉朝历经400年, 但统治者的腐败最终导致了它的灭亡。

注意: 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2015年6月大学英语六级考试真题(三)答案与详解

Part one Writing 参考范文

Doing small things in a great way

Throughout the ages, only a few people can climb the ladder of success to the top and be admired by the world. What may surprise us is that most people achieve success by doing small things in a great way. Just as the saying goes, “If you cannot do great things, do small things in a great way.” That means one does not necessarily become a great man, but he can still be successful and win respect from others by doing common work in a perfect way.

Actually, history abounds with examples to prove his saying. The late CEO of Apple, Steve Jobs, is a case in

point. He was so addicted to details that he could not stop pushing his staff to pursue perfection in design and production. It is due to his focus on small things that Apple has made great success in the mobile field, producing products that are not only innovative, but also superior.

As college students, we should keep in mind that it is of great necessity for us to enhance ourselves by doing small things perfectly. Only when all small things add up can many impossibilities be made possible.

Part III Reading Comprehension Section A

【文章来源】本文选自www. project—syndicate. org上的一篇文章, 标题为"The Ratings Revolution"(《评价革命》)。

【结构框图】

【参考译文】

旅游网站出现于20世纪90年代, 当Expedia, Travelocity和其他假日预订网站被推出时, 游客通过点击鼠标就可以比较航班和酒店的价格。随着信息不再被旅行社控制或隐藏在商业网络中, 旅游业发生了彻底的变革. 因为更大的透明度大幅度削减了旅行的价格。

今天的旅游业正在经历一场新的革命, 这次的革命能改变服务质量。专注于酒店、餐馆、公寓和出租车的在线评价平台使游客们可以交流意见和体验, 并且所有人都能看到这些信息。

现在, 不仅业内专业人士会对旅游服务业进行排名、分析及比较, 那些接受服务的人, 即游客也有了发言权。这就在服务的卖方和买方之间形成了一种新的关系。顾客们总会用他们的实际体验来投票. 他们现在可以给任何有兴趣的人解释自己作出某种决定的原因。因此. 在一些具体的方面. 旅游业成为一个更加负责的行业, 从而为旅游业改进服务质量创造了强有力的动力:

虽然一些读者可能并不在意关于柏林不友好的行李员或者休斯敦酒店里坏掉的吹风机的飞短流长, 但在线评价的真正力量不仅在于个别故事. 更在于网站能聚合大量的评价:

这种影响力再夸张也不为过: 能够吸引到好评价的公司会快速发展起来. 因为新顾客会被好评价吸引过来, 随后又会给出更多积极正面的评价: 在线评价的影响力很大. 很多公司雇用网络声誉经理, 以确保自己在网络上保持一个好名声:

【答案详解】

36. 【考点】动词辨析题。C)【语法判断】该空格位于With引导的介词短语中, 由短语中的or和hidden可推知. 所填词也应是动词过去分词形式. 表示被动: 【语义判断】文章首句提到. 游客可以在旅游网站上比较航班和酒店的价格. 由此可知, 信息都是公开透明的. 而不是被某个旅行社所“掌控”, 备选动词中, controlled“控制”符合题意, 故为答案。

37. 【考点】动词辨析题。L)【语法判断】该空格位于动词helped之后, 名词prices之前, 据此判断应填入动词原形, 构成help do sth. 的结构。【语义判断】由第一段首句可知, 游客可以在旅游网站上比较航班和酒店的价格, 也就是说, 旅游网站可以帮助游客选择报价更低的航班和酒店。结合备选项, slash“大幅度削减”符合题意。

38. 【考点】动词辨析题。M)【语法判断】空格位于后置定语中, 用来补充说明在线评价平台涉及的领域, 故应填入现在分词, 且能与in构成固定搭配。【语义判断】备选动词中, 表示“涉及”且能与in搭配的现在分词只有specializing“专门从事”, 故为答案: specialize in为固定搭配, 意为“专攻”。

39. 【考点】名词辨析题。K)【语法判断】空格位于by引导的介词短语里, 表示动作的实施者, 由此推断应填入表示人或机构的名词。【语义判断】备选名词中, professionals“专业人士”符合题意, 故为答案。备选项中, spectators“观众”虽然满足语法要求, 但其含义与上下文不符, 故排除。

40. 【考点】动词辨析题。E)【语法判断】空格位于has之后, 宾语a new relationship之前, 据此判断应填入过去分词。【语义判断】由宾语a new relationship可知, 所填动词应该表示“建立, 构建”等意思。备选动

词中, forged“形成, 缔造”符合题意, 故为答案。

41. 【考点】形容词辨析题。A)【语法判断】由空格前的are much more可以推断应填入形容词。【语义判断】结合后半句中的powerful和improve service可知, 空格处应填入表示积极意义的形容词。备选形容词中, 符合要求的只有accountable“负有责任的”, 故为答案。

42. 【考点】名词辨析题。F)【语法判断】该空格位于形容词powerful之后. 动词不定式to improve之前, 据此判断应填入名词。【语义判断】根据上下文推断, 在线评价这种方式对旅游业改进服务起到了促进作用。备选名词中. 符合该语境的只有incentives“刺激, 动力”, 故为答案:

43. 【考点】名词辨析题。B)【语法判断】该空格位于名词所有格之后, 据此判断应填入名词；【语义判断】备选名词中, 符合语境的是capacity“能力”. 这里表示网站能聚合大量的评价。

44. 【考点】动词辨析题。H)【语法判断】该空格位于be动词之后, 可填入形容词或者动词的过去分词。【语义判断】最后一段第二、三句主要讲述好评价的重要作用, 故空格所在句也应该是讲好评价的重要性。备选词中. overstated“夸张, 夸大”符合文意, 故为答案。cannot be overstated意为“再夸张也不为过”。

45. 【考点】副词辨析题。o)【语法判断】该空格位于动词provide之前, 而且即使去掉该空格。也不会影响到句意. 因此推断此处应填入副词。【语义判断】由空格所在句中的good reviews和more positive feedback 可知, 所填入的副词应能体现出时间先后顺序。备选副词中. subsequently“随后, 接着”符合文意, 故为答案。

Section B

【文章来源】本文为2014年1月30日TIME(《时代》)上的一篇文章, 标题为“Plastic Surgery”(《信用卡手术》）。【结构框图】

【参考译文】

信用卡手术

一张更好的信用卡可以抵挡更多黑客的攻击

A) 一条窄窄的磁条是你的信用卡信息和那些坏家伙之间的唯一障碍。而这些坏家伙一直费尽心机想要突破这层障碍。这就是2014年对立双方决定一决雌雄的原因: (50)银行、执法和技术公司都努力与黑客作斗争, 这些黑客在盗用用户的账号、姓名、邮箱地址和其他关键的身份信息方面很有一手。去年11月份以来发生的大多数黑客攻击中, 塔吉特、尼曼·马库斯和迈克尔斯三大零售的1亿多客户都受到了一定程度的影响。B) (47)“刷卡”是关键词: 当你在商店里购物的时候, 你的信用卡越来越容易受到攻击: 在最近的几起事件当中, 黑客通过将恶意软件秘密植入零售店的销售点结算登记系统·进而获取信用卡、借记卡或储值卡中的大量信息。黑客们随后会把这些数据卖给网络暗角的第二组犯罪团伙。不久之后, 这些被窃取的数据就会出现在假的信用卡中, 并用于网上购物。

C) 要解决这一问题, 只需多花2美元得到一张发行的信用卡。这一解决办法是一项安全加固技术, 广泛用于美国以外的国家；(49)当美国的信用卡还在使用40年之前的磁条技术来处理信用卡交易的时候. 国外许多国家都在使用一种利用芯片加密技术的信用卡·这种卡更智能。这种卡中嵌入了一个芯片. 再加上一个客户个人识别码. 就可以现场验证每一笔交易。如果购买者结算时不能输入正确的个人识别码. 那么这次交易就无法完成: (网上购物也可以通过设立独立的交易码来完成。)

D) (52)为什么各大银行没有采用这项更为安全的技术呢？邮寄新的信用卡时, 需要考虑相关成本, 信用卡行业简报《尼尔森报告》的负责人大卫·罗伯逊说。“卡的成本, 给信用卡加磁条, 给卡编码并凸印账号和有

效期限, 还有小信封, 所有的这些加起来的成本就1美元了。??目前, 一张芯片加个人识别码的卡大概要花费3美元, 罗伯逊说道, 因为芯片的价格高昂。(一旦大的发卡行一起更换卡片, 芯片的成本就会降下来。)

E) 美国现在流通中的磁条信用卡和储值卡超过50亿张, 我们可以用这个数字乘以3美元。那么, 考虑一下, 世界上估计共有l24亿美元资金陷入信用卡诈骗当中, 罗伯逊说。而这当中, 44％出现在美国, 美国的信用卡诈骗的金额每年高达55亿美元。目前, 信用卡发卡行预计, 即使是承担塔吉特商店这样的大型黑客攻击案件的责任, 也比换代所有的信用卡要实惠。

F) (54)这使美国零售商几乎已成为世界上唯一使用磁条技术收费的商家, 而这也使美国消费者非常容易受到侵害。每个磁条有三条记录信息的轨道, 支付安全专家杰瑞米·冈布利解释道, 他本人也是电子支付公司“信用卡支付公司”的技术总监。其中, 第一条和第三条轨道给银行或者信用卡发卡行使用。你的重要账户信息在第二条轨道上, 这正是黑客努力去获取的信息。“恶意软件会实时扫描这些存储器以搜寻数据, ”他说道, “这个软件能创建一个被盗的文本文档。”

G)相反, 芯片加个人识别码信用卡能防止假冒卡片或提取信息, 因为这种信用卡中会被搜寻到的信息已经加密。美国之所以坚持使用磁条技术, 其历史原因非常讽刺, 那就是因为这项技术曾经是美国的优势技术。我们的有线网络便宜、可信度高, 这就使得电话信用卡验证畅通无阻。(48)在法国。信用卡公司之所以会创造芯片卡, 部分原因在于电话垄断导致该过程低效得让人极度恼火, 而且价格高昂。芯片卡这一解决方法能够让交易验证地方化, 并且更加安全。

H)一些大银行, 比如美国富国银行, 现在正主动为客户提供将磁条卡转换为芯片加密码卡的服务。(事实上, 这是一种混合卡, 该卡仍然有磁条, 因为大多数美国商家没有芯片卡终端。)你应该接受这种服务吗?(46)如果你要出国旅游的话, 那么你就应该接受。

I) (51)但是也要记住, 相比借记卡, 信用卡能提供更好的责任保护。如果有人利用欺诈性手段使用了你的信用卡, 那么应该是发卡行或者商家承担损失, 而不是你。而借记卡有不同的责任限额, 取决于银行和欺诈事件的具体情况。“如果条件允许, 按理应去发卡行换一张芯片加密码的信用卡, 信用卡圈内人网站的联合创始人埃里克·阿达莫夫斯基说道。“因为责任问题, 比起借记卡, 我宁愿使用信用卡。”使用现金也是一个很好的选择。

J) 零售商和银行很可能会是芯片加密码信用卡低欺诈率的受益者, 然而多年来它们却一直不愿为这项技术投资建设新的基础设施, 特别是在消费者无法使用的情况下。这就像是“鸡和蛋”的问题: 如果消费者不使用芯片卡, 那么就没有人愿意花钱升级能读取这种芯片卡的销售点体系；但是如果商店没有能够使用那些信用卡的设备, 消费者也不会去使用那些设计精巧的信用卡。(先前塔吉特商场曾试图向芯片加密码信用卡的方向发展。但没有取得任何进展。)冈布利称, 大家都有一种一你先的心理, 必须打破这个僵局。”

K)摩根大通总裁杰米·德曼近期表示愿意这样做, 他提到, 银行和商家在过去的十年中一直在交换费问题上互相指责——他们各自保留的交易价格比例——而没有解决越来越严重的黑客问题。摩根大通为消费者提供一张自身品牌下的芯片信用卡, 另外还为英国航空公司和丽嘉酒店这类旅行相关的公司提供了数种其他类型的信用卡。

L) (53)塔吉特和尼曼发生的黑客事件也改变了成本计算: 据凯捷公司的咨询师估计, 要想将它们所有的存储设备都转变为与芯片加密码的信用卡兼容的设备, 大约需要67. 5亿美元, 虽然零售商不愿花这笔钱, 但是它们现在面临的潜在债务却在急剧增加。塔吉特公司遭到了来自被黑客攻击的消费者的集体诉讼。“这是最糟糕的噩梦, ”一家知名连锁店的零售主管告诉《时代》周刊的记者。

M) 信用卡支付公司万事达和维萨正大力推进换代进程。两家公司对交易链中包括商家、网络公司和银行在内的所有参与方都发出了警告, 截至2015年10月份, 如果它们还不能做到与芯片信用卡兼容, 那么透程最馒的一方将承担欺诈风险。

N) 同时. 安装相应程序的智能手机和数字钱包都可以使用芯片技术, 这一趋势给信用卡和现金带来了冲击。例如: 贝宝正在测试—个应用程序, 该程序运行时能让你利用手机在当地商家进行支付, 而不用向商家提供信用卡的任何信息。更进一步的发展趋势是生物特征身份认证, 如使用指纹等进行加密。

O) 然而. 在可预见的将来, 信用卡和借记卡还会继续存在, 而如果我们坚持使用磁条技术, 黑客也会继续

存在。“我简直难以想象, 一个拥有无数尖端技术的国家还在使用40年前的技术, ”英国人冈布利说道。(55)这就是可能我们还是会依赖消费者来推进向芯片加密码方向发展的原因。罗伯逊说: “如果你让消费者感到担忧, 感到不方便, 那么这就是改变开始的时候了。”

【答案详解】

46. 【定位】由题干中的international travel定位到H)段最后一句。H)【精析】同义转述题。H)段首句指出, 一些大银行正主动为客户提供将磁条卡转换为芯片加密码卡的服务。随后采用设问句给出了建议, 即如果你要出国旅游的话, 那么你就应该接受这种服务, 也就是说, 出国旅行时最好使用芯片卡。题干是对定位句的同义转述, 故答案为H)。

47. 【定位】由题干中的credit and debit cards和increasingly vulnerable定位到B)段前两句。B)【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到, “刷卡”是关键词: 当你在商店里购物的时候, 你的信用卡越来越容易受到攻击。在最近的几起事件当中。黑客通过将恶意软件秘密植入零售店的销售点结算登记系统, 进而获取信用卡、借记卡或储值卡中的大量信息。题干中的hacking对应定位句中的attacks, 题干是对定位句的推断, 故答案为B)。

48. 【定位】由题干中的French和inefficient定位到G)段倒数第二句。G)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到, 在法国, 信用卡公司之所以会创造芯片卡, 部分原因在于电话垄断导致该过程低效得让人极度恼火, 而且价格高昂。题干中的partly对应定位句中的in part, 题干与定位句意思一致, 故答案为G)。

49. 【定位】由题干中的EMV, the US和magstripe technology定位到C)段第三句。C)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到, 当美国人还在使用40年之前的磁条技术来处理信用卡交易的时候. 国外许多国家都在使用一种利用芯片加密技术的信用卡, 这种卡更智能。题干中的clings to对应定位句中的use, 题干中的smarter和EMV都能在定位句中找到相同的单词, 故答案为C)。

50. 【定位】由题干中的identity theft定位到A)段第三句。A)【精析】细节归纳题。定位句提到, 银行、执法和技术公司都努力与黑客作斗争, 这些黑客在盗用用户的账号、姓名、邮箱地址和其他关键的身份信息方面很有一手。故答案为A)。

51. 【定位】由题干中的Credit cards, much safer和debit cards定位到I)段首句。I)【精析】同义转述题。定位句指出, 但是也要记住相比借记卡, 信用卡能提供更好的责任保护。由此可见, 信用卡用起来要比借记卡更安全。题干是对定位句的同义转述, 故答案为I)。

52. 【定位】由题干中的Big banks和more secure technology定位到D)段前两句。D)【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到, 各大银行没有采用这项更为安全的技术是因为邮寄新的信用卡需要考虑到相关成本。由此可知, 各大银行没有采用这项更为安全的技术是因为成本高。题干中的switch to 对应定位句中的adopted, 故答案为D)。

53. 【定位】由题干中的The potential liability, far more costly和registers定位到L)段第一句。L)【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到, 塔吉特和尼曼发生的黑客事件也改变了成本计算: 据凯捷公司的咨询师估计, 要想将它们所有的存储设备都转变为与芯片加密码的信用卡兼容的设备, 大约需要67. 5亿美元, 虽然零售商不愿花这笔钱, 但是它们现在面临的潜在债务却在急剧增加。由此可知, 零售商面临的潜在债务要高于将所有的存储设备都转变为与芯片加密码的信用卡兼容的设备的费用。题干中的far more costly是对定位句中的dramatically greater的同义转述, 故答案为L)。

54. 【定位】由题干中的magstripe, retailers和consumers定位到F)段第一句。F)【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到, 美国零售商几乎已成为世界上唯一使用磁条技术收费的商家, 这使得美国消费者非常容易受到侵害。题干中的exposed to the risks对应定位句中的vulnerabk. 题干是对定位句的推断, 故答案为F)。

55. 【定位】由题干中的Consumers, a driving force 和conversion定位到o)段倒数第二句。O)【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到, 这就是可能我们还是会依赖消费者来推进向芯片加密码方向发展的原因。题干中的a driving force behind the conversion是对定位句中的move the needle的同义转述, 故答案为O)。

Section C

Passage One

【文章来源】本文选自2009年2月5日,Newsweek(《新闻周刊》)上的一篇文章, 标题为"Jobs: Can You Trust Unemployment Data?”(《工作: 你相信失业数据吗?》)。

【结构框图】

【参考译文】

(56)来自劳工统计局的报告正如预料的那样糟糕。一月份的失业率达到了16年以来的最高水平7. 6%, 有59.8万个就业机会被大幅削减, 这是自1974年12月以来单月减少最多的一个月。在过去的三个月里有180万人失业, 因此, 政府需要尽快振兴经济。不过, 美国政府在对这个残酷的数字采取行动之前最好还是深吸一口气。

(57)总体来看, 我们依靠失业率的数字和其他数据来形成我们的现实感。它们是一大串数据的重要组成部分, 我们利用这些数据来评价我们究竟做得好还是不好, 这些数据反过来也会影响政府决策、公司预算和个人支出决定。(57)问题是这些数据并没有客观反映现实, 它们只是最接近现实而已。有指导意义的是, 这些数据反映就业趋势, 但是失业的精确人数还是个谜, 而这使得寻找应对之策变得异常艰难。首先, 搜集数据用了这样一种方法: 官方的失业率是通过电话调查了大约6万户家庭得出的结果。还有一种调查, 有时候被称为“工资单调查”, 通过40万家公司上报的工资总支出来估算失业率。(58)这两种调查都存在问题。工资单调查很容易把某人“算重”: 如果一个人有两份工作, 工资单上就会显示为两个人。工资单调查也无法获知个体经营者的数量, 很少涉及创造独立收入的人数。

家庭调查还有一个更大的问题。(59)当被直接询问的时候, 如果话题涉及性、金钱和工作, 人们通常会撒谎或者掩盖事实。如果你接到一个电话, 问你是否有工作, 然后你说是的, 你有工作。然而, 如果你说没有, 那么你会惊奇地发现只是在过去积极地找工作的这四个星期里, 你才算失业；否则, 你就是“未就业人群”, 不算真正失业。

量化需求在我们的社会中根深蒂固。但是, 统计学家们能获得客观事实这个想法不可能不存在。这个想法也会导致严重的误判。民主党人和共和党人在很多问题上都需要表明立场, (60)但是—个更关键的问题在于两党的重大决策都是基于大致估计, 而并非用批判的眼光和开放性的思维来审阅大量的原始数据资料。

【答案详解】

56. 【定位】由题干中的the first paragraph直接定位到第一段: A）【精析】推理判断题。文章开篇首句指出, 来自劳工统计局的报告正如预料的那样糟糕: 一月份的失业率达到了l6年以来的最高水平。这说明美国经济状况恶化, 故答案为A)。

57. 【定位】由题干中的unemployment figures和other statistics定位到第二段首句和第三句。D)【精析】细节辨认题。文章第二段主要指出作者对失业率的数字和其他数据的看法。文中提到. 我们依靠失业率的数字和其他数据来作出评价. 但问题是这些数据并没有客观反映现实, 它们只是最接近现实而已, 所以选D)。58. 【定位】由题干中的problem和payroll survey定位到第三段第四至六句。B)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出, 电话调查和工资单调查都存在问题: 工资单调查的问题在于很容易把某人“算重”及无法获知个体经营者的数量. 故B）为答案:

59. 【定位】由题干中的household survey定位到第四段. 最终定位到第二宅: C)【精析】细节辨认题。定位龟指出。当人们被直接询问的时候, 如果话题涉及性、金钱和工作. 人们通常会撒谎或者掩盖事实, 即人们不会提供真实的信息. 故C)为答案。

60. 【定位】由题于中的At the end of the passage直接定位到末段, 最终定位到末句。

B)【精析】推理判断题。文章末句指出, 一个更关键的问题在于两党的重大决策都是基于大致估计, 而并非用批判的眼光和开放性思维来审阅大量的原始数据资料。言下之意是指决策者应该用批判的眼光和开放性思维看待失业率数字, 故B)为答案。

Passage Two

【文章来源】本文选自2012年7月28日The Economist《经济学人》上的一篇文章, 标题为The Importance of Cities: Joy of Crowds《城市的重要性: 人群的欢乐》。

【结构框图】

【参考译文】

2008年的某个时候, 可能在亚洲或者非洲, 有个人做了一个决定: 从农村搬到城市。(61)这个无名小卒将人类推到了一个历史性的起点, 因为在那一年人类在历史上第一次成为以城市人口为主导的种群。

(62)这个趋势没有减缓的迹象。人口统计学家估计, 到2050年, 四分之三的世界人口将居住在城市, 大部分的人口增长都来自亚洲和非洲迅速扩大的城镇。移民来到城市是因为就业机会多, 医疗、教育途径多. 而且可以逃脱农民无聊的农业生活。那些因素足以弥补肮脏、疾病和极度贫困等问题, 而这些是那些移民刚到城市所必须要忍受的。

皮特·史密斯的新书灵感正是来自城市。他的主要观点是: 城市生活的忙碌及城市为人们提供的合作机会吸引人们来到城市, 更多人来到城市反过来又使城市变成艺术、商业、科学和进步的引擎。(63)这几乎是革命性的. 但是它以一种迷人的模式呈现出来。史密斯先生写了一本让人如沐春风的指导书, 包含一系列特写城市某些具体方面的简短章节, 比如公园及多年来提出的让城市变得完美的各种各样的项目。这使这本书或了员量高、构思异常缜密的咖啡桌边书, 需要深入阅读, 而非草草浏览。

比如摩天大楼那一章. 史密斯先生阐述了建筑方法、自动电梯这一革命性发明、在高空生活的可行性以及随着城市变得越来越拥挤. 公寓式住房会成为一种标准。(64)但是书中也不时谈及一些稀奇的理论, 比如关于摩天大楼指数(该理论认为, 建筑摩天大楼的热潮很明显地预示着即将发生衰退)的讨论。

(65)一个显著的批评是: 文章涉及内容过于宽泛, 而深度不够；史密斯先生的很多文章在回答了很多疑问的同时又提出了很多新问题。尽管这确实有些令人沮丧, 但面对如此庞大的话题, 这或许是唯一的办法。城市是文明的建筑群, 也几乎是人们一切生活的载体；因此, 一本城市指南对一个数量众多、增长迅速的人类群体如何选择生活也是一种引导。史密斯先生的书很好地引出了这个庞大的话题, 也将引发更多的讨论。

【答案详解】

61. 【定位】由题干中的the year 2008定位到首段. A)【精析】语义理解题。定位段指出, 2008年人类来到一个历史性的起点, 因为在那一年人类在历史上第一次成为城市人口占主导的种群, 即城市人口远超农村人口。故A)为答案。

62. 【定位】由题干中的urbanisation定位到第二段。B)【精析】细节辨认题。文章第一段提出城市化的话题。第二段第一句指出, 这个趋势没有减缓的迹象, B)中will not slow down是对原文中shows no sign of slowing的同义转换, 故B)为答案。

63. 【定位】由题干中的Peter Smith?s new book定位到第三段。D)【精析】推理判断题。文章第三段第三、四句提到, 史密斯先生的书以一种迷人的模式呈现出来；又提到这是一本让人如沐春风的指导书, 它主要包

含公园及多年来提出的让城市变得完美的各种各样的项目。换言之, 它生动有趣, 故D)为本题的答案。64. 【定位】由题干中的the chapter on skyscrapers定位到第四段。D)【精析】细节辨认题。由定位段可知, 史密斯先生在摩天大楼那一章, 阐述了建筑方法、自动电梯等问题, 同时谈及一些稀奇的理论, 比如关于摩天大楼指数的结论, 即建筑摩天大楼的热潮很明显地预示着即将发生的衰退, 故D)为答案。

65. 【定位】由题干中的criticism定位到末段。C)【精析】推理判断题。末段首句提到, 对史密斯先生的书的一个显著的批评是: 文章涉及内容过于广泛, 而深度不够, 未能对城市生活进行深入探讨, 故C)为答案。

Part IV Translation

参考译文与难点注释

The Han dynasty is one of the most important dynasties in Chinese history. There are lots of remarkable achievements during the reign of the Han dynasty. Being the first dynasty to open the door to other cultures, it excelled in foreign trade. The Silk Road opened in the Han dynasty led to Central and Western Asia, even Rome. With all sorts of art schools flourishing, there appeared many great works in literary, history, and philosophy. In 100 AD, China's first dictionary was completed, which included 9 000 characters, providing definitions and different ways to write the characters. During that period, the science and technology had also made great progress, with paper, water clocks, sundials and instruments used to measure earthquakes invented. Though the Han dynasty had a history of 400 years, the corruption of its rulers finally contributed to its collapse.

1. 翻译第一句时, 需要用到“one of+可数名词复数”结构。另外需要注意的是, 表示朝代的名词前面需要加定冠词the。

2. 翻译第二句时需要注意时态。由于本句是客观说明, 故使用一般现在时更好。

3. 翻译第三句时, 可将“最先向其他文化敞开大门”译作伴随状语. 将“对外贸易兴旺”译作主句。还可将这两个分句译为并列句子, 即Il was the first dynasty to open the door to other cultures, and its foreign trade was prosperous.

4. 翻译第四旬时, 可以把“丝绸之路”译作主语, 将“汉朝开拓的”译作后置定语。

5. 翻译第五句时, 可将“各类艺术一派繁荣”译作伴随状语, 将“涌现了很多文学、历史、哲学巨著”译作主句。还可把“各类艺术一派繁荣”译作主句, 后接定语从句, 增译“汉朝”作先行词, 即Various kinds of art thrived during the Han dynasty, when many great works literature, history and philosophy emerged.

6. 翻译第六句时, 可将句子译作一个复合句, 把“公元l00年中国第一部字典编撰完成”译作主句, 把“收入9 000个字”译作定语从句. 把“提供释义并列举不同的写法”译作伴随状语。另外一种翻译方法是: 把“公元l00年中国第一部字典编撰完成, 收入9 000个字”和“提供释义并列举不同的写法”译作并列句, 其中“收入9 000个字”译作第一个句子的伴随状语, 即The first dictionary in China was compiled in l00 AD, embodying 9 000 words and it provided meanings and different ways to write the characters.

7. 翻译第七句时, 可把“发明了纸张、水钟、日晷以及测量地震的仪器”译作with复合结构。另外一种翻译方法是译作两个句子, 即During that period, the science and technology had also made great progress. Paper, water clocks, sundials and instruments used to measure earthquakes were invented.

8. 最后一句可根据其转折关系使用让步状语从句, 也可以直接译作表示转折关系的并列句, 即The Han dynasty lasted for 400 years, but its rulers? corruption led to its collapse.

话题词汇

the Four Great Inventions四大发明

the Hundred Schools of Thought诸子百家

prosperous繁荣的, 兴旺的

Scientific and Technological Revolution科技革命

territory领土, 版图

seismograph地震仪

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P a r tⅢR e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o n Section A As it is, sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer hours has become a badge of honor. Plus, we live in a culture that_____(37)to the late-nighter, from 24-hour grocery stores to online shopping sites that never close. It's no surprise, then, that more than half of American adults don't get the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eye every night as_____(38)by sleep experts. Whether or not we can catch up on sleep-on the weekend, say-is a hotly_____(39)topic among sleep researches. The latest evidence suggests that while it isn't_____(40), it might help. When Liu, the UCLA sleep researcher and professor of medicine, brought_____(41)sleep-restricted people into the lab for a weekend of sleep during which they logged about 10 hours per night, they showed_____(42)in the ability of insulin(胰岛素)to process blood sugar. That suggests that catchup sleep may undo some but not all of the damage that sleep_____(43)causes, which is encouraging given how many adults don't get the hours they need each night. Still, Liu isn't_____(44)to endorse the habit of sleeping less and making up for it later. Sleeping pills, while helpful for some, are not_____(45)an effective remedy either. “A sleeping pill will_____(46)one area of the brain, but there's never going to be a perfect sleeping pill, because you couldn't really replicates(复制)the different chemicals moving in and out of different parts of the brain to go through the different stages of sleep," says Collop, director of the Emory University Sleep Center. 37.【题干】_____ 【选项】