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国际会计题目

国际会计题目
国际会计题目

1.Which are the objectives of the IASB?

A. To enforce IFRSs

B. To issue IFRSs

2. What happened in 2005 for listed companies in the EU?

A. IFRSs to be used for all financial statements

B. IFRSs to be used for consolidated financial statements

Case One:

A retailer commences business on 1 January and buys inventory of 20 washing machines, each costing $100. During the year he sells 17 machines at $150 each. How should the remaining machines be valued at 31 December in the following circumstances?

A.He is forced down to close his business at the end of the year and the remaining machines

will realise $60 each in a forced sale.

B.He intends to continue his business into the next year.

Case Two:

Emma prints 20 T – shirts in her first month of trading (May) at a cost of $5 each. She then sells all of them for $10 each. Emma has therefore made a profit $100, by matching the revenue ($200) earned against the cost ($100) of acquiring them.

If Emma only sells 18 T – shirts, it is incorrect to charge her income statement with the cost of 20 T – shirts, as she still has two T – shirts in inventory. How much profit did she earn?

Case Three:

A company begins trading on 1 January 20X5 and sells goods worth $100,000 during the year to

31 December. At 31 December there are accounts receivable outstanding of $150,000. Of these, the company is now doubtful whether $6,000 will ever be paid.

Question Three:

Sales revenue should be recognised when goods and services have been supplied; costs are incurred when goods and services have been received.

Which accounting concept governs the above?

A.The prudence concept

B.The materiality concept

C.The accruals concept

Question four:

Which accounting concept requires that foreseen losses should be anticipated and taken into account immediately?

A. The consistency concept

B. The accruals concept

C. The prudence concept

D. The going concern concept

Case One:

XY Co bought a machine five years ago for $15,000. It is now worn out and needs replacing. An identical machine can be purchased for $20,000.

Case Two:

XY Co’s machine from the Case One can be restored to working order at a cost of $5,000. It can then be sold for $10,000. What is NRV?

Case Three:

Suppose XY Co buy the new machine for $20,000. It is estimated that the new machine will generate profits of $4,000 per year for its useful life of 8 years. What is its economic value? Answer: $32,000

Excises(11.05.05):

1. Which one of the following statements is true of the historical cost convention?

A. It fails to take account of changing price levels over time

B. It records only past transactions

C. It values all assets at their cost to the business, without any adjustment for deprecation

D. It has been replaced in accounting records by a system of current cost accounting.

2. Which one of the following is the main aim of accounting?

A. To maintain ledger accounts for every asset and liability

B. To provide information to users of such information

C. To produce trial balance

D. To record every financial transaction individually.

3. Which accounting concept or convention which, in times of rising prices, tends to understate asset values and overstate profits?

A. The materiality concept

B. The prudence concept

C. The realisation concept

D. The historical cost convention

4. Which accounting concept which requires assets to be valued at their net book value, rather than their ‘break –up’ value?

A. The going concern concept

B. The prudence concept

C. The realisation concept

D. The historical cost convention

5. Which accounting concept should be considered if the owner of a business takes goods from inventory for his own personal use?

A. The prudence concept

B. The capitalisation concept

C. The money measurement concept

D. The separate entity concept

6. Assets are usually valued under which basis?

A. Replacement cost

B. Historical cost

C. NRV

7. In times of rising prices, what effect does the use of the historical cost concept have on a company’s asset values and profit?

A. Asset values and profit both understated

B. Asset values and profit both overstated

C. Asset value understated and profit overstated

D. Asset values overstated and profit understated

8. Listed below are some comments on accounting concepts.

1. In achieving a balance between relevance and reliability, the most important consideration

is satisfying as far as possible the economic decision – making needs of users.

2. Materiality means that only items having a physical existence may be recognised as assets.

3. The substance over form convention means that the legal form of a transaction must always

be shown in financial statements, even if this differs from the commercial effect.

Which, if any, of these comments is correct, according to IASB’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements?

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. 3 only

D. None of them

9. Which of the following most closely describes the meaning of prudence, as the term is defined in the IASB’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statement s?

A. Ensuring that accounting records and financial statements are free from material error.

B. The use of a degree of caution in making estimates required under conditions of uncertainty.

C. Understating assets and gains and overstating liabilities and losses.

D. Ensuring the financial statements comply with all accounting standards and legal requirements.

10. Which of the following statements about accounting concepts are correct?

1. The money measurement concept is that only items capable of being measured in monetary terms can be recognised in financial statements.

2. The prudence concept means that understating of assets and overstating of liabilities is

desirable in preparing financial statements.

3. The historical cost concept is that assets are initially recognised at their transaction cost.

4. The substance over form convention is that, whenever legally possible, the economic

substance of a transaction should be reflected in financial statements rather than simply its legal form.

A. 1, 2 and 3

B. 1, 2, and 4

C. 1,3, and 4

D. 2, 3, and 4

11. Listed below are some characteristics of financial information:

1. Neutrality

2. Prudence

3. Completeness

4. Timeliness

Which of these characteristics contribute to reliability, according to the IASB’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements?

A. 1, 2, and 3 only

B. 1, 2, and 4 only

C. 1, 3, and 4 only

D. 2, 3, and 4 only

12. Which, if any, of the following statements about accounting concepts and the characteristics of financial information are correct?

1. The concept of substance over form means that the legal form of a transaction must be

reflected in financial statements, regardless of the economic substance.

2. The historical cost concept means that only items capable of being measured in monetary

terms can be recognised in financial statements.

3. It may sometimes be necessary to exclude information that is relevant and reliable from

financial statements because it is too difficult for some users to understand.

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. None of these statements are correct

Lecture Three:

Example One:

Company B bought some goods from Company A for $40; when

Company A send out the invoice to Company B, it was printed

with $80 on, what is Company A to do?

Answer: A寄$40 Credit note给B

Example Two:

At the beginning of 1 September, Robin Plenty had $900 in the bank.

During 1 September 20X7, Robin Plenty had the following receipts and payments.

(a)Cash sale: receipt of $80

(b)Payment from credit customer Hay $400 less discount allowed $20

(c)Payment from credit customer Been $720

(d)Payment from credit customer Seed $150 less discount allowed $10

(e)Cheque received for cash to provide a short – term loan from Len Dinger $1,800

(f)Second cash sale: receipt of $150

(g)Cash received for sale of machine $200

(h)Payment to supplier Kew $120

(i)Payment to supplier Hare $310

Example Three:

DEF operates an imprest system for petty cash. During February 2009, the following petty cash transactions took place.

$

2.2. X9 Stamps 12.00

3.2. X9 Milk 25.00

8.2.X9 Taxi fare 15.00

17.2.X9 Stamps 5.00

8.00

18.2.X9 Received from staff for

photocopying

28.2.X9 Stationery 7.50

The amount remaining in petty cash at the end of the month was $93.50. What is the imprest amount?

Answer: $93.5+(12+25+15+5+7.5)-8=150

Example:

State which books of prime entry the following transactions would be entered into.

(a)Your business pays A Brown (a supplier) $450.00.

(b)You send D Smith (a customer) an invoice for $650.

(c)Your accounts manager asks you for $12 urgently in order to buy some envelopes.

(d)You receive an invoice from A Brown for $300.

(e)You pay D Smith $500.

(f) F Jones (a customer) returns goods to the value of $250.

(g)You return goods to J Green to the value of $504.

(h) F Jones pays you $500.

Question One:

Which one of the following is not a book of prime entry.

A.Sales invoice

B.Purchase day book

C.Sales day book

Question Two:

Which of the following is a source document for petty cash.

A.Purchase invoice

B.Sales invoice

C.Receipt and claim form

Question Three:

What is the purchase returns day book used to record?

A.Supplier’s invoices

B.Customer’s invoices

C.Details of goods returned to suppliers

D.Details of goods returned by customers

Questions Four:

Petty cash is controlled under an imprest system. The imprest amount is $100. During a period, payments totalling $53 have been made. How much needs to be reimbursed at the end of the period to restore petty cash to the imprest amount?

A.$100

B.$53

C.$47

D.$50

Question Five:

All petty cash claims are automatically paid from petty cash.

Is this statement

A.True

B.False

Lecture Four:

Question One:

Complete the columns to show the effects of the following transactions:

Effect upon

Asset Liabilities Capital

A. We pay a creditor $70 in cash

B. Bought fixtures $200 paying by cheque

C. Bought goods on credit $275

D. The proprietor introduces another $500

cash into the business

E. J Walker lends the business $200 in cash

F. A debtor pays us $50 by cheque

G. We return goods costing $60 to a supplier

whose bill we had not paid

H. Bought additional shop premises paying

$5,000 by cheque

Question Two:

Liza Doolittle runs a market stall. The opening balance is as follows:

Stall $1,800

Cash $890

Capital $2,690

The consequences of the following transactions in the week to 17 July 20X6.

(a)Liza Doolittle realises that she is going to need more money in the business and so she

makes the following arrangements.

I.She invests immediately a further $250 of her own capital

II.She persuades her uncle Henry to lend her $500 immediately. Uncle Henry tells her that she can repay the loan whenever she likes, but in the meantime, she must pay him interest of $5 each week at the end of the market day. They agree that it will probably be quite a long time before the loan is eventually repaid.

b)She decides to buy a second hand van to pick up flowers and plants from her supplier

and bring them to her shop. She finds a car dealer, Laurie loader, who agrees to sell her a van on credit for $700. Liza agrees to pay for th e van after 30 days’ trial use.

c)During the week, Liza’s Uncle George telephones her to ask whether she would sell him

some garden gnomes and furniture for his garden. Liza tells him that she will look for a supplier. After some investigations, she buys what Uncle George has asked for, paying $300 in cash to the supplier. Uncle George accepts delivery of the goods and agrees to pay $350, but he asks if she can wait until the end of the month for payment. Liza agrees.

d)Liza buys flowers and plants costing $800. Of these purchases $750 are paid in cash,

with the remaining $50 on seven days’ credit. Liza decides to use Ethel’s services again as an assistant on market day, at an agreed wage of $40.

e)On 17 July, Liza succeeds in selling all her goods earning revenue of $1,250 (all in cash).

She decides to withdraw $240 for her week’s work. She also pays Ethel $40 in cash.

She decides to make the interest payment to her Uncle Henry the next time she sees him.

(f) We shall ignore any van expenses for the week, for the sake of relative simplicity. Required:

State the accounting equation:

i.After Liza and Uncle Henry have put more money into the business and after the

purchase of the van.

ii.After the sale of goods to Uncle George.

iii.After the purchase of goods for the weekly market.

iv.At the end of the day’s training on 17 July, and after withdrawals have been appointed out of profit.

Lecture Five:

‘T’ Accounts questions:

Ron Knuckle set up a business selling keep fit equipment, trading

Under the name of Buy Your Biceps Shops. He put $7,000 of his

Own money into a business bank account (transaction A) and his

first period of trading, the following transactions occurred.

Transactions:

$

B Paid rent of shop for the period 3,500

C Purchased equipment (inventories) on credit 5,000

D Raised loan from bank 1,000

E Purchase of shop fittings (for cash) 2,000

F Sales of equipment: cash 10,000

G Sales of equipment: on credit 2,500

H Payments for trade accounts payable 5,000

I Payments from trade accounts receivable 2,500

J Interest on loan (paid) 100

K Other expenses (all paid in cash) 1,900

L Drawings 1,500

Question:

The balance on an expense account will go to the I&E account. However, the balance on a liability account is written off to capital.

Is this statement correct?

Answer: ×费用只是过渡账户,最后转到I&E

EX2:

G. Hope started in business on 1 July 2007, with $40,000 capital in cash. During the first year, the assets and liabilities of the business at 30 June 2008 were:

$

Freehold premises 76,000

Mortgage on the premises 50,000

Inventory 24,000

Accounts receivable 2,800

Cash at bank balances 5,400

Accounts payable 7,600

During the year, Hope withdrew $9,000 cash for his personal use but he also paid $6,000 received from the sale of his private car into the business bank account.

Required:

From the above information, prepare a statement of financial position at 30 June 2008 and indicating the net profit for the year.

Lecture Six:

Example One:

Preparation of a statement of cash flows

Colby Co’s income statement for the year ended 31 December 20x2 and statements of financial position at 31 December 20x1 and 31 December 20x2 were as follows:

Colby Co: Income statement for the year ended 31 December 20x2

$’000 $’000

Sales 720

Raw materials consumed 70

Staff costs 94

Depreciation 118

Loss on disposal of non – current asset 18 (300)

420

Interest paid (28)

Profit before taxation 392

Taxation (124)

Profit for the period 268

Colby Co: Statement of financial position as at 31 December

20x2 20x1

$’000 $’000 $’000 $’000 Assets:

Property, plant and equipment

Cost 1,596 1,560 Depreciation 318 1,278 224 1,336 Current assets:

Inventory 24 20

Trade receivables 76 58

Bank 48 148 56 134 Total Assets1,426 1,470 Equity and liabilities:

Capital and reserves

Share capital 360 340

Share premium 36 24

Retained earnings 716 1,112 514 878

Non – current liabilities:

non – current loans 200 500

Current liabilities:

trade payables 12 6

taxation 102 114 86 92

1,426 1,470

During the year, the company paid $90,000 for a new piece of machinery.

Dividends paid during 20x2 totalled $66,000.

Required:

Prepare a statement of cash flows for Colby Co for the year ended 31 December 20x2 in accordance with the requirements of IAS7, using the indirect method.

Question One:

Set out below are the financial statements of Shabnum Co. You are the financial controller, faced with the task of implementing IAS7 Statement of cash flows.

Shabnum Co: Income statement for the year ended 31 December 20x2

$’000

Revenue 2,553

Cost of sales (1,814)

Gross profit 739

Distribution costs (125)

Administrative expenses (264)

350

Interest received 25

Interest paid (75)

Profit before taxation 300

Taxation (140)

Profit for the period 160

Shabnum Co: Statements of financial position as at 31 December

20x2 20x1

$’000 $’000 Assets

Non – current assets:

Property, plant and equipment 380 305 Intangible assets 250 200 Investments - 25 Current assets:

Inventories 150 102 Receivables 390 315 Short – term investments 50 - Cash in hand 2 1 Total assets 1,222 948 Equity and liabilities:

Equity:

Share capital ($1 ordinary shares) 200 150

Share premium account 160 150 Revaluation reserve 100 91 Retained earnings 260 180 Non – current liabilities:

Loan 170 50 Current liabilities:

Trade payables 127 119 Bank overdraft 85 98

Taxation 120 110 Total equity and liabilities 1,222 948

The following information is available:

1.The proceeds of the sale of non – current asset investments amounted to $30,000.

2.Fixtures and fittings, with an original cost of $85,000 and a net book value of $45,000,

were sold for $32,000 during the year.

3.The following information relates to PPE

31. 12. 20x2 31. 12. 20x1

$’000 $’000

Cost 720 595 Accumulated depreciation 340 290

NBV 380 305

4.50,000 $1 ordinary shares were issued during the year at a premium of 20c per share.

5.Dividends totalling $80,000 were paid during the year.

Required:

Prepare a statement of cash flows for the year to 31 December 20x2 using the format laid out in IAS7.

Lecture Seven

Example One:

Perry P Louis, trading as the Umbrella Shop, ends his financial year on 30 September each year. On 1 October 20X4 he had no goods in inventory. During the year to 30 September 20X5, he purchased 30,000 umbrellas costing $60,000 from umbrella wholesalers and suppliers. He resold the umbrellas for $5 each, and sales for the year amounted to $100,000 (20,000 umbrellas). At 30 September there were 10,000 unsold umbrellas left in inventory, valued at $2 each.

What was Perry P Louis’s gross profit for the year?

Answer:

$ $

Sales (20,000 units) 100,000

Purchases (30,000 units) 60,000

Less closing inventory (10,000 units@$2) (20,000)

Cost of sales 40,000

Gross profit 60,000

Example Two:

Continue the example of the Umbrella Shop into its next accounting year, 1 October 20X5 to 30 September 20X6. During the course of this year, Perry purchased 40,000 umbrellas at a total cost of $95,000. During the year he sold 45,000 umbrellas for $23,000. At 30 September 20X6 he had 5,000 umbrellas left in inventory, which had cost $12,000.

What was his gross profit for the year?

Answer:

$ $

Sales (45,000 units) 230,000

Opening inventory (10,000 units) 20,000

Add purchases (40,000 units) 95,000

115,000

Less closing inventory (5,000 units) 12,000

Cost of sales(45,000 units) 103,000

Gross profit 127,000

Example Three:

Gwyn Tring, trading as Clickety Clocks, imports and resells clocks. He pays for the costs of delivering the clocks from his supplier in Switzerland to his shop in Wales.

He resells the clocks to other traders throughout the country, paying the costs of the carriage for the consignments from his business premises to his customers.

On 1 July 20X5, he had clocks in inventory valued at $17,000. During the year to 30 June 20X6 he purchased more clocks at a cost of $75,000. Carriage inwards amounted to $2,000. Sales for the year were $162,100. Other expenses of the business amounted to $56,000 excluding carriage outwards which cost $2,500. Gwyn Tring took drawings of $20,000 from the business

during the course of the year. The value of the goods in inventory at the year end was $15,400. Required:

Prepare the income statement of Clickety Clocks for the year ended 30 June 20X6.

Answer:

Clickety Clocks: Income Statement for the year ended 30 June 20X6

$ $

Sales 162,100

Opening inventory 17,000

Purchases 75,000

Carriage inwards 2,000

94,000

Less closing inventory 15,400

Cost of goods sold 78,600

Gross profit 83,500

Carriage outwards 2,500

Other expenses 56,000

58,500

Net profit 25,000

Example Four:

Lucas Wagg, trading as Fairlock Fashions, ends his financial year on 31 March. At 1 April 20X5 he had goods in inventory valued at $8,800. During the year to 31 March 20X6, he purchased goods costing $48,000. Fashion goods which cost $2,100 were still held in inventory at 31 March 20X6, and Lucas Wagg believes that these could only now be sold at a sale price of $400. The goods still held in inventory at 31 March 20X6 (including the fashion goods) had an original purchase cost of $7,600. Sales for the year were $81,400.

Required:

Calculate the gross profit of Fairlock Fashions for the year ended 31 March 20X6.

Answer:

Cost ($) Realisable value ($) Fashion goods 2,100 400

Other goods(balancing figure) 5,500 5,500

7,600 5,900

Fairlock Fashions: Trading account for the year ended 31 March 20X6

$ $

Sales 81,400

Opening inventory 8,800

Purchase 48,000

56,800

Less closing inventory 5,900

Cost of goods sold 50,900

Gross profit 30,500

Q1:

An item of inventory was purchased for $10. However, due to a fall in demand, its selling price will be only $8. In addition further costs will be incurred prior to sale of $1. What is the net realisable value?

A.$7

B.$8

C.$10

D.$11

Q2.

The closing inventory at cost of a company at 31 January 20X3 amounted to $284,700.

The following items were included at cost in the total:

1.400 coats, which had cost $80 each and normally sold for $150 each. Owing to a defect

in manufacture, they were all sold after the reporting date at 50% of their normal price.

Selling expenses amounted to 5% of the proceeds.

2.800 skirts, which had cost $20 each. These two were found to be defective. Remedial

work in February 20X3 cost $5 per skirt, and selling expenses for the batch totalled $800.

They were sold for $28 each.

What should the inventory value be according to IAS 2 Inventories after considering the above items?

A. $281,200

B. $282,800

C. $329,200

D. None of these.

$284,700-[(80-71.25)*400]=281,200

Q3.

At 30 September 20X3 the closing inventory of a company amounted to $386,400.

The following items were included in this total at cost:

1.1,000 items which had cost $18 each. These items were all sold in October 20X3 for

$15 each, with selling expenses of $800.

2.Five items which had been in inventory since 1973, when they were purchased for $100

each, sold in October 20X3 for $1,000 each, net of selling expenses.

What figure should appear in the company’s statement of financial position at 30 September 20X3 for inventory?

A.$382,600 15*1,000+800+100*5=16,300 386,400-(3*1,000+800)=382,600

B.$384,200

C.$387,100

D.400,600

Q4.

A fire on 30 September 20X2 destroyed some of a company’s inventory and its inventory records. The following information is available:

$

Inventory 1 September 20X2 318,000

Sales for September 20X2 612,000

Purchases for September 20X2 412,000

Inventory in good condition at 30 September 20X2 214,000

Standard gross profit percentage on sales is 25%

Based on this information, what is the value of the inventory lost?

A.$96,000

B.$271,000

C.$26,400

D.$57,000

Gross Profit=Sales*25%=612,000*25%=153,000

Cost of goods sold=sales-gross profit=612,000-153,000=459,000

Closing inventory=cost of goods sold-opening inventory-purchase=271,000

Inventory lost=closing inventory-inventory in goods condition=271,000-214,000=57,000

Q5.

A company with an accounting date of 31 October carried out a physical check of inventory on 4 November 20X3, leading to an inventory value at cost at this date of $483,700.

Between 1 November 20X3 and 4 November 20X3 the following transactions took place:

1.Goods costing $38,400 were received from suppliers.

2.Goods that had cost $14,800 were sold for $20,000.

3. A customer returned, in good condition, some goods which had been sold to him in

October for $600 and which had cost $400.

4.The company returned goods that had cost $1,800 in October to the supplier, and

received a credit note for them.

What figure should appear in the company’s financial statements at 31 Octo ber 20X3 for closing inventory, based on this information?

A. $458,700

B. $505,900

C. $508,700

D. $461,500

Closing inventory at 31 Oct 20*3+38,400-14,800+400-1,800=Closing inventory at 4 Nov 20*3 Lecture Eight

Q1.

Which of the following costs may be included when arriving at the cost of finished goods inventory for inclusion in the financial statements of a manufacturing company?

1.Carriage inwards

2.Carriage outwards

3.Depreciation of factory plant

4.Finished goods storage costs

5.Factory supervisors’ wag es

A. 1 and 5 only

B. 2, 4 and 5 only

C. 1, 3 and 5 only

D. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only

Q2.

According to IAS2 inventories, which of the following costs should be included in valuing the inventories of a manufacturing company?

1.Carriage inwards

2.Carriage outwards

3.Depreciation of factory plant

4.General administrative overheads

A. 1, 2 and 4 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

Example One:

Transactions During May 20X7:

How would issues and closing inventory be valued using each of the following in turn?

(a)FIFO

(b)AVCO

Quantity units Unit cost $ Total cost $ Market value per unit

on date of

transactions $

Opening balance

1 May

100 2.00 200

Receipts 3 May 400 2.10 840 2.11

Issues 4 May 200 2.11

Receipts 9 May 300 2.12 636 2.15

Issues 11 May 400 2.20

Receipts 18 May 100 2.40 240 2.35

Issues 20 May 100 2.35

Closing balance

31 May

200 2.38

1,916

Q3.

A company values its inventory using the FIFO method. At 1 May 20X2 the company had 700 engines in inventory, valued at $190 each.

During the year ended 30 April 20X3 the following transactions took place:

20X2

1 July Purchased 500 engines at $220 each

1 November Sold 400 engines for $160,000

20X3

1 February Purchased 300 engines at $230 each

15 April Sold 250 engines for $125,000

What is the value of the company’s closing inventory of engines at 30 April 20X3?

A. $188,500

B. $195,500

C. $166,000

D. None of these figures

300*230+500*220+50*190=188,500

Q4.

What is included in the cost purchase of inventories according to IAS 2?

A.Purchase price less trade discount

B.Purchase price plus transport costs less trade discount

C.Purchase price less import duties less trade discount

D.Purchase price plus import duties plus transport costs less trade discount

Q5.

In preparing its financial statements for the current year, a company’s closing inventory was understated by $300,000.

What will be the effect of this error if it remains uncorrected?

A.The current year’s profit will be overstated and next year’s profit will be understated

B.The current year’s profit will be understated but there will be no effect on next year’s

profit

C.The current year’s profit will be understated and next year’s profit will be overstated

D.The current year’s profit will be overstated but there will be no effect on next year’s

profit

Lecture Nine:

Question One:

State whether each of the following items should be classified as ‘capital’ or ‘revenue’ expenditure or income for the purpose or preparing the income statement and the statement of financial position of the business.

(a)The purchase of a property

(b)The annual depreciation of such a property

(c)Solicitors ‘ fees in connection with the purchase of such a property

(d)The costs of adding extra storage capacity to a mainframe computer used by the business

(e)Computer repairs and maintenance costs

(f)Profit on the sale of an office building

(g)Revenue from sales by credit card

(h)The cost of new plant

(i)The ‘carriage’ costs of transporting the new plant from the supplier’s factory to the

premises of the business purchasing the plant

(j)The cost of installing the new plant in the premises of the business

老师要求背:折旧的目的

What are the purposes of providing for depreciation?

The accounts of a business try to recognise that the cost of a non –current asset is gradually consumed as the asset wears out. This is done by gradually writing off the asset’s cost in the income statement over several accounting periods. This process is known as depreciation, and is an example of the accrual assumption. IAS 16 PPE requires that depreciation should be allocated on a systematic basis to each accounting period during the useful life of the asset.

Example One:

A non –current asset costing $60,000 has an estimated life of 5 years and a residual value of $7,000. The annual depreciation charge using the straight line method would be:

$ (60,000 – 7,000)

5 years = $10,600 per annum The carrying value of the non – current asset would be:

After 1 year After 2

years

After 3

years

After 4

years

After 5 years

Cost of the asset 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000

Accumulated

depreciation

10,600 21,200 31,800 42,400 53,000 Carrying value 49,400 38,800 28,200 17,600 7,000*

Example Two:

A business which has an accounting year which runs from 1 January to 31 December purchases a new non – current asset on 1 April 20X1, at a cost of $24,000. The expected life of the asset is 4 years, and its residual value is nil. What should be the depreciation charge for 20X1?

$24,000/4 years x 9/12 = $4,500

Example Three:

A business purchases a non –current asset at a cost of $10,000. Its expected useful life is 3 years and its estimated residual value is $2,160. The business wishes to use the reducing balance method to depreciate the asset, and calculated that the rate of depreciation should be 40% of the carrying value of the asset.

The total depreciable amount is $ (10,000 – 2,160) = $7,840

Accumulated depreciation

$ $

Asset at cost 10,000

Depreciation in Y1 (40%) 4,000 4,000 Carrying value at end of Y1 6,000

Depreciation in Y2 2,400 6,400

(6,000 x 40%) (4,000+2,400) Carrying value at end of Y2 3,600

Depreciation in Y3 1,440 7,840

(3,600 x 40%) (6,400+1,440) Carrying value at end of Y3 2,160

The depreciation charge for an accounting period is a charge against profit. It is accounted for as follows:

Dr. Income statement (depreciation expense)

Cr. Accumulated depreciation (Statement of Financial Position)

Example Four:

Brian Box set up his own computer software business on 1 March 20X6. He purchased a computer system on credit from a manufacturer, at a cost of $16,000. The system has a expected life of three years and a residual value of $2,500. Using the straight line method of depreciation, the non –current asset account, accumulated depreciation account and I&E account (extract) and statement of financial position (extract) would be as follows, for each of the next three years, 28 February 20X7, 20X8 and 20X9.

Example Five:

When Ira Vann commenced trading as a car hire dealer on 1 January 20X1, he purchased business premises at a cost $50,000.

For the purpose of accounting for depreciation, he decided the following.

(a)The land part of the business premises was worth $20,000; this would not be

depreciated.

(b)The building part of the business premises was worth the remaining $30,000. This

would be depreciated by the straight – line method to a nil residual value over 30 years. After five years of trading on 1 January 20X6, Ira decides that his business premises are now worth $150,000, divided into:

$

Land 75,000

Building 75,000

150,000

The accounting treatment for the revaluation above will be:

1.Dr. Building – cost ($75,000 - $30,000) $45,000

Cr. Revaluation reserve $45,000

2.Dr. Land – cost ($75,000 - $20,000) $55,000

Cr. Revaluation reserve $55,000

3.Dr. Accumulated depreciation $5,000

Cr. Revaluation reserve $5,000

Put them together:

Dr. Building – cost $45,000

Accumulated depreciation $5,000

Land – cost $55,000

Cr. Revaluation reserve $105,000

Question:

Using the previous example, the land is still valued at $75,000 but the building is now valued at $25,000.

Lecture Ten

Example One:

A business purchased a non – current asset on 1 January 20X1 for $25,000. It had an estimated useful life of six years and an estimated residual value of $7,000. The asset was eventually sold after three years on 1 January 20X4 to another trader who paid $17,500 for it.

Solution:

Annual depreciation = $(25,000 – 7,000) / 6 years = $3,000 per annum

$

Cost of asset 25,000

Less accumulated depreciation (9,000)

Carrying value at date of disposal 16,000

Sale price 17,500

Profit on disposal 1,500

Example Two:

A business has $110,000 worth of machinery at cost. Its policy is to make a provision for depreciation at 20% per annum straight line. The total provision now stands at $70,000. The business sells for $19,000 a machine which it purchased exactly two years ago for $30,000. Show the relevant ledger entries.

Example three: disposal of a revalued asset:

Returning to Example Five, Lecture Nine, suppose that two years later the land and property is sold for $200,000.

Show the relevant ledger entries.

Q1.

What is the purpose of charging depreciation in accounts?

A.To allocate the cost less residual value of a non –current asset over the accounting

periods expected to benefit from its use.

B.To ensure that funds are available for the eventual replacement of the asset

C.To reduce the cost of the asset in the statement of financial position to its estimated

market value.

Q2.

Your firm bought a machine for $5,000 on 1 January 20X1, which had an expected useful life of four years and an expected residual value of $1,000; the asset was to be depreciated on the straight –line basis. The firm’s policy is to charge depreciation in the year of disposal. On 31 December 20X3, the machine was sold for $1,600.

What amount should be entered in the 20X3 statement of comprehensive income for profit or loss on disposal?

A.Profit of $600

B.Loss of $600

C.Profit of $350

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