2015理工补全短文

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Mobile Phones

Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved1 to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. “Nobody’s going to drop dead overnight2 but we should be asking for more scientific information，” Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. ____1____

A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3. 3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day3. ____2____

As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density

residential areas5. ____3____The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.

Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. ____4____ He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates.

____5____ According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible health effects.

注释：

1.动词prove用的是过去式形式proved,这是一种虚拟语气表示假设的用法。

2.Nobody’s going to dr op dead overnight ... 没有人会在一个晚上倒地死去……”overnight是副词，意为“一夜间;一下子;整夜”。如：This stadium was not built overnight.这个体育场不是一下子建起来的。On his way to Europe, John stayed with his parents in Chicago overnight.在去欧洲的途中，约翰在芝加哥他父母那儿待了一个晚上。

3.介词by表示“以……(的速度增加)”。

4.介词by表示“到……前”。如：By Thursday morning you should complete writing the experiment report.到周四上午你应该写完实验报告。the year 2000：公元2000年

5.many in high density residential areas是独立主格结构。注意它省略了being，即many(being)in high density residential areas0此夕卜，many指的是many transmitter towers。

6.vat a rate more than three times that of adults可以理解为at a rate(that is)more than three times that of adults，意为“以比成人多两倍的比率”短语中的that指代rate。倍数的表达法是：“数字+times+名词/that”。如：His salary is three times that of mine.他的薪水比我多两倍。The sales Volume of refrigerators in 2000 was twice that in 1999.2000年冰箱的销量比1999年多一倍。

练习：

A He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults6.

B By the year 20004 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones ：nearly one for every two people.

C“If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised,” he said.

D Then who finances the research?

E For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community.

F The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.

答案与题解：

1.C“空1”应该填入与low-level radiation有关的内容，例如：low-level radiation究竟有害还是无害。所以，C是合适的选项。此外,直接引语也佐证了选择的合理性。

2.B“空2”前面一句介绍了澳大利亚拥有手机的现状。选项B的内容是对到2000年之前手机发展前景的预测，内容连贯，是正确答案。

3.E这一段第一句说的是，许多微波发射塔建在人口稠密的居民区。选项E的内容涉及微、波发射塔的地点选择只考虑到地理位置，而不顾及社区的安全。选项E扩展了第一句表达的信息。此外，选项E中出现tower这个词，与第一句的tower相呼应，也佐证了选择的合理性。

4.A“空4”前面一句说的是Robert Bell建议政府应该禁止在儿童比例高的地区(如学校操场、儿童医疗中心、居住小区等)的500米半径范围内建造发射塔。选项A说明为什么要这样做的原因，因而是答案。

5.D“空5”后面一句说的是major telephone companies出钱资助研究项目的问题，提示了D是正确答案。

移动电话

根据科学家罗伯特?贝尔的观点，如果移动电话被证实是一种辐射危害的来源的话，那在上面应该贴一个标签。而且直到移动电话发射塔的电磁辐射对人体健康的长期影响有一个合乎科学的评价之前，不能建造更多的发射塔。“没有人会在一个晚上就倒地死去，伹我们还是应该寻找更多的科学论据去指出它的危害。”罗伯特?贝尔在一次关于少量辐射对人体健康影响的会议上说。“如果移动电话被证明有危害，就应该在它上面贴一个警告标签，直到设计出合适的隔离屏为止。”他说。

在公众中一个广泛的流行说法是，现在的科学家们还不能完全地保证，电磁辐射对人类没有负面影响。正如罗伯特?贝尔所指出，仅在澳大利亚就有330万部移动电话，而且正以每天2 000部的速度增加。估计到公元2000年之前澳大利亚将拥有800万部移动电话，接近每两人一部手机。

同时，在澳大利亚境内分布着2 000座发射塔，其中有许多还坐落在人口密集的居民区。例如，Telstra, Optus和Vodaphone所建造的发射塔从地理位置上来说是合适的，但都忽视了公众的需求。从这些发射塔发出的电磁辖射可能已经对附近的居民产生了一些有害影响。

罗伯特?贝尔建议，在更多的研究工作未完成之前，政府应该禁止在学校操场、儿童日托中心、医院、运动场所以及儿童占比例较高的居住场所方圆500米范围内建造发射塔。他说显现的证据表明，儿童以成年人三倍多的比例吸收微量辐射。同时他补充说还有一个证据证明如果癌症患者受到电磁波的辐射，就会导致疾病的加速恶化。

那么谁资助这项研究呢?罗伯特?贝尔认为由较大的电话公司提供资金是合情合理的，他还极力主张政府进行一系列广泛的关于辐射可能对身体健康有所影响的调查与研究。

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The World's Longest Bridge

Rumor has it that1 a legendary six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrrhenian

Sea between Italy and the island of Sicily.(1) When completed in 2010, theworld's longest bridge will weigh nearly 300,000 tons 一equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic —and stretch 5 kilometers long. “ That's nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built. ’，says structural engineer Shane Rixon.

(2) They're suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges. A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure's mammoth weight, thanks to hefty supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54，100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge's load. The

beefy cables of the bridge, each 1. 2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built.

When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers. (3 ) Getting these cables up will be something2. It's not just their length — totally 5. 3 kilometers — but their weight. '—— (4) After lowering vertical “suspender’，cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60 meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck—wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck's weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139，000 tons — equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. (5) 注释：

Rumor has it that:传说中说……Ruirior hash that是一种固定结构。it是宾语，tkt引导的从句具体说明it的内容。

something:值得重视的人或事

练习：

A Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds.

B What do the world's longest bridges have in common?

C If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼晡而过)across the Messina Strait Bridge.

D They're what will keep the bridge from going anywhere.

E The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires.

F They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons — more than half the bridge's total mass.

答案与题解：

1.C选项C中有一个关键词beast,与第一句的monster相呼应。所以，C是答案。

2.B第二段第二.句的主语是They。由于表语是suspension bridges, They替代的一定是前面句子出现过的bridges。六个选项中，只有B含有bridges，且填在第二段段首意思连贯。

3.E “空3”前面的句子有the first job这几个词。有first,必有second/then。六个选项中，只有E含有The second job。所以，E是答案。

4.F “空4”前面的句子说的是，把这些吊索吊高定位是有难度的，不仅仅由于它们很长，还由于它们很重。F介绍了它们的重量，应该是“空4”前面的句子的后续句。

5.D “空5”前面的句子说的是，桥桩很重要。为什么很重要呢? D解释了桥桩的作用，意思连贯，所以是答案。

译文：世界上最长的桥

据传说，在意大利和西西里岛间的第勒尼安海的深处，潜伏着一头神奇的六头怪兽。如果这是真的，你有可能在飞驶过墨西拿海峡桥时窥视到这怪物。到2010年该桥竣工的时候，它将是一座世界上最长且重达30万吨的大桥，这个重量近似于撞沉泰坦尼克号巨轮的冰山的重量。这座桥长约5千米，桥的结构工程师雪恩·里克森说：“|它比有史以来最长的桥还长出约50%。”

那么，世界上最长的这些桥之间有什么共同点呢?它们都是吊桥，有着巨大的桥的构架，横跨航道或峡谷间的巨大水域。一座吊桥只需要两个塔身来支撑绳索。墨西拿海峡桥的两座塔将分别重54100吨，它们将支撑住桥的大部分重量。桥的绳索很结实，每条直径1.2米，

它们将支起建桥史上最长最宽的桥板。

墨西拿海峡桥的建造将于2005年开始，那时要做的第一项工作将是树立起两座370米高的铁塔。第二项工作将是在海峡两端支起两套钢索，每一套绳索由44352根单独的钢缆组成。把这些钢缆举起来是很不容易地。这不仅仅体现在钢缆很长(共有5.3千米)，而且也由于它们的重量，它们将重达166500吨，这个重量已超过类桥总重量的一半。

在从主绳索上降下垂直的悬索后，建造者将造起一条60米宽、54630吨重的公路，或者说是桥板，这个宽度的路将可容纳12条交通车道。桥板的重量将使两端的钢索负重70500吨。反过来，相应的钢索将以139000吨的力度拽着牢牢扎根了的固定物，这个力度近似于10万辆轿车的总重量。这些桥桩是很必要的，正是这些桥桩防止了桥的随便移动。

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The Bilingual Brain

When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. 1 They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.

The researchers used an instrument called an MRI( magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. 2 . The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn't speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.

Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - Broca's area~ , which is believed to control speech production, and Wernicke's area, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. 3 People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language. 4 Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming

is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.

A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. 5

注释：

1.Now he speaks it fluently，and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.现在他说一口流利的英语，并且有一独特的机会来审视我们的大脑是如何适应第二语言的。adapt to：适应

2.MRj(magnetic resonance imaging)：磁共振成像

3.Broca’s area：布洛卡区，也译为布罗卡区是大脑的一区，它主管语言讯息的处理、话语的产生。与Wernicke’s area共同形成语言系统。布若卡区与韦尼克区通常位于脑部的优势半脑(通常位于左侧)，这是由于大多数人(97%)是右利的缘故。1861年法国神经学家兼外科医生保罗.布罗卡(Paul Broca，1824--1880)对一些失语症患者进行研究及治疗时发现此一区域，位于大脑皮层额下回后部的44、45区，故以其发现者的名字命名为布罗卡区。

练习：

A But their use of Broca's area was different.

B One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.

C How does Hirsch explain this difference?

D We use special parts of the brain for language learning.

E And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.

F Their work led to an important discovery.

答案与题解：

1.F根据本空的后一句：They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.其中they found evidence与discovery相互应。

2.B 依据本空的后一句The other consisted of people who，like Kim，learned their second language later in life.one…the other是一固定搭配，用来比较同类事物。

3.A整段讲的是Kim他们对大脑的两个语言中心的分析，得出两组被试都用Wernicke’s area中同一地带，紧接着该谈被试们使用Broca's area的情况。

4.C本段的开头谈到孩子学习第_和第二语言都用Broca’s area相同的地带;而成人学习第二语言时使用Broca’s area不同的地带。后面都是Hirsch对这一现象的解释;He believes….根据上下文C是恰当的。

5.E该句是全文的结束语。本段前两句都讲成年人与小孩习得语言的不同，Hirsch认为，母亲教小孩说话用不同于成人的方法，比如用触摸、声音和情景。Different是一关键词，所以，我们在中学和大学课堂学语言的方法和母亲教孩予的方法是不同的。

译文：双语大脑

当卡尔·金十几岁从韩国移民到美国时，他经历了一段很艰难的英语学习期。现在他英语讲得很流利，并且有个独特的机会去理解我们的大脑是如何适应第二话言的。作为一名研究生，金在位于纽约的神经科学家乔伊·赫西的实验室工作。他们的工作有一重大发现。他们找到了证据来证明当儿童和成人在学习第二语言时，他们并不使用大脑的同一部位。

研究者利用一种叫做MRI ( 核磁共振成像)的扫描仪来研究两组会两种语言的人的大脑。一组是由在儿童时期就学会了第二语言的人组成，另一组是由像余这样在晚些时候才

学会了第二语言的人组成。两组人都被安置在MRI扫描仪中，这就使得金和赫西能清楚地看见大脑的哪个部位更活跃，流经更多的血液。他们要求两组的人都先用母语，再用第二语言来思考一下他们前一天做的事情。他们不用讲出声来，因为任何的动作都会干扰扫描。

金和赫西特别看了一下两个大脑的语言中心——被认为是控制语言输出的布鲁卡语言区，和进行意义加工的韦尼克语言区。金和赫西发现无论两组人讲哪种语言，他们都在使用韦尼克区的同一部位，布洛卡区的不同部位。

在儿童时期就学会第二语言的人，在使用他们的母语和第二语言时使用的是布鲁卡区的同一区域。而在晚些时候才学会第二语言的人在使用第二语言时，与使用母语时相比，使用的是布鲁卡区的不同区域。赫西如何解释这一差异?她认为，当小孩子第一次将语言程序化时，他们的大脑会在同一区域将所有语言的声音和结构结合在一起。一旦这种程序化完成以后. 对一种新语言的加工处理就必须被大脑的其他部分接管。

第二种可能就是我们在小的时候学习的语言不同于我们成年后学习的语言。赫西认为，母亲教小孩说话是通过使用不同的方法，涉及触觉、听觉和视觉，而这与在高中或是大学的课堂上学习语言的方法有明显的不同。

4

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Dung to Death

Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”.2

The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. ____1____

Some 20,000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. ____2____

Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat3. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology m Dubendorf. ____3____

With millions of tons of animals manure spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance,4 he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. ____4____ Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides.

____5____ His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria.5 But vets are not treating the issue seriously.

There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage treatment.

词汇：

antibiotic 抗生素slurry 泥浆

barley 大麦sulphonamide 磺胺

degrade 衰减dissolve /溶解

vet 兽医excrete排泄

注释：

1.dung to death：施肥致死，dung这个词原为名词，意为“牲畜的粪便，粪肥”，这里作动词用，意为“施以粪肥”。

2.…create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”：产生新一代对抗生素有抗药性的“超级病菌”。

3.…humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat：吃了受到污染的肉，人也会传染上这种有抗药性的菌株。strain —词在微生物学里指“菌株”。

4.... this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance ：这一途径似乎同样可能传播抗药性。

5.This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria：这一浓度髙得足以促使细菌形成抗药性。这一浓度(This concentration)指前一句中说的在瑞士农场，每公顷农田受到高达1千克药物的污染。

练习：

A They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water.

B And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistar.t to antibiotics, he says.

C Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.

D But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.

E His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed.

F They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.

答案与题解：

1.E本句中包含he这个代词，故上文中必定有它的先行词，his findings又表明此人应该是从事科研工作的，句中又提到Switzerland，考虑这种种因素，填入E是正确的。

2.D前两句讲的是抗生素在欧洲和美国的大量使用，D项讲的是由此导致的不良后果，接上去是最合理不过的。But明确地表明了这一转折。

3.B选项B中有两处提示，一是本句结尾处的he says，说明上文中必提到一个被引用的人;二是句首的And，这个词表明，这句的内容可能是前一句的延续。前一句引的S. Mueller说的话，讲到在肥料中滞留的药物比肉类产品中的多得多。这句话则继续引用

Mueller的话，进一步说肥料中对抗生素有抗药性的病菌含量特别髙。

4.F选项F中的also一词说明前面应讲到过类似的内容。这句讲的是这些药物可能从施过肥料的农田下面的岩石沥滤到自来水里去;前面一句讲的是受到这些药物污染的谷物被人食用，这两句讲的都是这些药物如何对人类造成威胁。

5.A选项A中的主语They提示我们应该寻找一个复数的先行词，根据句子的意思：……既不衰减又不溶于水，这个they指的不是人而是物，我们在上一句里找到sulphonamides这个复数形式的名词，从意思上看也合适。

译文：施肥致死

欧洲田野被浓度危险的牲畜抗生素所污染。这些肥料中的药物被喷洒到田野上当作肥料，它们可以进入我们的食物和水中，促进产生新一代对抗生素有抗药性的“超级病菌”。

这个警告来自瑞士的一个研究者，他关注农场泥浆中药物的浓度。他的发现非常令人震惊，因为瑞士是少数的几个禁止把抗生素作为动物饲料催长剂的国家之一。

每年大约有2万吨的抗生素被用于欧盟和美国。其中一半以上被用于牲畜防病和促进生长。但是最近的研究发现了这种农业药物的增加使用和感染人类的对抗抗生素药性的病毒之间的直接联系。

大部分研究者假设人类吃了受到污染的肉也会传染上这种有抗药性的菌株。但是杜本多弗的瑞士联邦环境科学技术学院的Stephen Mueller说，这种药物最后留在肥料中的比在肉制品中的多得多。他说肥料中含有特别高浓高度的抗抗生素药性的病菌。

他说，随着每年上百万吨的动物肥料被喷洒到小麦和大麦等谷物的田地里，这一途径似乎同样可能传播抗药性。这些药物污染谷物，然后这些谷物被食用。它们还有可能渗透到从施肥后的田地下的岩石中抽上来的自来水里。

Mueller对叫做磺胺的抗生素群感到尤其担心。它们不容易降解或溶解于水。他的分析发现瑞士的农业肥料含有高比例的磺胺，每公顷土地被1千克的这种药剂所污染。这一浓度高得足以促使细菌形成抗药性。但是兽医们并没有严肃地对待这一问题。

人们越来越关心包括抗生素的这些药物在多大程度上污染环境。许多人类服用的药物也未经改变地被排泄出来，而且没有被传统的污水处理系统分解。

5

理工C补全短文新增文章：

第五篇 A Record-Breaking Rover

NASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. ____1____

On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.

“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,”says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.

____2____ “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”OPPORTUNITY

The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. ____3____

Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in

a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks. During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. ____4____

MARATHON ROVER

The rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. ____5____ Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.

词汇：

Mars rover n. 火星车

panoramic adj. 全景的

odometer n. 里程计

rack up v. 积累

microscopic adj. 微观的

注释：

1．could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment：含有与火星早期环境有关的线索。

练习：

A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.

B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.

D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.

E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.

F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.

答案与题解：

1．F前文讲“机遇号”在距离上比之前的任何漫游车行进的距离都长，因此接下来应该讨论关于行进距离的问题。

2．B前文引入了一个新人物John Callas，而后文是他说的一些话，因此这里应该填写的内容是对这个人的进一步介绍。

3．E前文讲了同时被送入太空的两台漫游车“机遇号”和“勇气号”，因此下文应该对它们的情况进行介绍，而关于发射目的的介绍在这里是合适的。

4．A前文讲到“机遇号”给地面传回了许多照片，而选项A中讲到它还给地面传回了许多其他信息，在这里是一致的。

5．C前文讲漫游车在行进到26.2英里的时候会到达一个地点，而后文提到了马拉松谷这个地方，因此这里应该是关于这个地点的介绍。

译文：

6

Dung to Death

Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”.2

The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. ____1____

Some 20,000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each

year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. ____2____

Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat3. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology m Dubendorf. ____3____

With millions of tons of animals manure spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance,4 he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. ____4____ Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. ____5____ His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria.5 But vets are not treating the issue seriously.

There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage treatment.

词汇：

antibiotic 抗生素slurry 泥浆

barley 大麦sulphonamide 磺胺

degrade 衰减dissolve /溶解

vet 兽医excrete排泄

注释：

1.dung to death：施肥致死，dung这个词原为名词，意为“牲畜的粪便，粪肥”，这里作动词用，意为“施以粪肥”。

2.…create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”：产生新一代对抗生素有抗药性的“超级病菌”。

3.…humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat：吃了受到污染的肉，人也会传染上这种有抗药性的菌株。strain —词在微生物学里指“菌株”。

4.... this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance ：这一途径似乎同样可能传播抗药性。

5.This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria：这一浓度髙得足以促使细菌形成抗药性。这一浓度(This concentration)指前一句中说的在瑞士农场，每公顷农田受到高达1千克药物的污染。

练习：

A They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water.

B And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistar.t to antibiotics, he says.

C Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.

D But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.

E His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed.

F They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized

fields.

答案与题解：

1.E本句中包含he这个代词，故上文中必定有它的先行词，his findings又表明此人应该是从事科研工作的，句中又提到Switzerland，考虑这种种因素，填入E是正确的。

2.D前两句讲的是抗生素在欧洲和美国的大量使用，D项讲的是由此导致的不良后果，接上去是最合理不过的。But明确地表明了这一转折。

3.B选项B中有两处提示，一是本句结尾处的he says，说明上文中必提到一个被引用的人;二是句首的And，这个词表明，这句的内容可能是前一句的延续。前一句引的S. Mueller说的话，讲到在肥料中滞留的药物比肉类产品中的多得多。这句话则继续引用Mueller的话，进一步说肥料中对抗生素有抗药性的病菌含量特别髙。

4.F选项F中的also一词说明前面应讲到过类似的内容。这句讲的是这些药物可能从施过肥料的农田下面的岩石沥滤到自来水里去;前面一句讲的是受到这些药物污染的谷物被人食用，这两句讲的都是这些药物如何对人类造成威胁。

5.A选项A中的主语They提示我们应该寻找一个复数的先行词，根据句子的意思：……既不衰减又不溶于水，这个they指的不是人而是物，我们在上一句里找到sulphonamides这个复数形式的名词，从意思上看也合适。

译文：施肥致死

欧洲田野被浓度危险的牲畜抗生素所污染。这些肥料中的药物被喷洒到田野上当作肥料，它们可以进入我们的食物和水中，促进产生新一代对抗生素有抗药性的“超级病菌”。

这个警告来自瑞士的一个研究者，他关注农场泥浆中药物的浓度。他的发现非常令人震惊，因为瑞士是少数的几个禁止把抗生素作为动物饲料催长剂的国家之一。

每年大约有2万吨的抗生素被用于欧盟和美国。其中一半以上被用于牲畜防病和促进生长。但是最近的研究发现了这种农业药物的增加使用和感染人类的对抗抗生素药性的病毒之间的直接联系。

大部分研究者假设人类吃了受到污染的肉也会传染上这种有抗药性的菌株。但是杜本多弗的瑞士联邦环境科学技术学院的Stephen Mueller说，这种药物最后留在肥料中的比在肉制品中的多得多。他说肥料中含有特别高浓高度的抗抗生素药性的病菌。

他说，随着每年上百万吨的动物肥料被喷洒到小麦和大麦等谷物的田地里，这一途径似乎同样可能传播抗药性。这些药物污染谷物，然后这些谷物被食用。它们还有可能渗透到从施肥后的田地下的岩石中抽上来的自来水里。

Mueller对叫做磺胺的抗生素群感到尤其担心。它们不容易降解或溶解于水。他的分析发现瑞士的农业肥料含有高比例的磺胺，每公顷土地被1千克的这种药剂所污染。这一浓度高得足以促使细菌形成抗药性。但是兽医们并没有严肃地对待这一问题。

人们越来越关心包括抗生素的这些药物在多大程度上污染环境。许多人类服用的药物也未经改变地被排泄出来，而且没有被传统的污水处理系统分解。

7

Watching Microcurrents Flow

We can now watch electricity as it flows through even the tiniest circuits. By scanning the magnetic field generated as electric currents flow through objects, physicists have managed ____1____. The technology will allow manufacturers to scan microchips for faults, as well as revealing microscopic defects in anything from aircraft to banknotes.

Gang Xiao and Ben Schrag at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, visualize the current by measuring subtle changes in the magnetic field of an object and ____2____.

Their sensor is adapted1 from an existing piece of technology that is used to measure large magnetic fields in computer hard drives.2”We redesigned the magnetic sensor to make it capable of measuring very weak changes in magnetic fields,” says Xiao.

The resulting device is capable of detecting a current as weak as 10 microamperes, even when the wire is buried deep within a chip, and it shows up features as small as 40 nanometers across.

At present, engineers looking for defects in a chip have to peel off the layers and examine the circuits visually; this is one of the obstacles ____3____. But the new magnetic microscope is sensitive enough to look inside chips and reveal faults such as short circuits , nicks in the wires or electro migration — where a dense area of current picks up surrounding atoms and moves them along. “It is like watching a river flow,” explains Xiao.

As well as scanning tiny circuits, the microscope can be used to reveal the internal structure of any object capable of conducting electricity.3 Fpr example, it could look directly at microscopic cracks in an aeroplane’s fuselage, ____4____. The technique cannot yet pick up electrical activity in the human brain because the current there is too small, but Xiao doesn’t rule it out4 in the future. “I can never say never,” he says.

Although the researchers have only just made the technical details of the microscope public, it is already on sale,5 from electronics company Micro Magnetics in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is currently the size of a refrigerator and takes several minutes to scan a circuit, but Xiao and Schrag are working ____5____.

词汇：

circuit 电路scan 扫描;细看

magnetic 磁铁的;磁石的subtle 精巧的;细微的

visualize 使……形象化;使……具体化dense 密集的;稠密的

sensor 感应器

注释：

1.is adapted：(使)适应。作不及物动词时的用法是：“adapt to +名词性成分”，如：The young man from the countryside adapted well to life in the big city.这个农村青年很能适应大城市的生活。易混的词：(1)adopt采取;采纳(及物动词)。adopt a positive attitude采取积极的态度。(2)adept熟练的;擅长的(形容词)。be adept in(或at)，如：This boy is adept in/at figures.这个男孩擅长计算。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/a18165178.html,puter hard drives：计算机硬盘

3.conducting electricity：导电

4.rule ... out：排除……的可能性。又如：The police have ruled out murder in the case o f the girl’s death.警方在姑娘死亡案中已排除他杀的可能性。

5.on sale：出售;上市。如：Will the new product be on sale next month?这种新产品下月会上市吗?

练习：

A to shrink it to the size of a desktop computer and cut the scanning

B to making chips any smaller

C to take tiny chips we require

D to picture the progress of the currents

E converting the information into a color picture showing the density

F faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote or bacteria in a water

答案与题解：

1.D manage to+v.是“设法做成”的意思。picture在此是动词，“to picture t he progress of the cuixents”意为“绘出电流运行图”。

2.E by在句中引导两个在句法结构上并列的分词短语：一个是measuring subtle changes in the magnetic field of an object，另一个是converting the information into a color picture showing the density of current at each point。convert ... into ... 的意思是“把……转变为……”。

3.B“obstacle to+名词性成分”的意思是“……的障碍”。

4.F faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote和bacteria in a water sample与前文中的microscopic cracks in an aeroplane’s fuselage在意思上是并列的关系。

5.A这部分所说的体积的减小和所需时间的缩短恰好与前半句中提到的冰箱大小的体积和所需数分钟的时间形成了对比。

译文：观察微电流流程

现在电流流过哪怕是最窄的电路时我们都能看到。物理学家们通过扫面电流物体时产生的磁场而绘出电流运行图。这种技术可以使制造者扫面微芯片上的错误，同时可以找出从飞行器到钞票等物上的细微缺陷。

罗德岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学Gang Xiao和Ben Schrag通过测量一个物体的磁场内的细微变化并把信息转化成显示每一点电流强度的彩色图片而使电流显现。

他们的传感器是由现有的用于测量电脑硬盘的大磁场的技术配件改造而成的。Xiao说：“我们重新设计了磁性传感器使它能够测量磁场中非常微弱的变化。”

重新设计完的装置能够探测微弱到10微安培的电流，甚至是当癫痫深藏在芯片中的时候，它也能够显示出直径只有40纳米长的图案。

目前，那些在芯片中寻找缺点的工程师们必须要剥掉表层目测电路。这是使芯片变得更小的阻碍之一。但是新的磁性显微镜非常敏感，能够看到芯片内部，找出短路、电线的裂痕或电迁移等缺点，电迁移是指电流强大的区域吸引周围的原子并使它们移动。Xiao解释说：“那就像看着一条河水在流淌。”

显微镜不仅能够扫描微笑的电路，还可以用于找出能够导电的物体的内部结构。例如，它能够直接看到飞机机身上的极细微的裂缝、伪钞的金属条上的却掉或者水样中的细菌。这种技术还不能提取人脑中的电活动，因为那里的电流太小了，但是Xiao并没有排除将来实现它的可能。他说：“网永远不会说永远不能。”

尽管研究者刚刚公开电显微镜的技术细节，位于马萨诸塞州Fall River的微磁电子设备公司已经在出售它了。目前它大约像冰箱那么大，而且要用几分钟扫描一个电路，但是Xiao 和Schrag正在努力使它缩小到台式计算机那么大，把扫描时间缩短到30秒。

8

Watching Microcurrents Flow

We can now watch electricity as it flows through even the tiniest circuits. By scanning the magnetic field generated as electric currents flow through objects, physicists have managed ____1____. The technology will allow manufacturers to scan microchips for

faults, as well as revealing microscopic defects in anything from aircraft to banknotes.

Gang Xiao and Ben Schrag at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, visualize the current by measuring subtle changes in the magnetic field of an object and ____2____.

Their sensor is adapted1 from an existing piece of technology that is used to measure large magnetic fields in computer hard drives.2”We redesigned the magnetic sensor to make it capable of measuring very weak changes in magnetic fields,” says Xiao.

The resulting device is capable of detecting a current as weak as 10 microamperes, even when the wire is buried deep within a chip, and it shows up features as small as 40 nanometers across.

At present, engineers looking for defects in a chip have to peel off the layers and examine the circuits visually; this is one of the obstacles ____3____. But the new magnetic microscope is sensitive enough to look inside chips and reveal faults such as short circuits , nicks in the wires or electro migration — where a dense area of current picks up surrounding atoms and moves them along. “It is like watching a river flow,”explains Xiao.

As well as scanning tiny circuits, the microscope can be used to reveal the internal structure of any object capable of conducting electricity.3 Fpr example, it could look directly at microscopic cracks in an aeroplane’s fuselage, ____4____. The technique cannot yet pick up electrical activity in the human brain because the current there is too small, but Xiao doesn’t rule it out4 in the future. “I can never say never,” he says.

Although the researchers have only just made the technical details of the microscope public, it is already on sale,5 from electronics company Micro Magnetics in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is currently the size of a refrigerator and takes several minutes to scan a circuit, but Xiao and Schrag are working ____5____.

词汇：

circuit 电路scan 扫描;细看

magnetic 磁铁的;磁石的subtle 精巧的;细微的

visualize 使……形象化;使……具体化dense 密集的;稠密的

sensor 感应器

注释：

1.is adapted：(使)适应。作不及物动词时的用法是：“adapt to +名词性成分”，如：The young man from the countryside adapted well to life in the big city.这个农村青年很能适应大城市的生活。易混的词：(1)adopt采取;采纳(及物动词)。adopt a positive attitude采取积极的态度。(2)adept熟练的;擅长的(形容词)。be adept in(或at)，如：This boy is adept in/at figures.这个男孩擅长计算。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/a18165178.html,puter hard drives：计算机硬盘

3.conducting electricity：导电

4.rule ... out：排除……的可能性。又如：The police have ruled out murder in the case of the girl’s death.警方在姑娘死亡案中已排除他杀的可能性。

5.on sale：出售;上市。如：Will the new product be on sale next month?这种新产品下月会上市吗?

练习：

A to shrink it to the size of a desktop computer and cut the scanning

B to making chips any smaller

C to take tiny chips we require

D to picture the progress of the currents

E converting the information into a color picture showing the density

F faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote or bacteria in a water

答案与题解：

1.D manage to+v.是“设法做成”的意思。picture在此是动词，“to picture the progress of the cuixents”意为“绘出电流运行图”。

2.E by在句中引导两个在句法结构上并列的分词短语：一个是measuring subtle changes in the magnetic field of an object，另一个是converting the information into a color picture showing the density of current at each point。convert ... into ... 的意思是“把……转变为……”。

3.B“obstacle to+名词性成分”的意思是“……的障碍”。

4.F faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote和bacteria in a water sample与前文中的microscopic cracks in an aero plane’s fuselage在意思上是并列的关系。

5.A这部分所说的体积的减小和所需时间的缩短恰好与前半句中提到的冰箱大小的体积和所需数分钟的时间形成了对比。

译文：观察微电流流程

现在电流流过哪怕是最窄的电路时我们都能看到。物理学家们通过扫面电流物体时产生的磁场而绘出电流运行图。这种技术可以使制造者扫面微芯片上的错误，同时可以找出从飞行器到钞票等物上的细微缺陷。

罗德岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学Gang Xiao和Ben Schrag通过测量一个物体的磁场内的细微变化并把信息转化成显示每一点电流强度的彩色图片而使电流显现。

他们的传感器是由现有的用于测量电脑硬盘的大磁场的技术配件改造而成的。Xiao说：“我们重新设计了磁性传感器使它能够测量磁场中非常微弱的变化。”

重新设计完的装置能够探测微弱到10微安培的电流，甚至是当癫痫深藏在芯片中的时候，它也能够显示出直径只有40纳米长的图案。

目前，那些在芯片中寻找缺点的工程师们必须要剥掉表层目测电路。这是使芯片变得更小的阻碍之一。但是新的磁性显微镜非常敏感，能够看到芯片内部，找出短路、电线的裂痕或电迁移等缺点，电迁移是指电流强大的区域吸引周围的原子并使它们移动。Xiao解释说：“那就像看着一条河水在流淌。”

显微镜不仅能够扫描微笑的电路，还可以用于找出能够导电的物体的内部结构。例如，它能够直接看到飞机机身上的极细微的裂缝、伪钞的金属条上的却掉或者水样中的细菌。这种技术还不能提取人脑中的电活动，因为那里的电流太小了，但是Xiao并没有排除将来实现它的可能。他说：“网永远不会说永远不能。”

尽管研究者刚刚公开电显微镜的技术细节，位于马萨诸塞州Fall River的微磁电子设备公司已经在出售它了。目前它大约像冰箱那么大，而且要用几分钟扫描一个电路，但是Xiao 和Schrag正在努力使它缩小到台式计算机那么大，把扫描时间缩短到30秒。

9

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理工B补全短文新增文章：

*第九篇 Lightening Strikes

Three years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrif ying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang.

____1____ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.

Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2____ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. ____3____ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.

Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscit ated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1.

____4____ The best place to be is inside a car!

The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.

Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. ____5____

Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the

entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.

词汇：

bolt n. （闪电）道

sheer adj. 绝对的

resuscitate v. 使复苏

flock n. 群

rubble n. 碎石

spire n. 尖顶，尖塔

instantaneously adv. 即刻，突如其来地

注释：

1．she has been a strictly fair weather golfer：她变成了一个只在晴朗天气才打高尔夫的人。2．Animals are victims of lightning too：动物也会受到雷击的伤害。

练习：

A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.

B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.

C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.

D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.

E Occasionally there are warning signs.

F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.

答案与题解：

1．D前文讲到“我”被爆炸击中，因此后文要讲被击昏然后醒来之后的事，D项符合。2．A前文讲闪电是大自然绝对力量最可怕的展现方式之一，而宙斯在古希腊是力量的化身，古希腊人认为雷电产生的原因是宙斯发怒并投掷闪电。

3．E后文讲到闪电来临之前的一些征兆，还讲到有一种产品可以预告闪电。此处要填的是该段的主题句，即闪电到来之前会有一些征兆。

4．B前面讲到在高尔夫球场上被雷击的一个事例，后文讲闪电来临之时最安全的地方是汽车里，因此要填的句子应该是讲在高尔夫球场不安全。

5．F前文讲Harold因为雷击丧失了感受温度的能力，F选项中关于他再也不怕冬天的寒冷的描述符合要求。

译文：

10

How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear

Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.

This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. 1 . In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies. Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to"hear" music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played. 2 . He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:" my former musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. 2 After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to ' hear' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. "

How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both"out there" and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. 3 . However, it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.

When Michael Edgar first" switched on" his cochlear implant,the sound's he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example," The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once. "

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高考英语作文预测 假如你叫李华,某国外网站邀请你发帖分享你的学习方式。要点如下: 1.广泛阅读; 2.多听讲座; 3.其听力方式(自拟)。 注意:1.词数100左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯; 3.开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。 Dearfriends, I’dliketosharemyuniquelearningstylewithyou, ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Yours, LiHua 参考范文 Dearfriends,

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中考英语短文改错训练精选篇附答案

改错训练专项训练 4 One afternoon my father and me went fishing along a river. 1 ________ We found the water too dirty that we could not see the bottom. 2 ________ We also found rubbish and dead fish float on the water . That 3 ________ afternoon my father catches only some small fish. 4 ________ What did the fish in the river die for? That was because a lot of 5 ________ factories along the river always emptied its waste water and rubbish 6 ________ into the river, but the river got polluted. Thus, most of the fish in 7 ________ the river were killed . If all the rivers throughout the country are polluted like this, all 8 ________ living things in the water will killed. Clean water is very important 9 ________ to life. We expect that water in every river will be made more 10 ________ cleaner and cleaner before long. 5 I have been planning to join in our college basketball team 1 ________ next year, so now I am spending as more time as I can 2 ________ with other people who likes to play. They are teaching 3 ________ me the most important rule and techniques of the game, 4 ________ and I am getting the better all the time. We have a 5 ________ neighborhood team that play against other teams in the area. 6 ________ One of my neighbors is helping rest of us 7 ________ improved our skills. Tonight we are playing against 8 ________ one of the best teams in the city , and I think we can 9 ________ beat them if we won't make any mistakes . 10 ________ 6 We were late as usual . My husband had insisted on watering the flowers in the garden by himself. When we 1 ________ realized how he couldn't manage, he asked me for help. 2 ________ But now we had only an hour to get to the airport. Luckily, 3 ________ there were not many more cars or buses on the road and we 4 ________ were able to get here just in time. We checked in and went 5 ________ straight to the big hall to wait for our flight be called, 6 ________ but no announcement is made. A girl there told us the plane 7 ________ hadn't come yet. In the end , there came an announcement told 8 ________ us that the passengers waiting for Flight LJ108 could get the 9 ________ free meal and that the plane hadn't left London for some 10 ________ technical problems. 7 American people have a habit saying " Thank you" 1 ________ whenever something kind is done for them and something 2 ________ polite is said to them , no matter what easy or common the 3 ________