ORAL USA final 题目
Name___________________ ORAL TOPICS/ USA FINAL EXAM St. # ____________________ Who, what, where, when, why, how?
1Australian sense of adventure and fun
"Nemo" finding nemo
The Great Barrier Reef, is known as "the dream the place to start" in Australia, want to experience the u nderwater shock, this is the place where you can't miss.The outer barrier reef Norman from Keynes can enjoy the best view of the Great Barrier Reef.The reef group of continuous here, from the water, just pie ces of dark blue sea forest, here you will be able to feel the unprecedented visual and sensory shock. Take a bus to the Great Barrier Reef from cairns wharf, landing "big cat" cruise ship, or from the board "silver shuttle," Douglas town, begin your adventure trip to the Great Barrier Reef.You can also take hal f a submarine roaming amazing undersea world, see the rich coral and tropical fish.Everything, everythi ng is so interesting and wonderful, make you really feel the joy of the underwater world.More stimulus is yet to come.In western Australia ning lu, you can feel huge whale shark in the movie the stimulus and the heart that happen to you.That is with the whale sharks walks, feel the bottom of the sea life of freed om and cheerful.This exciting experience will make you unforgettable.Don't forget to bring your camer a, take your sunny smile and the beautiful scenery of the sea and ocean.
―尼莫‖海底总动员
大堡礁，被誉为澳大利亚―梦开始的地方‖，想要体验水下冲击，这里是你不能错过的地方。诺曼外堡礁是从凯恩斯出发能欣赏到最佳景观的大堡礁。这里的礁群连绵不断，从水中望去，就是一片片深蓝色的海底森林，在这里你将能感受到前所未有的视觉和感官震撼。
从凯恩斯搭乘巴士前往大堡礁码头，登陆―大猫号‖游轮，或者从道格拉斯小镇搭乘―银梭号‖，开始你的大堡礁探险之旅。你还可以乘坐半潜艇漫游奇妙的海底世界，观赏丰富的珊瑚和热带鱼群。一切的一切，都是那么的有趣与奇妙，令你真切感受海底世界的欢乐。更刺激的还在后头。在西澳大利亚宁格鲁，你可以亲身感受电影中庞大的鲸鲨向你扑面而来的刺激与心跳。那就是与鲸鲨同游，感受海底生命的自由与欢畅。这种紧张刺激的经历必使你终生难忘。不要忘记带上相机，拍下你阳光灿烂的笑脸和海上、海底出奇的风光。
Red earth "desert cavalry"
Riding a horse cavalry here is not to conquer the world.People ride smooth add a few minutes handsom e, and ride a camel in the Australian red earth's alternative, is unforgettable one ride.In the northern terri tory uluru camel riding trip, through an appreciation between sand dunes red background is more dazzli ng sunrise and sunset.At sunrise, wandering the bright colours of red sand dunes, through the card towe r hill near tower steep auburn boulder, see a giant rock changes with the light of the different dress, into xicated with the original empty uluru morning acid;At sunset, you can enjoy on this piece of red land in land food feast, in the desert of starry sky to explore this piece in the dreamtime stories of different char acters.
If you want a more dynamic experience of sand dunes, can also come to Queensland Morton island, sitti ng or lying skateboard sliding down from sand dunes, try this novel sliding sand movement.Morton isla nd isn't only sand dunes, however, most of all is covered by forest, here is full of tropical plants around, cliff hill ups and downs.If you want to stay away from the hustle and bustle, it would be better to the qu iet island, play with the whales, dolphins, seabirds, ren good-matured no mood.
红土地上的―沙漠骑兵‖
这里的骑兵可不是骑着马征服世界的。骑马让人平添几分帅气，而在澳大利亚红土地上骑骆驼的另类，则令人一骑倾心。参加北领地乌鲁鲁骆驼骑行之旅，穿越于沙丘间欣赏红色背景衬托下更加耀眼的日出和日落。日出时，漫步于色彩鲜明的红色沙丘上，穿过附近卡塔丘塔陡峭的
赤褐色圆石，看巨岩随着光线的不同而变幻的霓裳，沉醉于乌鲁鲁清晨迷幻的原始空旷中；日落之时，你可以在这片红色土地上享受内陆美食盛宴，在繁星闪耀的沙漠夜空下探究这片在梦幻时代不同的人物故事。
如果你想要更加动感的沙丘体验，也可以来到昆士兰的莫尔顿岛，坐着或趴在滑板上从沙丘滑下，尝试滑沙这种新奇运动。不过莫尔顿岛可不是只有沙丘，这里大部分均被森林覆盖，到处都是热带植物的围绕，山崖丘陵起伏跌宕。如果你想远离喧嚣，不如就来到这个安静的小岛，与这里的鲸鱼、海豚、海鸟嬉戏，任心情无羁无绊。
Geocentric adventure in Australia
I'm afraid see friends "geocentric adventure" the mystery of the infinite yearning for underground.Austr alia's wild cave exploration may satisfy your fantasy, found a spectacular underground wilderness, purs ue ancient trail.
Tasmania is an ideal place for spelunking.Here not only has a rugged mountains, rolling pastures and de nse virgin forest, is more worth exploring the mystery of the underground cavern.You can go to Moore creek, in the north-
central Tasmania, from German port is only 74 km and Della Lin Yixi only 25 kilometers south of town , there are many caves for your inquiry, there are wild animals such as the world's largest barn owl attra ct people's attention.
Most people here are passionate about Marakoopa caves and King Solomons, cave.Marakoopa cave is f amous for its has the most Australian fireflies, and King Solomons, cave is famous for its colorful water -eroded cave color and form.
澳大利亚地心探险
看过《地心历险记》的朋友恐怕都对地底的神秘无限向往。澳大利亚的野外洞穴探险也许能满足你的一丝幻想，寻获壮观的地下荒野景象，追寻远古的踪迹。
塔斯马尼亚州是进行洞穴探险的理想去处。这里不仅有起伏的山脉、连绵的牧场和茂密的原始森林，更有值得探索的神秘地底洞穴。你可以前往摩尔溪，这个位于塔斯马尼亚中北部，距离德文港以南仅74公里和德拉林以西仅25公里的小镇，那里有着众多洞穴供你探究，也有诸如世界最大的仓鸮等野生动物吸引人们的眼球。
大多数人来此都会钟情于Marakoopa洞穴和King Solomons洞穴。Marakoopa洞穴以拥有澳大利亚最多的萤火虫著称，而King Solomons洞穴则以其华美的溶洞颜色和形态著称。
2 Chinese Canadian identity
In Canada there are several terms for "Chinese Canadian". Two terms in particular (one of which is not mentioned in the current article) are:
1.加藉華人 (lit. "Chinese person with Canadian citizenship", corresponding to the English term
"Canadian Chinese")—an older term which stresses the Chinese identity; Canadian citizenship being secondary
2.華裔加人 (lit. "Canadian person of Chinese ancestry", corresponding to the English term
"Chinese Canadian")—a newer term which stresses the Canadian identity; Chinese ancestry
being secondary (This term is listed in the current version of the article)
The term "加拿大華人" looks like a straight translation from English. It's in current use, too, but I'm not sure about if there are any similar nuances in meaning. (Just by looking at the form of this compound, it probably just means "Chinese person in Canada", but the WP editors certainly would like to want citations for this to death.)
加拿大有―中国加拿大的几个条件‖。特别是两个词（其中一个不在当前的文章中提到的）是：
1.加藉華人（点燃。‖中国人与加拿大公民‖，对应的英文词―加拿大华人‖）-旧的术语，强
调中国身份；加拿大国籍是次要的
2.華裔加人（点燃。‖加拿大华人血统的人‖，对应的英文词―华人‖）-新学期强调加拿大身
份；中等的中国血统（这个词是在文章的当前版本上市）
―加拿大華人‖看起来像是从英文直接翻译。这是目前使用的，太，但我不确定是否有任何类似的细微差别的意义。（只看该化合物的形式可能只是意味着―加拿大‖，中国人但是WP编辑当然要想引用这个死。）
3Kieth Harkin（21岁）of ―Celtic Thunder‖
基思哈金（生于1986年6月10日），是从德里，北爱尔兰。他扮演的吉他和钢琴并写了几首歌曲精选在凯尔特惊雷显示，包括歌曲―劳伦和我‖和―一整天‖。基思发行了个人专辑在2012年9月4日在加拿大和2012年9月18日在美国。2015年4月13日，基思宣布他已经与凯尔西订婚，尼克尔斯在去巴厘旅行之前的一年。
Keith Harkin (born June 10, 1986), is from Derry, Northern Ireland. He plays the guitar and piano and has written several songs featured in the Celtic Thunder shows, including the songs "Lauren and I" and "All Day Long". Keith released a solo album in Canada on September 4, 2012, and in the United States on September 18, 2012. On April 13, 2015, Keith announced that he had become engaged to Kelsey Nichols while on a trip to Bali the year before.[
4UK's ―One Dimension‖
It is a music ，Simian sings it.
5Thanksgiving feast and traditions
Thanksgiving feast：Traditional foods are a large part of Thanksgiving celebrations. Many families include the entire family in the food preparation. Traditional foods include turkey, stuffing, gravy, sweet potatoes, cornbread, mashed potatoes, and cranberry sauce. Many people serve pie for dessert at the end of the meal. Popular pie flavors are pumpkin, pecan, sweet potato, and apple. 传统的食物是感恩节庆祝活动的很大一部分。许多家庭包括整个家庭在食品的制备。传统的食物包括火鸡、填料、肉汁、甜土豆、玉米面包、土豆泥和蔓越莓酱。馅饼在饭后甜点招待许多人。受欢迎的馅饼的味道是南瓜、核桃、红薯、苹果。
Tradition：
Travel：One of the best things about Thanksgiving is spending time with family. Many people live far from family members and travel long distances by car, train, or plane to be with their loved ones. Thanksgiving is the busiest travel day of the year!
The Feast：Traditional foods are a large part of Thanksgiving celebrations. Many families include the entire family in the food preparation. Traditional foods include turkey, stuffing, gravy, sweet potatoes,
cornbread, mashed potatoes, and cranberry sauce. Many people serve pie for dessert at the end of the meal. Popular pie flavors are pumpkin, pecan, sweet potato, and apple.
Vegetarian Foods：Some families choose to serve vegetarian Thanksgiving dinners instead of a stuffed turkey. Some people eat vegetarian turkey, which is made out of tofu. Others prefer to eat squash, salads, or other fruit and vegetable dishes.
The Wishbone：Some families include breaking the turkey's wishbone as part of their celebration. The wishbone is found attached to the breast meat in the turkey's chest. After the meat has been removed and the wishbone has had a chance to become dry and brittle, two people each take one end of the bone, make a wish, and pull. Whoever ends up with the larger part of the bone gets their wish!
The Turkey Pardon：Each year at Thanksgiving, the President of the United States receives a gift of a live turkey (along with an alternate in case something happens to the official turkey). At a White House ceremony, the president traditionally "pardons" the National Thanksgiving Turkey and the alternate turkeys, allowing them to live out the rest of their lives on a farm.
Helping Others：Many generous folks use Thanksgiving as an opportunity to help the less fortunate. Some people volunteer to serve food at homeless shelters on Thanksgiving Day and others donate to shelters or participate in canned food drives.
TV：Television also plays a part in Thanksgiving celebrations. Many families watch the New York City Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. The parade includes marching bands, floats, songs and performances from Broadway musicals, and giant helium-filled balloons! People may also enjoy televised football games.
After the Meal：After the feast families often do additional activities. Some like to take walks after eating such a large meal. Some people take naps. Others sit down together to play board or card games together.
Fast Facts：
A ripe cranberry will bounce.
All turkeys and chickens have wishbones.
Canadians celebrate their own Thanksgiving every October.
Abraham Lincoln declared a national day of Thanksgiving in 1863.
The first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade was held in 1924.
旅行：一个关于感恩的最好的事情是和家人呆在一起。许多人远离家人的生活和长途旅行的汽车，火车，飞机，或是与他们所爱的人。感恩节是一年中最繁忙的旅行天！
盛宴：传统的食物是感恩节庆祝活动的很大一部分。许多家庭包括整个家庭在食品的制备。传统的食物包括火鸡、填料、肉汁、甜土豆、玉米面包、土豆泥和蔓越莓酱。馅饼在饭后甜点招待许多人。受欢迎的馅饼的味道是南瓜、核桃、红薯、苹果。
素食食品：一些家庭选择成为素食感恩节晚餐而不是一个火鸡。有些人吃素食火鸡，这是做出来的豆腐。有些人喜欢吃南瓜，沙拉，或其他水果和蔬菜。
横臂：一些家庭包括破坏土耳其的臂作为庆祝活动的一部分。Wishbone是发现连接到胸部的肉在土耳其的胸部。后的肉已经被移除，横臂有机会变得干燥易碎，每两人带骨的一端，许愿，拉。无论谁最终与骨的大部分得到他们想要的！
火鸡赦免：每年的感恩节，美国总统收到的礼物活火鸡（连同备用万一有事到官方的土耳其）。在白宫举行的仪式上，总统―赦免‖传统的感恩节火鸡和备用的火鸡，让他们活出他们的生活休
息的一个农场。
帮助别人：许多慷慨的人利用感恩节为契机，帮助不幸的人。一些志愿者在感恩节和其他无家可归者收容所捐赠给收容所或参与罐头食品驱动器提供食物。
电视：电视在感恩节庆祝活动也是其中的一部分。许多家庭观看纽约市梅西感恩节大游行。游行队伍包括乐队、花车、百老汇音乐剧的歌曲和表演，和巨型氦气球！人们也可以享受电视转播的足球比赛。
餐后：宴后家庭经常做额外的活动。有些人喜欢散步，吃完一顿大餐。有些人午睡。其他人一起坐下来，一起玩棋牌。
快速的事实
?一个成熟的红莓会反弹。
?所有的火鸡和鸡骨。
?加拿大人庆祝他们自己的感恩节每年十月。
?1863亚伯拉罕林肯宣布感恩节。
?第一个梅西感恩节大游行举行1924
6The Canadian mosaic
The Canadian mosaic is referred to Canada's cultural diversity. 加拿大马赛克被称为加拿大的文化多样性
Canada is a nation of immigrants, is usually described as a "mosaic‖. When the British allowed the defeated French the right to retain their language, religion and customs in Canada, the stage was set for a different kind of country to emerge in which no particular concept of an overarching Canadian identity would be promoted加拿大是一个移民国家,是通常被描述为一个―马赛克‖。当英国允许击败法国有权保留他们的语言,宗教和习俗在加拿大,舞台被设定为一个不同的国家中,没有特别的加拿大身份的概念将被提升
7Sports as a national obsession
Can be seen from the strength of the sports, whether a country is strong
A country is not strong, one of the important key is to see the country's strong sports is not strong.We w ill from the Olympic Games, as well as the major international sports events, you can tell more gold M EDALS, are the powerful country in the world.
If a country's sports is strong, a lot of the time don't need to force can subdue the other countries in the world, and with the international high visibility and easy to be respected by others.A country have high popularity in the world, they also are more likely to become the international capital into and participate in the investment project, at this time of the people of this country can suffer the benefits;That is to say if people's physical strength, can have a good physical performance, finally under the layers of a chain r eaction, or the people's own benefit.
从体育的强弱，可以看出一个国家是否强盛。一个国家强不强盛，其中有一个很重要的关键就是看这个国家的体育强不强盛。我们从奥林匹克世运会，以及各主要国际运动赛事中，可以看出得较多金牌的国家，都是属于世界上强盛的国家。一个国家的体育如果是强大的，很多时候是不需要武力就可以震慑住世界上其他的国家，并且有著国际的高知名度以及容易被别国所尊敬。一个在国际上有高知名度的国家，他们也比较容易获得国际的资金进驻及参与投资项目，这时候这个国家的人民就可以在当中蒙受其利；也就是说人民如果体格强健，能有好的体育表现，最后在层层连锁反应下，受惠的还是人民自己。
8religion in the news
Religion in the United States is characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. Various religious faiths have flourished in the United States. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a very important role in their lives, a proportion unique among developed countries. 美国的宗教的特点是多样性的宗教信仰和习俗。各种宗教信仰在美国已经盛行。大多数的美国人报告说，宗教在他们的生活中起着非常重要的作用，一个独特的之间的比例发达国家。Christians，Protestant ，Roman Catholic，Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism基督，新教，犹太教，佛教，伊斯兰教，和印度教
Canada：Religion in Canada is characterized by diversity, tolerance and harmony. Canada is a multicultural society with a rich mosaic of religious, cultural, and ethnic communities. 加拿大宗教的特点是多样性，宽容与和谐。加拿大是一个宗教，文化丰富的马赛克文化多元的社会，和少数民族。Canada stands out as a model of tolerance, respect, and religious harmony in the modern world today. Support for religious pluralism is an important part of Canada's political culture. 加拿大是一个包容、尊重的模式，在今天的现代世界宗教和谐。支持宗教多元论是加拿大政治文化的重要组成部分。
9tolerance and conformity
10the ha jib and prejudice
11Removing ―In God we trust‖ from American currency.
12Foreigners being hired instead of locals
1tend to hire academics who are already established as they are concerned with university rankings and demand ―big names‖ to produce publications倾向于雇佣已经建立他们关心大学排名和需求的―大牌‖产生的出版物
2 might not specialise in fields当地人不擅长的领域
3in the United States, where they perceive the environment to be freer. 在美国，在那里他们感知环境是自由的。
4don’t know how to retain talent不知道如何留住人才
13compulsory voting in elections
Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, or lodges a postal vote, he or she may be subject to a penalty such as fines or community service. As of August 2013[update], 22 countries, including 12 Latin American countries, have laws for compulsory voting and 11 of these 22 countries enforce these laws in practice.
强制投票是一个系统中，选民必须投票进入选举或参加投票日投票的地方。如果一个有资格的选民不参加投票，或提出邮寄投票，他或她可能会受到惩罚，如罚款或社区服务。截至8月2013更新，22个国家，包括12个拉丁美洲国家，有义务投票和11这22个国家的法律，执行这些法律在实践中。
14Vikings in pop culture...how history changes.
15The higher university tuition cost for non resident students
Non Resident Student Reduced Tuition Rates
1. High Achieving Non Resident Student
1. Out-of state new freshman who earn a 1200 SAT or better (critical reading + critical math) OR
graduate in the top 10 percent of their class.
2. Continuing Students who meet or exceed the same qualifications as Board of Governor Scholarship
recipients (requires a 2.5 semester and cumulative GPA in the first year and recipients with 30 or
more earned credit hours must earn both a 2.8 semester and cumulative GPA).
2. STEM Majors
Out-of-State students who select a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, or Math) major or STEM
Education majors as long as they stay in the selected major. For more information on degrees in STEM
disciplines go to STEM Majors.
3. Dual Admissions
Dual Admissions is a free program designed to ensure seamless enrollment from an associate degree
program at a community college to a bachelor?s degree program at Shippensburg University. We currently
maintain six Dual Admissions Programs with community colleges in Pennsylvania and Maryland. For a list of participating colleges and more information visit the Dual Admissions Program page.
4. International Student
International students pay the Non Resident rate and are not eligible for the Non Resident High Achieving and STEM rates.
非居民学生学费降低利率
1。高实现非住校生
1。外国家收入1200大一新生坐或更好(批判阅读+关键数学)或研究生在前10%的类。
2。持续的学生达到或超过同样资历的州长委员会奖学金获得者(需要2.5学期和累积平均绩点在第一年和接受者30或更多获得学分必须获得一个学期和累积平均绩点2.8)。
2。干专业
州外学生选择一个干细胞(科学、技术、工程和数学)主要或遏制教育专业,只要他们呆在选择专业。更多信息在STEM学科去干专业学位。
3所示。双录取
双录取是一个免费的程序设计,确保无缝招生的副学位课程在一所社区大学宾州西盆斯贝格大学学士学位项目。我们目前与社区学院保持六双录取项目在宾夕法尼亚和马里兰州。的参与学院和访问双录取项目页面的更多信息。
4所示。国际学生
国际学生支付的非居民率和不合格的非居民实现和阀杆率高
16Forbidding prayer in public schools.
Countries which prohibit or limit school prayer often differ in their reasons for doing so: In the United States, school prayer cannot be required of students in accordance with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. In Canada, school prayer is disallowed under the concept of Freedom of conscience as outlined in the Canadian Charter on Rights & Fundamental Freedoms. School prayer is disallowed in France as a byproduct of its status as a la?cist (religiously neutral) nation
国家禁止或限制学校祈祷往往不同，他们这样做的理由：在美国，学校祈祷不能按照学生的要求第一修正案的条款的设置到美国宪法。进入加拿大学校是不允许的，祈祷的概念下良心的自由概述的加拿大人权和基本自由。学校是不允许在祈祷法国作为一个副产品，它的地位作为一
个La?中科院（宗教中性）的国家。
国家禁止学校Countries that prohibit school-sponsored prayer:USA, French, Canada
In the United States, public schools are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer. The legal basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which requires that
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...
The first part of the above amendment which reads "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" is known as the Establishment Clause, while the second part ("or prohibiting the free exercise thereof") is known as the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. Though each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government, the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government, including the state
level[1]—thus compelling states and their subject schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools.
在美国，公立学校禁止进行宗教仪式如祈祷。这项禁令的法律依据是第一修正案美国的宪法，这就要求
国会不得制定法律：确立一种宗教或禁止信教自由…
第一部分对上述修正案：―国会不得制定关于宗教‖的建立是众所周知的建立条款，而第二部分（或禁止信教自由‖）被称为自由行使条款第一修正案的。尽管这些条款原本只适用于中央美国政府，的第十四条修正案扩展整个各级政府的宪法第一修正案的范围，包括国家级【一]-使国家及其主体的学校采用同样的方法宗教在学校。
17Gun control in the USA
Gun politics is a controversial area of American politics that is primarily defined by the actions of two groups: gun control and gun rights activists. These groups often disagree on the interpretation of laws and court cases related to firearms as well as about the effects of gun control on crime and public safety.7 It has been estimated that U.S. civilians own 270 million to 310 million firearms, and that 37% to 42% of the households in the country have at least one gun.
Since the 1990s, debates regarding firearm availability and gun violence in the U.S. have been characterized by concerns about the right to bear arms, such as found in the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and the responsibility of the government to serve the needs of its citizens and to prevent crime and deaths. Gun control supporters say that broad or unrestricted gun rights inhibit the government from fulfilling that responsibility.1–3 Gun rights supporters promote firearms for self-defense, hunting, sporting activities, and security against tyranny.96Gun control advocates state that keeping guns out of the hands of criminals results in safer communities, while gun rights advocates state that firearm ownership by law-abiding citizens reduces crime. A 2003 study by the Centers for Disease Control called for further study because there was insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of firearms laws with regards to violent outcomes.
Gun legislation in the United States is constrained by judicial interpretations of the Constitution. In 1791, the United States adopted the Second Amendment, and in 1868 adopted the Fourteenth
Amendment. The effect of those two amendments on gun politics was the subject of landmark U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 2008 and 2010, that upheld the right for individuals to possess guns for self-defense.
枪政治是一个有争议的美国政治领域的行为主要是由两组:枪支控制和人权活动人士。这些组织通常不同意的解释法律和案件有关枪支以及关于枪支控制的影响犯罪和公共安全。7据估计,美国平民的2.7亿年到3.1亿年枪支,而在这个国家,37%到42%的家庭至少有一个枪。
自1990年代以来,辩论关于武器可用性和枪支暴力在美国一直担心携带武器的权利,如发现在美国宪法第二修正案,和的责任政府的需要,为其公民和预防犯罪和死亡。枪支管制的支持者说广泛或无限制的持枪权抑制政府履行这一责任。1 - 3枪权利支持者促进枪支自卫,狩猎,体育活动,和安全反对暴政。96年枪支管制枪支倡导者状态,保持手的罪犯导致更安全的社区,而枪权利倡导者国家枪支所有权守法公民减少犯罪。疾病控制中心2003年的一项研究的呼吁进一步研究,因为没有足够的证据来确定枪支法律的有效性对于暴力的结果。
枪立法在美国受到宪法的司法解释。1791年,美国采取了第二修正案,1868年通过了《第十四条修正案》。这两个修正案对枪政治的影响是具有里程碑意义的主题在2008年和2010年,美国最
高法院决定,支持个人拥有枪支的权利自卫。
18scholarships in university sports
many universities have their sports scholarships. Sports scholarship is very hard to get the full prize is very rare. Only six games with the full prize. The so-called important sport is football, men's and women's basketball, women's gymnastics, volleyball and tennis. In the first division of sports, the athletes all award or nothing
体育奖学金是非常难获得的，全奖是很少见的。仅仅只有六项体育运动会有全奖。那些所谓的重要运动项目指的是橄榄球，男子和女子篮球，女子体操，排球和网球。在这些一级联赛的运动项目中，运动员们要么获得全奖要么什么也没有
19Dress codes in American high schools.
The battle for keeping up appearances
The way teens dress can be the source of a daily early morning argument in homes across the country, and such issues have gone all the way to the US Supreme Court. It's a controversy of self image, constitutional rights, gender politics and, well, changing styles
高中着装要求:保持外表的战斗
高中着装规范:青少年服装可以每天清晨的来源参数在全国房屋,和这些问题已经到美国最高法院。这是一个争议的自我形象,宪法权利,性别政治,改变风格。
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20American teens & young adults part time jobs
Law: Child labor law, enacted by the Federal Government, restricts when children can work and what jobs they can do. Teens hired for nonagricultural employment (which is just about everything other than farm work) must be at least fourteen. Other child labor law restrictions, regulating the type of positions young workers can hold and the type of work they can do are also in effect.
Child Labor Law: Job Restrictions
18 Years of Age
Once a youth reaches 18 years of age, he or she is no longer subject to the federal youth employment and child labor law provisions.
16 and 17 Years of Age
Sixteen- and 17-year-olds may be employed for unlimited hours in any occupation other than those declared hazardous by the Secretary of Labor. Examples of equipment declared hazardous in food service establishments include power-driven meat processing machines (meat slicers, saws, patty forming machines, grinders, or choppers), commercial mixers and certain power-driven bakery machines.
14 and 15 Years of Age
During the school year, hours are limited to 3 hours a day and 18 hours a week
童工法律,联邦政府制定的限制时,孩子们可以工作,他们能做什么工作。青少年雇佣非农就业(这是一切除了农活)必须至少14。其他童工法律限制,调节位置年轻工人可以容纳的类型和他们所能做的工作类型也有效。
童工法律:工作限制
18岁
一次青年达到18岁时,他或她已不再受联邦青年就业和童工法律规定。
16和17岁
16 - 17岁可能用于无限小时以外的其他任何职业秘书宣布危险的劳动。设备宣布有害食品服务机构的例子包括电动肉类加工机械(肉切片机,锯,帕蒂成型机,磨床,或直升机),商用搅拌机和电动面包店机器。
14和15岁
学年期间,一天时间限制在3小时,每周18个小时。
Ages 14 and 15: During the school year, hours are limited to 3 hours a day and 18 hours a week. On days when there's no school and in the summer, working hours increase to 8 hours a day and 40 hours a week. There are limits on when you can work, too - no later than 7 p.m. during the school year and no later than 9 p.m. between June 1 and Labor Day.
?Ages 16 and 17: There's no limit on hours, but, if you're under 18 you can't work in a job that the Labor Department considers hazardous.
年龄在14和15:学年期间,一天时间限制在3小时,每周18个小时。时候没有学校,在夏天,工作时间增加到每天8小时,每周40小时。也有限制当你可以工作,,不晚于7点在学年和不晚于9点在6月1日,劳动节。
?16和17岁:时间是没有限制的,但是,如果你未满18岁你不能工作在美国劳工部认为危险的工作。
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21Student travel for fun, not studies
They have insurance to help students,
22mandatory volunteer work for students
I am against the concept that it has become mandatory. First of all, this mandatory community service violates the constitution in so many different ways. it is called "volunteer community service." The problem is that our children are not allowed to graduate unless they "volunteer." A true abuse of the wording. Then when our children "volunteer" it is denied because the school principle has rejected based on his feelings and beliefs.
The second issue is that out students have so much pressure on passing that they have little time for themselves. people has sacrificed time to do her "volunteer" work that was eventually denied by her
school principle. For each hour that is taken away from her studies to do her "volunteer" work affects her grades. If she fails, what will the community do for her? The fact that students are not abusing any substances or are not sexually active should be considered community service. Their appropriate behavior will save tax payers the welfare money to sustain their inappropriate behaviors.
我反对这个概念,它已成为强制性的。首先,这种强制性的社区服务违反了宪法在很多不同的方式。它被称为“志愿者社区服务。“问题是,我们的孩子不被允许,除非他们毕业”志愿者。“真正的虐待的措辞。当我们的孩子“志愿者”是否认因为学校原则拒绝了基于自己的感情和信仰。第二个问题是,学生有很多的压力,他们几乎没有属于自己的时间。人们牺牲了时间去做她的―志
愿者‖的工作,最终被学校拒绝的原则。每个小时离开她的研究做她的―志愿者‖工作影响她的成
绩。如果她失败了,社区为她做什么?这一事实的学生没有滥用任何物质或不应该考虑性生活活
跃的社区服务。适当的行为将节省纳税人福利资金来维持他们的不当行为
23 Bilingual signs and the problems they might cause.
24 Compulsory English education in China 中国英语义务教育
中国应该将英语从九年义务教育中删除这个想法不对
1、会关闭了中国人整体与世界经济文化沟通的大门，
2、会导致贫富阶层教育水平不公平，这是现实！说重了会导致阶层意识分裂，大家都学过，富人子弟懂英语跟外国人做大生意，穷人或者一般人摆摊跟外国人做小生意砍价会一点也够用。如果只有一小部分有钱人有条件通过花钱学习英语那结果是在开放的趋势下大部人两眼一抹黑，小部分人垄断。
3、从人的智力上说儿童阶段学习掌握多种语言有利于提高儿童智商，这是世界共识，有利于提高中国整体素质。不掌握一门外语跟不上潮流了。
English should be deleted from the nine-year compulsory education in China. It is wrong.
1, will shut down the Chinese overall economic and cultural communication with the world's door, 2, causes between the rich and the poor class education level is not fair, this is reality!Said that weight can lead to divide class consciousness, everyone is studied, the rich children know English do big business with foreigners, the poor or the average person stalls bargaining with foreigners do small business will be enough.If only a small number of rich people have conditions through the result to spend money to learn English is in the open under the trend of most people completely blind, a few people monopoly.3, from the person's intelligence said children stage of learning to master many languages to improve children's IQ, this is the consensus, to improve China's overall quality.Don't master a foreign language to keep pace with The Times.
25 Living next to a“sleeping elephant”
It come from Pierre Trudeau’s speech 彼埃尔特鲁多
Living next to you is in some ways like sleeping with an elephant. No matter how friendly and even-tempered is the beast, if I can call it that, one is affected by every twitch and grunt.
未来的生活，你有点像沉睡着一个大象。无论是多么的友好和温顺的野兽，如果我可以这样称呼，一是由每一个抽搐，咕噜咕噜的影响。
Canada regards herself as responsible to all mankind for the peculiar ecological balance that now exists so precariously in the water, ice and land areas of the Arctic archipelago. We do not doubt for a moment that the rest of the world would find us at fault, and hold us liable, should we fail to ensure adequate protection of that environment from pollution or artificial deterioration.
加拿大认为自己是负责所有人类特有的生态平衡，现在的存在，小心翼翼地在水、冰和陆地的北极群岛地区。我们不怀疑这个世界会在故障找到我们，把我们的责任，我们不能保证足够的保护，环境污染或人为恶化。
下议院的辩论（1969十月24）
26 Influence of American media
美国新闻媒体影响力正在下降
美国皮尤研究中心日前针对受众态度和新闻媒体现状进行的一项问卷调查结果显示，美国新闻媒体的影响力正在下降。31%的受访者表示，他们不再对某种新闻媒体感兴趣，因为这些媒体要么不再提供他们所需要的信息，要么报道得并不详细。
调查指出,由于消息的来源日益多元化，许多记者沦为“传声筒”，越来越依赖社交网络或数字科技来代替传统的新闻过滤和原创过程，而不再是故事的讲述者或新闻事件的调查者,从而可能导致新闻失实。
皮尤研究中心分析认为，美国媒体的新闻质量下降，是因为在数字媒体的影响下，美国传统新闻媒体机构陷入裁员潮。美国一些知名新闻机构近来纷纷传出裁员消息，其中包括《新闻
周刊》、《纽约时报》、美国有线电视新闻网和《时代周刊》等。
哥伦比亚大学新闻学院的谢斯睿教授却认为，不是美国媒体的新闻质量本身出现了问题，而是人们对于新闻的消费习惯正在发生改变，对报纸和电视等传统媒体的需求正在发生转移。他对本报记者说，从个案来看，裁员的确对新闻行业造成冲击，但总体来看，现在比以往任何时候的信息量和新闻空间都要巨大，新闻媒体在某些领域的报道比以前更好。
The American news media influence is on the decline
By the pew research center in the us for audience attitude and the current situation of the news media, according to the results of a survey of the news media's influence is on the decline.31% of respondents said they are no longer interested in some news media, because the media is either no longer provide the information they need, or report is not detailed.
Survey pointed out that because of the source of the message is becoming more and more diversified, many journalists to become "mouthpiece", more and more dependent on social networks or digital technology instead of the traditional news filter and the original process, and no longer is the narrator of the story or news event of respondents, which may lead to false news.
The pew research center analysis thinks, the decrease of the quality of the news media in the United States, because under the influence of digital media, the traditional news media institutions in lay-offs.Some American famous news agency recently news from layoffs, including newsweek, the New York times, CNN, time magazine and so on.
Journalism schools at Columbia University professor Xie Sirui thinks, came the quality of the news media itself is not the problem, but for news consumption habits are changing, people demand for traditional media such as newspapers and TV is moved.He told our reporter, from the perspective of individual job cuts on the impact of the news industry, but overall, now than at any time and press space to large amount of information, the news media reported in some areas is better than before.
27 Scotland separation from....?
Scotland separation from UK
苏格兰对于英国的意义决非淡然的“得之我幸，失之我命”，国家分裂会让英国政治、经济和外交影响力大为削弱。一旦苏格兰独立成为现实，英国这个世界第六大经济体，将由“大不列颠”变成“小英格兰”。
生活较富裕的苏格兰为何寻求独立？
苏格兰分离运动的兴起有内政、经济和文化等方面的原因。英国保守党在苏格兰向来不受待见。保守党曾坚决反对赋予苏格兰像爱尔兰那样的“自治”（home rule）权，撒切尔时期“人头税”首先在苏格兰执行也激化了保守党和苏格兰选民之间的矛盾。2001年以来的三次大选中，英国议会中都只有一名苏格兰籍保守党议员。苏格兰政坛流传一个笑话：爱丁堡动物园里的熊猫都比苏格兰的保守党议员多：熊猫有两只（2011年由中国政府赠送），而保守党议员只有一个。
2010年上台的卡梅伦政府实施严苛的财政紧缩政策，大幅削减福利开支，对苏格兰的财政补助力度远不如前任政府。苏格兰民族党（SNP）趁机造势，称“分家”后可以执行灵活的经济和财税政策，收回对北海油气田的管辖权，从而让苏格兰人过上好日子。苏格兰分离运动同时受经济利益和选举政治驱动，但这还不能解释一切。值得关注的是，苏格兰分离主义者为独立找到新的“理论依据”：英国政府无视苏格兰较好地保留了自己的语言、司法和文化传统等事实，一味强调苏格兰的政治和社会价值（如免费的高等教育、慷慨的养老金政策以及对欧洲一体化的积极态度）有别于英国其它地区。其逻辑可以简化为：“我”（苏格兰）跟“你”（英格兰）在“价值观”上不一样，因此“我”要独立。
The significance of Scotland to Britain is not cool "I hope, my what break life", the national
division would make Britain greatly weaken the political, economic and diplomatic clout.Once the Scottish independence to become a reality, the UK, the world's sixth-largest economy will be made by "Great Britain" into a "little England".
Why life richer Scotland for independence?
Scotland the rise of separatist movement has the internal affairs of other countries, such as economic and cultural reasons.Britain's conservative party has always been unpopular in Scotland.The tories have adamantly opposed to giving Scotland like Ireland "autonomy" (home rule), thatcher "poll tax" in the first place in the Scottish executive also have intensified the contradiction between the conservatives and the Scottish voters.Three elections since 2001, the British parliament are only a Scottish Tory MPS.Edinburgh, Scotland politics circulated a joke: the pandas in the zoo is more than a Scottish Tory MPS: panda has two (give) in 2011 by the Chinese government, and only a Tory mp.
Taking office in 2010 Mr Cameron's government implement stringent fiscal austerity, deep cuts in welfare spending, financial subsidies to the Scottish strength is much less than the previous administration.Scottish national party (SNP) taken advantage of the campaign, said after the "separation" can perform flexible economic and fiscal and taxation policy, back to the jurisdiction of the north sea oil and gas fields, so that the Scottish people a better life.Scottish separatist movement driven by economic interests and electoral politics at the same time, but it still does not explain everything.Notable is, Scottish separatist find new "theoretical basis" for independence: the British government ignored the Scotland retained their own language well, justice and cultural traditions, such as facts, insisting that Scotland's political and social value (e.g., free higher education, generous pension policy and the positive attitude of European integration) is different from the other parts of the UK.The logic can be simplified as: "I" (Scotland) with "you" (England) is not the same as in the "values", so "I" to be independent.
28 Quebec separation from.....?
当前关于魁北克人分裂主义的高潮是世纪English-Canada和French-Canada之间的紧张关系。魁北克最初发现并沦为法国殖民地,但投降后的英语法国和印度的战争和1763年巴黎条约。
The current debate about Quebecois separatism is the culmination of centuries of tension between English-Canada and French-Canada. Quebec was originally discovered and colonized by the French, but surrendered to the English following the French and Indian Wars and Treaty of Paris of 1763.
29 Canadians learn French BUT Americans prefer______________?
Spanish and American-English
美式英语，但因为以前是西班牙人先发现美洲大陆的，所以美国有很多西班牙人移民过来的，这些人说西班牙语，很多美国人也都会西班牙语，还有一些地区美国人说法语，美国官方语言是美式英语
American English, but because is the Spanish discovered America before, so there are a lot of Hispanic immigrants in the United States, these people say Spanish, Spanish, many americans will have americans speak French and some areas, the official language is American English
30 Who is responsible for the world's war refugees? Refugees 难民
世界各国
all the countries in the world
从长远来看，解决难民问题最好的方法是尽可能避免难民的产生。为此需要国际社会共同努力，积极采取措施，尊重和保障人的基本权利，消除战争，消除地区间的纷争，消除贫困与不公正现象以及保护自然环境等
In the long run, is the best way to solve the problem of refugees as far as possible to avoid the generation of refugees.To the international community to work together to take active measures to respect and safeguard people's basic rights, eliminate war, eliminate the disputes between regions,
eliminate poverty and injustice, and protecting natural environment, etc
31 Past? Present? Future? When would you choose to exist?
应该没有固定答案，结合自己的情况，随意说
32 Are social rituals and customs forever lost in the “melting pot?”
No. Melting pot is a metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting" into a harmonious whole, in which each element are derived, is not going to disappear forever.
不，熔炉是一个比喻为异构社会变得更加均匀,不同元素一起“融化”成一个和谐的整体,每种元素都在其中得到衍生，不会永远的消失。
33 Australians are more physically fit that average American.
有人曾说，澳大利亚是动物的天堂，更是人类理想的居住与生活的好去处。最新数据显示，澳大利亚人平均寿命比美国人长40.8个月，人均寿命达到了81.9岁。早在20多年前，澳大利亚就已经建立了全民医疗保险制度，通过全民医疗保险制度以及各州的卫生计划，全体澳大利亚人民均可以享受到医疗服务保险，并且可以获得医院的免费服务。澳大利亚比美国有更健全的医疗保障，澳大利亚人的身体更健康。
Someone once said, Australia is a paradise for animals, is a good place for the human ideal living and life.According to the latest figures, the Australian people have longer life expectancy than americans 40.8 months, life expectancy reached 81.9 years old.As early as more than 20 years ago, Australia has established a system of universal health insurance, through the national health insurance system and state health plan, all the Australian people can enjoy the insurance of medical treatment service, and you can get free services at the hospital.Australia has a better health care, Australia's human body more healthy.
34 LA California vs. New York, NY....where do you want to visit?
New York
New York's Central Park .She was known as the "crown emerald embedded in New York," the most beautiful cities in the world metropolis park, at the moment I have been surrounded by her, with steps and vitality of the scale of the measurement of her
Central park civilians always adhere to the theme park, natural park is a truly belongs to.Dense forests, tranquil lake, flying birds, has a natural affinity to the people.Provides the public space of the physical and mental pleasure, enrich the landscape recreational experience, make people relieve urban pressure, is the meaning of city parks there.
纽约中央公园。她被称为“镶嵌在纽约皇冠上的绿宝石”，世界大都市最美的城市公园，此时此刻我已经被她包围着，用脚步丈量着她的尺度和活力
中央公园始终坚持平民公园的主题，是一个真正属于民众的自然公园。茂密的森林、平静的湖面、飞翔的小鸟，对人们具有天生的亲和力。提供公众身心愉悦的空间，丰富景观休闲的体验，让人们缓解都市的压力，是城市公园存在的意义。
35 Ayers Rock as a popular theme amusement park?
No, Ayers Rock is natural landscape.
Ayers Rock in Australia (Ayers Rock), also known as uluru boulders.Ayers Rock is 348 meters high, 3000 meters long, about 9.4 km around the perimeter, east high and west low narrow wide, is the world's largest overall rock (volume is huge, only alone the stone)
澳大利亚艾尔斯岩石（Ayers Rock），又名乌鲁鲁巨石。艾尔斯岩高348米，长3000米，基围周长约9.4公里，东高宽而西低狭，是世界最大的整体岩石（体积虽巨，只是独块石头）
36 Preventing counterfeit money. 防止伪钞
澳大利亚已普遍使用塑料钞票防伪特征易于辨认，不黏尘、不吸水。
极高的防伪性能，是澳大利亚塑料钞票最为独特之处。其最常见的防伪措施就是在钞票上开一个透明的视窗，当中采用激光全息图像，当改变视角或者光源角度时，视窗中的图案会产生特殊效果。
Australia has widespread use of plastic money. Security features are easy to recognize, not sticky dust, not bibulous.
High security performance, is the most unique Australian plastic notes.Is the common security measures on the money to open a transparent window, using the laser holographic images, when the perspective of change or the light source, design of Windows will produce special effects.
37 MLK “I have a dream.”
"I have a dream" is Martin Luther King Jr. Lincoln memorial in Washington's famous speech.The main content of black national equality. It had a great influence on the United States and even the world.
“我有一个梦想”是马丁·路德·金在华盛顿的林肯纪念堂著名演讲，内容主要关于黑人民族平等。对美国甚至世界影响很大。
38 Micheal Oher
迈克尔·奥赫，生于1986年5月28日，非洲裔美国人，是现役的美国国家橄榄球联盟的截锋（OT）。奥赫的体重有315磅，约有143公斤。在2009年NFL的选秀大会上，迈克尔·奥赫在第一轮以第23顺位被巴尔的摩乌鸦队（Baltimore Ravens）选中。虽然他是乌鸦队年度新秀，但他凭借自己的实力，已经成为乌鸦队先发左边锋，增强了乌鸦队进攻线的实力，跑锋Ray Rice冲锋陷阵，让他成为NFL进步最快的跑锋之一。2014年3月与乌鸦队合同结束后，以四年2000万美元签约田纳西泰坦队。但因伤休了大半个赛季后，2015年3月以两年700万美元签约卡罗来纳黑豹队，重新出发，身披73号球衣。
Michael Mr Hirst, was born on May 28, 1986, African americans, is serving the front of the National Football League (OT).Mr Hirst's weight is 315 pounds, about 143 kilograms.The NFL draft convention in 2009, Michael Mr Berger to the 23rd overall pick in the first round Baltimore Ravens (Baltimore Ravens) selected.Although he is ravens rookie year, but he relies on his own strength, has become the ravens start left winger, enhanced the power of ravens offensive line, running back Ray Rice from the front, let him become one of the fastest progress of NFL running back.In March 2014 with the ravens, after the end of the contract to Tennessee for a four-year, $20 million contract.But took most of the season through injury, after two years to $7 million in March 2015 signing Carolina panthers, to set out, with the number 73 shirt.
39 Harvard and Ivy League Universities
Harvard Universities : Harvard University, or harvard, is located in the United States in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a private research university is famous in the world, is famous as a member of the ivy league.Here out of the eight, President of the United States, hundreds of Nobel Prize winner, who once worked in this study, the literature, medicine, law, business and other fields have a high academic status and widespread influence, has been recognized as one of the world's leading institutions of higher education today .
Harvard is also the home of the oldest universities in the United States, was born in 1636, the first by the colonial Massachusetts legislature created, in the early of new public college, is to commemorate the early on to give generous support from the college of John harvard pastor.In March 1639 changed its name to harvard college.In 1780, harvard college officially renamed Harvard University.By 2014, the school has more than 6700 undergraduate, master's and doctoral students of more than 14500 people
哈佛大学，简称哈佛，坐落于美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市，是一所享誉世界的私立研究型大学，是著名的常春藤盟校成员。这里走出了8位美利坚合众国总统，上百位诺贝尔获得者曾在此工作、学习，其在文学、医学、法学、商学等多个领域拥有崇高的学术地位及广泛的影响力，被公认为是当今世界最顶尖的高等教育机构之一[1]。
哈佛同时也是美国本土历史最悠久的高等学府，其诞生于1636年，最早由马萨诸塞州殖民地立法机关创建，初名新市民学院，是为了纪念在成立初期给予学院慷慨支持的约翰·哈佛牧师。学校于1639年3月更名为哈佛学院。1780年，哈佛学院正式改称哈佛大学。截止2014年，学校有本科生6700余人，硕士及博士研究生14500余人
Ivy League : Ivy league is composed of eight universities in the northeastern United States sports federation (see the NCAA entry).They are all American first-class universities and is also the most rhodes scholarship winner of the league in colleges and universities.In addition, its a long time, seven of the eight school was established in the British colonial.The eight schools including: harvard, Yale, Princeton university, Columbia University, the university of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth college, brown university and Cornell university.
America's eight ivy league schools are private universities, as well as a public university, they receive at the same time the federal government funding and private donations, for academic research.Due to the American public university enjoys the federal government's huge funding, private universities of fiscal expenditure and research funding than public universities.
常春藤盟校指的是由美国东北部地区的八所大学组成的体育赛事联盟（参见NCAA词条）。它们全部是美国一流名校、也是美国产生最多罗德奖学金得主的高校联盟。此外，建校时间长，八所学校中的七所是在英国殖民时期建立的。这八所院校包括：哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、哥伦比亚大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、达特茅斯学院、布朗大学及康奈尔大学。
美国八所常春藤盟校都是私立大学，和公立大学一样，它们同时接受联邦政府资助和私人捐赠，用于学术研究。由于美国公立大学享有联邦政府的巨额拨款，私立大学的财政支出和研究经费要低于公立大学。
40 Santa Claus and the North Pole
Santa Claus comes from Europe, Europe is in the northern hemisphere, europeans like Chinese worship of the north star, think that is where the gods, as Santa Claus appeared in the snow and ice, cars
reindeer life also is in the north.The north of Europe is the longest snow, so will think Santa Claus lives in the north.
圣诞老人源于欧洲，欧洲处于北半球，欧洲人跟中国人一样崇拜北极星，认为那是众神所在的地方，同样圣诞老人现身在冰雪之中，座驾驯鹿生活也是在北方。欧洲的北部才是雪出现时间最长的地方，所以会认为圣诞老人居住在北方。
41 The True North and the maple leaf
Canada加拿大
Canada , for North America's most north of the country
加拿大，为北美洲最北的国家
Canada known as the "maple leaf country" reputation
加拿大素有“枫叶之国”的美誉
42 The Stars and Stripes
Highlighted the flag of the United States of America consists of article 13 red and white wide, the upper left corner and a small white star MEDALS contains 50 blue rectangle.50 small star represents the 50 states in the United States, and between 13 lines are a symbol of the earliest when the founding of the 13 colonies in the United States.This red symbolizes courage, white symbolizes the truth, and blue symbol of justice.Flags, commonly known as "The Stars and Stripes" (Stars and Stripes), The official name "fits The Flag" (The Flag of The United States).It is officially became the United States flag after 28 times after modification.The national flag is the constitution of the United States and a symbol of all the freedoms guaranteed by the bill of rights.Most of the time it is a symbol of personal freedom.
美利坚合众国的国旗旗面由13道红白相间的宽条构成，左上角还有一个包含了50颗白色小五角星的蓝色长方形。50颗小星代表了美国的50个州，而13条间纹则象征着美国最早建国时的13块殖民地。这面红色象征勇气，白色象征真理，蓝色则象征正义。旗帜俗称“星条旗”（Stars and Stripes），正式名称“合众国旗”（The Flag of the United States）。它在正式成为美国国旗后曾经过28次修改。国旗是美国宪法以及权利法案所保障的所有自由的象征。大多数时候它还是个人自由的象征。
43 Head of the Commonwealth nations
Queen Elizabeth II.
英国女王伊丽莎白二世。
Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen’s role carries no formal functions, but has great symbolic significance and has helped to underline the sense of the Commonwealth as a family of nations. The Queen has laid considerable stress on her role as Head of the Commonwealth, and made a great contribution to the association.
英国女王伊丽莎白二世是英联邦的头。女王的角色并没有正式的功能,但很有象征意义,并强调了英联邦国家作为一个家庭的感觉。女王有相当大的强调作用作为英联邦的头,和协会做出了很大贡献。
This sense of a new Commonwealth was noted by Queen Elizabeth II at her Christmas broadcast from New Zealand in 1953, shortly after her accession to the throne. She said, ‘The Commonwealth bears no resemblance to the empires of the past. It is an entirely new conception built on the highest
qualities of the spirit of man: friendship, loyalty, and the desire for freedom and peace’.
The Queen’s role now includes, by developing tradition, a number of symbolic functions which enhance the sense of family and the vitality of the Commonwealth connection. She holds discussions with Commonwealth leaders in national capitals, in London and during Heads of Government Meetings. She visits the host country during each summit, meeting the leaders in individual audience and at larger formal functions. Her state visits have included most Commonwealth countries – not only those in which she is head of state – meeting the people as well as leaders. She delivers a Commonwealth Day broadcast and is present at other Commonwealth Day events including the multifaith observance at Westminster Abbey and the Commonwealth Secretary-General’s reception.
这个意义上的新联邦指出了英国女王伊丽莎白二世在1953年圣诞广播从新西兰,不久之后她加入王位。她说,“英联邦相似性没有过去的帝国。这是一个全新的概念建立在精神的最高品质的男人:友谊,忠诚,渴望自由与和平”。
现在包括女王的角色,通过开发传统,很多符号函数,提高家庭和英联邦国家之间的联系的活力。她拥有与英联邦领导人讨论在国家首都,在伦敦和政府首脑会议。她访问东道国在每个峰会,会议的领导人个人观众和在更大的正式功能。她的国事访问包括大多数英联邦国家,不仅这些,她是国家元首——满足人们以及领导者。她提供了英联邦日广播和出席其他英联邦日事件包括多宗教仪式在威斯敏斯特大教堂和英联邦秘书长的接待。
44 Margaret Thatcher
The iron lady thatcher: after the second world war, the British spirit of zte
She is conservative in the "man's world" the first female leader;
She was the first woman prime minister in British history.
She is second term;Session, for 11 years, this century's longest serving prime minister.
She is the first in British history for its policy introduced by the coronal with "doctrine" and "revolution" of the prime minister.
铁娘子撒切尔：二战后英国中兴之魂
她是英国保守党这块“男人的天地”里的第一位女领袖；
她是英国历史上第一位女首相；
她是连任；届、长达11年，本世纪任期最长的首相。
她更是英国历史上第一个因其所推行的政策而被冠之以“主义”和“革命”的首相。
一个传奇的女人，当你听到她的名字时，随之想到的还有“铁娘子”“撒切尔主义”“撒切尔革命”“撒切尔时代”等一系列专属于她的概念名词——玛格丽特·撒切尔。一个创造了英国历史上最多第一的人。
玛格丽特·撒切尔，1925年10月13日出生于英格兰林肯郡格兰瑟姆镇的一个小杂货商人的家庭。1979年至1990年，她担任英国首相11年。她出身平民，从最底层的贫民窟中走出来，靠着自身不断的努力和顽强的奋斗，终于在英国这个讲究门第、资历的国度里，在被视为“男人的领地”的政治领域里，一步一步沿着成功的阶梯攀登，最终达到权力的巅峰。她和她领导的政府在英国刮起了一场“撒切尔旋风”，挽救了战后英国衰颓的经济、稳固了战后英国日趋没落的国际地位，使英国出现了“中兴”的局面。
受她的父亲艾尔弗雷德·罗伯茨——一位从食品杂货商人发家成为格兰瑟姆市市长的保守派人士的影响，撒切尔夫人从青少年时代就对政治有了浓厚的兴趣。她在自传《通往权力之路》里写道：“我的本性和教养注定我是一个…真正的?保守党人。”在牛津大学学习期间，她对政治的热情甚至超过了对她本专业化学的热情。不久她参加了保守党协会并成为主席，18岁时她说，“政治已溶进了我的血液”。
参加工作以后，她更是将大部分时间用在政治活动上，参加保守党的会议、辩论、群众大会等活动。1948年保守党年会上她因代表牛津毕业生保守党协会发言影响巨大，被当时保守党领袖米勒提名为达特福选区的议员代表。
后来的政治生活中接踵而来的竞选失败没有使她灰心气馁，她不断地努力，终于在34岁时(1959年)成为英国历史上第一名女议员。随后，在长达20年的岁月里，她以常人难以想象的努力，在经历工党与保守党的不断的权利争夺和保守党内部的领导权力争夺中，她终于胜出，入主唐宁街10号，成为英国的第一位女首
相。
从平民姑娘到首相，这期间是一条漫长而艰辛的道路。当撒切尔夫人功成名就时，有记者问她，她的成功是否得益于欧洲正在兴起的妇女解放运动，她说，有些妇女在被解放之前就已靠自己的努力取得了成功。是的，她完全有资格这么说：她的成功完全是她自强不息、对政治贯穿始终的热情和坚持不懈为之奋斗的惊人毅力与决心带来的。她更是一位知行合一的政治哲学家，她和她领导的政府所开创的“撒切尔革命”“撒切尔主义”，完全是她一生所秉持的哲学思想的应用，而不仅仅是行政纲领的履行。
在熟知她的人眼里，玛格丽特并不是一个十分聪颖的人，但她的勤奋、毅力和勇气却弥补了这一点。她行事果断，看问题直指核心，在她执政生涯的11年里，她以绝不退让、百折不挠的“铁腕”作风推行她所坚定信奉的政治哲学。人们评价她，说她是“男人中的女领袖”，是一位“铁娘子”。
诚然，我们在关注她的政治成就的同时，会不自觉地忽略她也是一位优雅的女士，一位贤妻、一位慈爱的母亲。但她的成功之处则在于她十分擅于将自己身为女性的优势融入到她的政治生活中。她的细心和亲和力、她在面对一群男人时侃侃而谈有理有据所展现的女王般的魅力，就算是那些最固执最刻板的保守派上层领导人都不得不为之心折！据她的同僚回忆：一次，撒切尔和经济大臣因预算问题争执不下。随后的一个晚上，撒切尔喝了些酒回到唐宁街，发现经济大臣们开闭门会议，撒切尔推门而入，踢掉鞋子，盘腿坐下，接着说：“先生们，现在我们就把这件事解决了，怎么样？”这位官员称，当时的撒切尔“如女王面对群臣般气势强大”。内阁大臣们窃窃私语“她非常性感”。而事情就按撒切尔的意思解决了。
在男人的世界里搏出一番前程，人们普遍会把撒切尔想象成是个比男人还要男人的怪胎，但事实上，她却将世俗观点中自己的性别弱势巧妙地转化为了自己的优势。然而，倘若你就此把她想象成花瓶的角色，那你就大错特错了！
撒切尔当政期间，运筹帷幄、步步为营，总是能在最关键的时机，抓住最有利的机会，给对手以致命一击。她针对战后英国社会的“百病缠身”，开出自己的改革处方，并坚定不移地推行，当遇到挫折，社会舆论期待她会转变时，她说：“那些期待u型大反转的人，我只有一句话奉上：要变随你便，女士不会变。”在英国内政上，她醉心于维多利亚时代价值社会的重建，为此她不惜一切代价地抑制工会的权力，消灭国有企业，推行私有制，削减社会福利开支，推行新的货币政策。这一切在后来证明是行之有效的，英国社会经济逐渐好转。
在国际上，撒切尔与美国总统里根一同出演了“南北乱世情”，两人联手将“大棒与金元”政策诠释得淋漓尽致；单方面撒切尔与苏联的戈尔巴乔夫也保持了亲切友好的关系，说“有机会可以和他一起做生意”。面对与英国国家利益有直接冲突的阿根廷，她则毫不犹豫地下令开战。马岛战争胜利后，她意气风发挟战胜国之余威来到中国，试图以“撒切尔旋风”迅速果决地解决中英香港问题，不幸的是，她遭遇了“邓氏强硬”让她铩羽而归。最后中英经过22轮谈判签署了中英《联合声明》，创造性地解决了历史遗留问题，开国际先河，让她再一次在国际政坛上大放异彩。
人们惊叹于她的辉煌，但也慨叹于她的黯然落幕——撒切尔遭遇其政治事业上的“滑铁卢”之役，则是其对于当时的欧洲共同体(欧盟的前身)，她坚持自己独特的判断，尤其在关于欧盟一体化的问题上，她与她所在的政党发生了严重的分歧，并因此遭到了严重的背叛，被迫受“逼宫”下台。
诚然，撒切尔并非完人，世人对她赞成支持者有之，唾骂指责者有之，但正如她自己所说争议是其形象的一部分，而且无可否认的是，在她以后的英国执政党，无论是工党还是保守党，都在并将继续受她的政策影响。她无愧于一个伟大的政治家、一名伟大的女性。
本书参考了撒切尔自传回忆录、现代撒切尔传记、社会舆论评价等资料，精心编撰，剔除政治枯燥数字和条文陈述的部分，还原撒切尔从童年时代价值观雏形到青年时代步入政坛政治哲学构建过程、到当选为保守党领袖并最终成为首相的思想经历，力求给大家展现“铁娘子”立体而鲜活的一面。因为她“不是一座纪念碑，而是一个有血有肉的人”(撒切尔原话)。