GRE作文Argument模板+错误分类1
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/af12499652.html, Argument Example
调查
1, Selective sample:样本选择，一部分被排除在外
One major problem is about the sample the author studied in the survey. the author conside 4，14，16，45，63，65，67，80，84，88，90，97，123，146，154，156，168，179，185，193，196 2, Quantity of the sample样本数量
( pointing out that the current sample is too small in its size)(the fact cited by the aut 10，14，33，40，53，69，95，115，123，132，139，150，154，158，167，179，180，188，191，23 3, Do the statistics make any difference:调查只调查了部分情况，忽略了一部分
The information provided by the author is insufficient for the author to reach the conclus 158，165，183，202，211，217 17，115，147，220
5, Who conducted the survey:结果扭曲，调查者为了自己的利益
The reliability of the survey is also open to doubt due to the organization who conducted
115,156
6, When was the survey conducted:时间变化
The effectiveness of the result of the survey cited by the author as main evidence is also The survey was conduct (during a special period, or a long time ago), thus may not reflect Thus, a more recent survey, if a survey is needed at all, should be provided to sufficient 7, Vague data:数据模糊—没有基数
The information concerning ...is not accurate enough for us to evaluate the actual conditi The author only informs us that (the percentage/fraction of sub-groups which...but we do n 4，5，8，9，11，12，14，16，20，22，23，25，27，31，32，39，42，44，49，52，55，68，70，71 8,Incomplete information:数据不完整
The author does not provide complete information concerning ...in illustrating that ...The 6，7，8，10，14，15，17，18，20，21，24，27，29，30，32，35，36，38，39，42，43，44，46，4 9, Are the respondents forthright when answering the questions:回答者不真实
The reliability of the respondents...answers to the survey’s question is not sufficiently
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10, Are the respondents representative:回答者没有代表性
We should also notice that the respondents studied in the survey may not represent the gen (other people who did not respond may hold a totally different position toward the issue s 11，15，17，28，34，40，43，52，55，57，62，65，76，95，102，111，115，117，153，154，161，比较
11, False analogy:错误类比AB，A适合B
In the argument the author recommends A to carry out same (policies, actions, solutions on Before A decide to copy B’s experiences, the author should take these differences into ac 2，4，9，12，13，16，18，20，25，26，28，29，31，35，38，39，41，42，43，44，55，56，67，7
12, Incomplete comparison /selective comparison /ex parte information:错误对比AB，
The author hastily implies that A is superior to B in ... but the comparison between A and The author only compares ... however, there are myriad of factors which, if differ in thes 13, Confusing comparison and variation:只对比了一部分的变化or vice versa.
In the argument the author provides the variation in ...to illustrate that ...Although the 23，48，63，85，106，132，135，168，173，179，180，186，188，206，216，224，240 Incomplete comparison/exparte information:
2，4，17，24，34，49，51，57，60，63，64，77，81，82，85，93，96，98，101，103，105，109，14, Unrelated concepts:偷换概念
In illustrating the assumption that ...the author commits a fallacy of hasty generalizatio 1，3，4，10，11，16，20，23，29，31，34，35，36，38，40，44，48，49，53，55，58，63，67，6 203,212,214,215,216,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
15, Changing scopes:偷换范围
The fact that ...could sufficiently substantiate the conclusion that...since the argument 3，6，8，10，19，22，23，28，29，40，41，44，45，49，51，60，70，80，83，84，87，90，91，9 16, Inferring a future condition from a past condition:过去不能推未来
In the argument the author suggests that we can (solve current problems or achieve current 1，2，4，5，8，11，13，15，18，20，21，22，23，25，30，32，36，37，48，52，61，62，65，67，30, Lack of controlled experiment/ comparison:没考虑其他变量
The author unfairly assumes that it is ...that resulted in ... The causal relationship is Specifically, we need to know (the experiment result of one group of the subjects), Withou 18，23，41，59，75，76，85，103，122，128，153，167，168，175，176，180，206，207，224，23解决办法
17, Sufficiency and necessity of a solution:解决办法不够有力
The author assumes t 3，7，8，9，10，12，18，19，20，24，25，26，28，30，39，41，42，43，48，52，54，59，60，64 18, Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion:解决办法没有可行性
The feasibility of the arguer’s proposal can also be cast doubt on. The proposal relies o 2，24，28，29，39，42，43，51，64，71，86，90，99，102，125，129，132，137，139，141，143，19, Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly:没考虑解决方法带来的坏处
In claiming that ...
Under such scenario, Incomplete thought:
1，10，11，15，17，24，27，29，31，32，34，35，37，47，49，50，51，52，53，54，58，59，66，Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly:
1，2，5，9，13，14，21，22，23，24，38，39，40，43，44，52，55，60，62，63，65，67，69，71 20, False dilemma:两者选一，没考虑其他解决办法
In explaining ... the author is presenting a false dilemma. The author simply assu
5，33，41，47，82，93，108，113，138，148，150，166，175，182，184，185，190，195，196，20因果关系
21, Non-causal relationship:没有因果关系，其他因素的影响
The author unfairly assumes that it is ...that resulted in ...: But we can find no concret 1，3，4，6，7，9，12，15，18，19，20，22，26，27，28，33，35，38，39，42，43，44，45，47，22, Confusing the cause and the effect:不是A导致B，而是B导致A(少见)
In the process of reasoning the author assumes that A is the reason for B.However, the aut 34，72，79，88，105，114，126，129，133，145，153，154，211，227，232
23, Confusing concurrence with causality:同时发生不为因果
The most important problem is the underlying assumption that it is ...that resulted in ... 1，53，59，60，72，75，90，91，101，105，129，142，153，173，238
24, Post hoc, ergo propter hoc:前后发生不为因果
The author concludes that ...is responsible for ... the assumption is based on the mere fa however, the sequence of the two events, in itself, does not sufficiently prove that the f (many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled stu 2，9，16，25，30，92，99，102，110，119，123，170，180，195，205，215，218，230，237，239，证据
25, Insufficient evidence:证据不足
The author claims that...by showing that....however, but this piece of information in itse 5，6，7，14，18，23，24，27，29，31，33，36，37，40，44，46，47，52，54，56，57，58，61，6 Failing to consider the credibility of the evidence:
46，47，66，72，76，88，118，136，151，176，226
26, Unwarranted assumption/credibility of the evidence:无证据假设，攻击背景
The assumption that ...is open to doubt, since the author does not provide any single evid 6，8，11，12，13，14，15，17，21，22，23，25，28，33，50，53，56，62，64，66，67，74，75，27, Definition critique:对某一专用名词没有解释，比如药
One problem involves the definition of ...The author fails to give a clear definition of . 53，72，81，91，105，141，153，167，179，195，196，211，219，223，226，239
28, Negative evidence:自相矛盾的证据
The author cites the evidence that ...to convince us that ...(the information provided by 6，21，62，100，138，139，145，158，173，178，183，189，190，192，200，203，210，216，217，利润问题
29, Profit-cost analysis:
Even if the author’s proposal could be carried out effectively, we still could not hastil 经济因素
30, Economical factors:通货膨胀+需求变化
Also, some economical factors should be taken into account in the argument. First, we need
y. the author considers only...(selective sub-groups) although (the sub-groups the author studied) do 8，179，185，193，196，207，227，231，232，236，238，239
fact cited by the author) could hardly illustrate the assumption that... because the author provides 79，180，188，191，239
to reach the conclusion. the survey only studies the situation of ...(an(some) insignificant case(s) zation who conducted the survey. (the organization) has vested interest in the final decision/conclus main evidence is also open to doubt.
thus may not reflect the current situations accurately. It is true that ( the survey may reflect the rovided to sufficiently illustrate the author’s assumption that...
te the actual condition of ...
s which...but we do not know the base amount of (the general group) (if the base amount or correspond 9，52，55，68，70，71，73，77，79，87，89，100，103，120，122，124，130，133，134，135，141，143，144
ustrating that ...The author only informs us that... but what we care more about is that... which is 39，42，43，44，46，49，52，54，64，65，66，68，70，71，73，77，79，81，82，83，84，85，87，88，89，9
n is not sufficiently justified to support the conclusion... There is possibility that the respondent not represent the general group of ...We all know that in many cases, people who are interested in .. on toward the issue studied, and the author should include those people in the study to present a mor ，117，153，154，161，167，168，174，194，201，206，212，218，224，235
actions, solutions on ... as B, but the analogy between them might be unsubstantiated. The author fai e differences into account and make careful study on the comparability of the two (cities, companies, 43，44，55，56，67，72，89，91，92，94，97，99，102，108，109，110，116，119，124，125，131，132，133
比AB，A不一定比B好
parison between A and B is incomplete.
ch, if differ in these cases, would bring about totally different result for the comparison. (many ot that ...Although the variation in ...could partly prove that ... however, we all know that to demons ，224，240
，101，103，105，109，114，126，129，131，132，139，151，159，162，166，167，172，173，179，186，187，f hasty generalization.: The author cites A to prove B, however, A is not a good indication of B. (th 53，55，58，63，67，68，72，77，80，81，85，87，88，89，91，93，96，101，105，106，107，114，120，121
..since the argument is based only on (some special cases) and the author does not differentiate betw 83，84，87，90，91，93，94，95，96，97，98，113，115，116，117，118，119，121，126，129，130，131，13 ms or achieve current goals) through methods which have successfully solved the same kind of problems ，52，61，62，65，67，68，73，78，85，87，93，94，95，100，116，119，130，134，136，138，140，146，15
usal relationship is convincing only if the author could demonstrate that all other factors that migh the subjects), Without appropriate comparison between A and B, the assumption that ...is unwarranted. 80，206，207，224，236，237，241，242
The author assumes that the proposed actions are both sufficient and necessary for (achieving certa 8，52，54，59，60，64，65，68，69，74，79，80，82，83，85，86，87，90，91，94，96，97，98，99，100，1 The proposal relies on an assumption that (the proposal could be successfully carried out)however, th ，137，139，141，143，155，163，164，169，172，175，176，178，187，189，191，194，195，204，208，209，解决方法带来的坏处
In claiming that ... the author needs to do more comprehensive research on both positive and negati Under such scenario, adopting the author’s proposal would harm, rather than benefit, (the author’，53，54，58，59，66，69，71，73，78，84，86，87，90，95，97，98，100，104，107，108，110，111，120，2，63，65，67，69，71，72，76，80，82，84，86，89，92，94，96，98，101，102，104，105，107，108，111，
85，190，195，196，202，204，205，213，218，220，233
e can find no concrete evidence to substantiate the inevitable relationship between ...and ... (many ，42，43，44，45，47，48，49，54，55，56，62，63，64，69，70，74，76，77，78，79，80，81，85，88，90，or B.However, the author may confuse the cause and the effect. (there is possibility that it is B tha
.that resulted in ... The author only points out that the two events occurred during the same period,
based on the mere fact that ...occurred after ...
ntly prove that the former caused the later one.
onduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )...might has resulted from other fact ，218，230，237，239，242
f information in itself is far from sufficient to demonstrate the assumption that...Although (the inf 54，56，57，58，61，67，69，70，73，74，81，93，94，110，111，115，117，130，131，136，138，143，148，ovide any single evidence to substantiate the assumption. (many other possibilities might render the ，64，66，67，74，75，78，83，84，86，87，88，89，90，91，92，95，100，101，102，104，105，108，110，1 clear definition of ... thus we could not evaluate if... (the definition might be different from what
ormation provided by the author could be used to refute the author’s conclusion.)However, this piece ，203，210，216，217，218，225，234，240，241
till could not hastily assume that ...will necessarily earn a substantial profit, as the author predi ument. First, we need to know how much did the price of ...actually increase after adjustment for inf
studied) do constitute a significant part of (the whole general population), however,
the author provides only N samples of (the general population),however, (the limited sample) might no nsignificant case(s)), however, many other more essential cases (related to the final conclusion) wer nal decision/conclusion which was based on the result of the survey, and thus might distort the actua rvey may reflect the opinions or situations of respondents at the time when it was conducted), but pe amount or corresponding fractions vary, the conclusion would be different. ) For lack of detailed inf ，135，141，143，144，145，155，159，165，175，177，182，183，189，194，196，199，200，203，204，206，is that... which is not provided by the author. (some other substantial information are needed for us 4，85，87，88，89，90，91，92，94，95，96，97，98，99，100，103，104，105，107，108，116，117，119，1 that the respondents may not tell the truth about.. (answering the questions honestly may lead to so are interested in ...might be generally more likely to respond to the survey than other people are, o udy to present a more convincing result. )Without considering the situation of other groups of people ated. The author fails to illustrate that A and B are similar enough at every aspect and are indeed c (cities, companies, schools, etc).
，125，131，132，133，149，152，155，160，162，169，177，180，182，186，187，192，198，204，205，209，
on. (many other factors would influence the result while ignored by the author in the
know that to demonstrate ...the comparison between A and B is actually more convincing and necessary 173，179，186，187，188，193，200，203，211，212，214，216，220，222，231，233，234，238，241 indication of B. (there are basic differences between A and B, thus A could not be properly used to i ，107，114，120，121，124，130，132，133，134，139，140，143，146，153，155，156，160，161，166，167，
t differentiate between the ...of (different subjects) .Although the author’s inference that ...migh 6，129，130，131，134，135，145，147，148，150，154，156，158，165，171，172，175，176，180，185，187 ame kind of problems in the past.There is a hidden assumption assumed by the author that all conditio 6，138，140，146，151，158，161，167，168，171，183，190，201，204，208，209，213，216，218，219，225
er factors that might affect ...remained constant during the same period.(pointing out that correspon t ...is unwarranted.
or (achieving certain goal).To solve the problem successfully, many other fundamental requirements m ，97，98，99，100，102，104，105，106，107，108，110，111，112，115，116，117，122，123，124，125，12 ried out)however, the assumption might be unwarranted due to some critical obstacles. (possible obsta ，195，204，208，209，210，211，212，217，226，228，230，232，233
positive and negative effects of the proposal. Although the proposal could be adopted to (solve the efit, (the author’s purpose).
108，110，111，120，123，124，125，126，128，130，134，136，142，143，144，145，147，151，169，177，1，105，107，108，111，112，114，118，119，122，124，125，127，128，129，133，136，151，152，157，160，
en ...and ... (many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled 80，81，85，88，90，94，96，97，98，106，109，110，112，113，116，119，120，121，122，124，125，131，ity that it is B that actually causes A )The author fails to rule out the possibility that (B results
ing the same period, however, we all know that merely a coincidence of two events could not sufficien lted from other factors, such as ...Without ruling out these possible scenarios, the author could not ...Although (the information provided by the author) may has some relation with ... (we need more cri ，136，138，143，148，150，155，157，165，171，179，190，193，198，201，202，204，211，213，223，231，es might render the assumption suspect. )Given other possibilities about... the author could not hast
04，105，108，110，112，113，114，118，120，121，122，125，126，127，128，129，130，132，134，136，13 different from what we commonly consider the term to be )As we commonly accept, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/af12499652.html,ually means ...
)However, this piece of evidence may well suggest that... and could serve to refute the author’s ass as the author predicted. To evaluate the profitability of ...we should consider the function of both r adjustment for inflation.(if the rate of inflation exceeds the increase in the price of the product
ever, (many other sub-groups) are actually excluded from the survey. Perhaps...or...wi
ed sample) might not be representative of the whole general group. thus we cannot accept the author’
nal conclusion) were ignored in the survey.(we need to know the condition of some other cases about
t distort the actual answers of the respondents. (the institution/individuals may benefit greatly fr conducted), but people’s opinion toward (the subject surveyed) may have changed greatly during the ack of detailed information about ( the base amount / fraction of) ... we can hardly assess ...
200，203，204，206，211，212，214，216，222，223，231，236，238
n are needed for us to assess the soundness of the argument, and the conclusion would vary greatly w 8，116，117，119，120，127，130，135，137，141，143，144，145，147，150，152，155，161，165，166，16 stly may lead to some undesirable consequences for the respondents, thus they may evade the crucial
other people are, or are more willing to express their own opinions and positions on the issue of .. er groups of people, the result of the survey in itself could not justifiably illustrate that ...
ct and are indeed comparable. While it is true that A and B share some common ground on ...there are 198，204，205，209，210，211，212，218，226，230，232，235，236，237，238，239
the argument ) Without any further consideration about these factors, the author coul
ncing and necessary.: (the comparison between those entities could be more convincing in illustratin 4，238，241
properly used to illustrate B ) The author ought to make careful and clear differentiation between 160，161，166，167，172，173，175，181，183，187，188，190，193，194，196，198，199，200，201，Hasty erence that ...might be true for some cases, for example, ...Unfortunately, this is not true of ever ，176，180，185，187，188，193，194，195，203，205，206，207，211，213，217，218，220，223，230，233，r that all conditions and factors upon which the effectiveness of (the method) depend have remained ，216，218，219，225，226，230，237，240，241
out that corresponding controlled experiment is needed, or explaining how the experiment should be ntal requirements must be fulfilled. (many other important works must be done. ) Furthermore, many o ，123，124，125，127，128，129，131，134，135，136，137，139，140，141，145，146，147，149，152，153 es. (possible obstacles to the effectiveness of the solution. )Unless the author could demonstrate t pted to (solve the problem) to a certain degree, however, carrying out the proposal may actually bri
7，151，169，177，193，202，236，239
51，152，157，160，163，164，168，169，170，172，173，174，176，178，180，181，182，184，185，186，1
conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship ) In short, the author could not has 22，124，125，131，132，133，135，136，137，139，141，144，145，147，149，150，156，158，159，160，1 ity that (B results in A). Since the author has not adequately take this possibility into account, t
could not sufficiently demonstrate a causal relationship between them. (many other factors could als he author could not establish a causal relationship between ...and ...
. (we need more critical important information about the case studied. ) More solid evidence are nee 11，213，223，231，236，237，238，241
thor could not hastily assumes that...
，132，134，136，137，140，142，144，145，146，148，151，152，156，157，160，161，163，164，169，170 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/af12499652.html,ually means ... Therefore, if ...is defined as ... then ... is irrelevant to (the author’s conc
e the author’s assumptionThe author should provide more convincing information to reconcile this ap he function o
f both revenue and expense. However, the author does not provide any single piece of in rice of the product, then the increase is reasonable.)Second, the author fails to consider the varia
...without ruling out all the possibilities above, the author could not make any gener
accept the author’s conclusion that...before he/she could provide more statistic data about (the s
other cases about which we care more/ the current case studied in the survey makes little sense on
benefit greatly from the result if the result was interpreted as was currently ) Thus, the author s greatly during the past time (or, while this fact could not sufficiently illustrate that (the gener dly assess ...
ould vary greatly when other conditions varied. ) For lack of detailed information about ... we can ，161，165，166，167，168，169，170，171，172，174，175，179，180，181，183，184，185，191，192，193 evade the crucial point, or even lie in their answers. ) Under such circumstances, it is almost imp
on the issue of ...
ustrate that ...
und on ...there are still some obvious differences between them. (many differences exist between A a
could not convince us that (A is better than B in certain aspect) merely based on an
cing in illustrating the conclusion ) Lacking comparison between ... we could not assess if ... rentiation between A and B before we could evaluate if the inference that ...is justified.
99，200，201，Hasty generalization: 38，54，56，59，61，66，81，89，98，137，140，154
is not true of every individual (in the general group). (other subjects may have totally different s 220，223，230，233，234，242
pend have remained unchanged during the past (N years).However, many factors could have been changed
periment should be conducted.)
Furthermore, many other available methods besides (the author’s proposal) could also be used to ach ，147，149，152，153，155，157，159，161，162，163，164，166，168，169，170，172，173，175，177，178，could demonstrate that those obstacles could be effectively overcome, the proposal might be practica
al may actually bring about more harmful effects. (possible harmful effects ignored by the author. ) 2，184，185，186，188，189，191，192，193，200，201，204，206，208，210，213，215，217，218，221，22
uthor could not hastily conclude that ...is the only possible reason for ...before taking above fact 6，158，159，160，162，167，168，169，171，172，176，181，187，190，192，193，194，199，201，207，20 ity into account, the assumption that ...is untenable.
r factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate th id evidence are needed before we could be convinced that ...
，163，164，169，170，172，174，177，178，179，181，191，192，194，195，197，202，204，205，206，208，(the author’s conclusion)In one word, without a clear definition of ... it is impossible to assess
o reconcile this apparent self-contradictory claim.
single piece of information about the possible cost of (carrying out the author’s proposal).(many consider the variation in the demand for ... during the same period. If the supply of ...falls shor
general conclusion about...merely based on (selective sub-groups).
c data about (the situation of other sub-groups).
es little sense on the final conclusion, the author should provide some more important information a Thus, the author should cite a survey which is conducted by an independent institution to convince ate that (the general group) will also...all the time)(many factors that could influence the validit
n about ... we can hardly evaluate ...
，185，191，192，193，198，199，200，203，205，206，211，212，213，214，215，216，217，218，219，221，s, it is almost impossible for us to expect the respondents to provide accurate information about th
s exist between A and B and these differences may well render the policies(actions, solutions, etc)
n an incomplete comparison.
assess if ...
ustified.
totally different situation thus the author’s inference could not be properly applied to them. ) Un d have been changed during the past years. (many conditions and factors could have varied, which mig
also be used to achieve the same purpose. (many other effective methods could also be adopted. )Befo 173，175，177，178，181，183，185，187，188，189，190，191，192，194，195，196，197，200，201，204，l might be practically unfeasible.
ed by the author. )
，217，218，221，224，226，227，228，229，230，231，232，234，237，242
g above factors into account.
，199，201，207，209，212，218，220，221，222，223，224，225，228，231，232，235，236，241
y to demonstrate the causal relationship )Many other factors could also lead to ... which might incl
204，205，206，208，210，212，216，218，219，221，222，223，225，228，231，235，236，239，242 possible to assess the strength of the argument.
’s proposal).(many key steps of the proposal may involve great expense, if the cost of carrying out ly of ...falls short of demand, then there is good reason for the increased price of ... The soundne
nformation about the case he studied. )Lacking further studies on these important issu
tution to convince us that (the assumption).
fluence the validity of the survey will change in the future, or respondents may act differently dur
217，218，219，221，222，224，225，226，228，229，231，232，233，235，237，238，239，240，241，242 nformation about their opinion toward...
s, solutions, etc) proved to be effective for A might not have the same effectiveness for B )
o them. ) Unless the author can demonstrate that (the condition of other subjects is s
e varied, which might render the solutions which were proved to be effective in the past might not h o be adopted. )Before the author make a careful and thorough comparison between the effectiveness o
f 97，200，201，204，205，206，208，209，211，212，213，215，217，219，222，224，225，226，227，228，2