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高一英语 Module 3《The Violence of Nature》教案(外研版必修3)

Module Three

The Violence of Nature

Teaching Aims:

1. Knowledge and Skill

a.Get the general information about the violence of nature.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/af17927984.html,ing the Attributive Clause to explain words..

c.Improve the students’ ability to give definitions of words.

d.Know the common enemies of our human being – natural disasters and the ways of surviving when one

occurs.

e.To grasp the usage of the past perfect passive and indirect speech.

2.Emotion and Values

a.Fully realize the characteristics of different natural disasters and the danger they caused, improve the

confidence of overcoming them, and try to make contributions to the development of the whole society.

b.To encourage the Ss to be active and cooperative in the class

3. Cross-cultural awareness:

a.Understand the natural disasters of different area and multi-form intensity of all parts of the world

4. Character-building:

a.To strengthen their confidence of learning well in order to make a better world for our next generation.

b.To let them know the ways of keeping them safe when some natural disasters occur.

Difficulties and Importance:

a. Learn how to definite words, using the Attributive Clause

b. How to change the direct speech into the indirect ones.

c.Improve the student’s ability of grasping the general idea of the passage.

Teaching Method:

a.Task-based methodology

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/af17927984.html,municative Approach

Teaching Time:

Five periods:

Period 1 vocabulary and speaking

Function Giving a definition

Period 2 Reading and Vocabulary

Period 3 Grammar 1 The past perfect passive

Listening and Vocabulary

Period 4 Grammar 2 Indirect speech

Speaking

Period 5 Cultural corner

Everyday English

Writing

Teaching Procedures:

Period 1

Step 1. Warming up

Look at the picture and answer the following questions.

Q1. Have you ever heard of the tsunami in 2004?

Q2. When and where did it happen?

Q3. What kind of damage did it cause?

Q4. Can you list some of other natural disasters?

Q5. Tsunamis are natural occurrences. Can human

beings stop them?

Suggested answers:

Q1. Yes.

Q2. At the end of 2004, a massive earthquake sent tsunami smashing into Indian Ocean coastline. Many heavily populated areas disasters from it.

Q3. Sri Lanka , Indonesia , Thailand , India, Malaysia and East Africa destroyed by the monster waves, causing millions of deaths.

Q4. Flood, Fire, drought, landslide, earthquake, tornado, hurricane and so on.

Q5. No. Tsunamis are a natural occurrence related to the processes that shape the Earth's surface—earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides. These processes are driven by the heat escaping from the Earth and gravity, and people cannot control these underlying forces.

Step 2. V ocabulary Learning

Match the words in the box with their definitions.

Flood hurricane lightning thunderstorm tornado

1. a lot of water in an area which is usually dry

2. a very strong wind or storm

3. a lot of rain falling quickly, with loud noises and flashes of light

4.the flash of light which happens during a thunderstorm

5. a column of air that turns very quickly.

Suggested answers:

A flood is a lot of water in an area which is usually dry.

A hurricane is a very strong wind and storm.

Lightning is the flash of light which occurs during a thunderstorm.

A thunderstorm is a lot of rain falling quickly, with loud noises and flashes of light.

A tornado is a column of air that turns very quickly.

Step 3 Function

Try to find the common characteristic of the sentences above.

Suggested answers:

Each sentences gives a definition of a word.

The Attributive Clause appears in each sentence.

When we give a definition of a word, the Attributiv e Clause is usually necessary and hopeful. We’d better learn to use the structure ―A is B that/which‖

Step 4 Practice

Give definitions of the words following the pattern ―A is B that/which‖.

An earthquake a volcanic eruption a plane crash

Suggested answers:

1.An earthquake happens when the earth shakes because of movement underground.

2. A volcanic eruption is that lava and ash coming out of a volcano.

3. A plane crash is that a plane stopping flying and crashing into the earth.

Step 4 Discussions

4.Which kind of these natural disasters have ever experienced? Can you describe it?

5.Have you ever read a news story about one of the events? Can you describe it?

6.Do you know anything about the events? For example, what causes them?

Homework:

1.Surf the Internet in order to have a better understanding of natural disasters.

2.Preview the passage in Reading and V ocabulary.

Period 2

Step 1 Pre-reading

Read about the Gulf Steam and check the meaning of the words:

1, What is a current ?

(a) A kind of electricity (b) A movement of water

2, What kind of things flow ?

(a) Water (b) Time (c) Money

3, If two places are on the same latitude ,they are on the same line _____

(a) east/west

(b) north/south

Suggested answers:

b. a . a

Step 2. While-reading

a.Skimming

Read the passage quickly and silently. Find the words and expressions in the passages and match them with the definition.

bury disaster feather fur occur tropical

1 you can see this on an animal __________

2 describing the hottest parts of the earth, north and south of the equator

__________

3 a terrible event _________

4 you can see these on a bird _________

5 to place in the ground or tomb ___________

6 to happen __________

Suggested answers:

1.fur

2. tropical

3. disaster

4. feather

5. bury

6. occur

b. Detailed-reading

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.

1.How strong are tornado winds?

2.What can happen to furniture when a house is destroyed by a tornado?

3.How many tornadoes are there in the US every year?

4.How many people died in the worst tornado of all time?

5.What happens at sea during a hurricane?

6.When was the worst hurricane of all time?

7.Was the actor Charles Coghland killed in it?

8.What happened to him after the hurricane?

Suggested answers:

1. More than 400 km/h.

2. It stays where it was.

3. About 800.

4. More than 700.

5. It has huge waves.

6. 8th September, 1900.

7. No, he wasn’t.

8. His coffin was dropped in the sea by a hurricane and carried to Canada by the Gulf Stream.

Step 3 Post-reading

Step 4 Language Explanations

【词条1】occur

【课文原句】Almost all of them occur in the US, in the area from Texas in the southeast to South Dakota in the north. (Page23)

【点拨】occur此处意为“发生”，不及物动词，没有被动语态。如：

About 400 earthquakes occur worldwide every day, and more than a hundred thousand in a year.

【拓展】happen, occur, take place辨析

1. happen多用于偶然事情的发生，后面可跟happen to do sth 意为“碰巧，恰巧”；happen to sb意为“……发生在某人身上”。如：

Do you happen to know his telephone number?

If anything happens to you, tell me at once.

2. occur多指意外事故、自然灾害的发生，虽也指“偶然性”，但程度比happen弱。Occur的常见搭配还有：sth occur to sb意为“突然想到……”。如：

The terrible traffic accident occurred on the No 318 highway in the morning.

This idea suddenly occurred to me.

3. take place不带有“偶然”之意，常指经过安排的事情的发生。如：

The May 4th Movement took place in 1919.

【词条2】cause

【课文原句】There are violent winds of 120 kilometres per hour or more, which cause huge waves, heavy rain and floods. (Page 25)

【点拨】

cause 此处意为“导致、引起”，后接名词、代词作宾语，也可接不定式作复合宾语，还可接双宾语。如：What caused his illness?

The old car has caused me a lot of trouble.

【拓展】

1. cause 也可作名词，意为“原因，起因”，后可接of 短语或不定式。如：

The cause of the accident was carelessness.

2. cause 和reason

(1) cause强调导致某种结果的原因，即指事物发生的直接原因。如：

The heavy rain was the cause of the flood.

(2) reason 作名词，意为“理由，原因”，着重指在逻辑推理上引出的结论的原因，其后介词多用for。如：He has no good reason for doing that.

注意：cause 后不接why 引导的定语从句，而reason 后则可。如：

The reason why he died young was that he didn’t pay attention to his health.

【词条3】destroy, furniture, leave

【课文原句】They can destroy houses, but leave the furniture inside exactly where it was. (Page 23)

【点拨1】destroy vt. 在此处意为“破坏, 毁坏”。如：

The building was completely destroyed by the big fire.

【拓展】destroy, injure, damage

destroy指通过某种有力的或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用，一般很难修复。如：

All his hopes were destroyed by her letter of refusal.

damage 指“损害，损失”，损坏后价值或效率降低，一般是部分性的，还能修复，多用于无生命名词。如：The earthquake damaged several buildings.

injure多指意外的伤害，在事故中受伤，大多造成容颜、功能的损害等。如：

One of the players injured his knees and was carried off.

【点拨2】

leave 此处作“使……处于某状态”讲，宾补可以是介词短语、形容词、分词等。如：

Leave the door open, please.

Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain.

【拓展】leave sb. to do sth. 意为“交给（委托）某人干某事”，如：

She will leave me to look after her baby.他要委托我照看她的孩子。

【词条4】put up, put down

【课文原句】Tornadoes can pick up cars, trains and even houses and put them down in the next street－or even in

the next town. (Page 23)

【点拨1】

pick up 在此句中意为“卷起、掀起”。如：

The wind from northwest picked up dust and leaves on the ground.

【拓展】pick up的常见意思还有：

1. 用车去接某人。如：

I’ll pick you up on the corner of the street at three o’clock.

2. 偶然获得，学会（知识、语言等）。如：

I picked up French when I lived in France.

3. 振作起精神；恢复健康。如：

Pick up our courage and we will succeed at last.

【点拨2】put down 在此处意为“放下”。如：

The PLA men ordered the enemies to put down their arms.

【拓展】put down还有“记下，写下”之意。如：

We should listen to our teacher carefully and put down the notes well in class.

【词条5】

【课文原句】

On average, there are 800 tornadoes in the US each year, causing about 80 deaths and 1,500 injuries. (Page 23) 【点拨】

on average = on an / the average 此处意为“平均”，是一个副词短语。如：

How many classes do you have every day on average?

Homework:

1.Retell the extraordinary event after class.

2.Finish the exercises 10-12 on page

Period 3

Step 1 Presentation

Look at these sentences and answer the questions.

By the time the tornado ended, more than 700 people had been killed.

Coghlan traveled back to Canada after he had been buried in Texas.

1.Which event happened first?

a. the tornado ending

b. 700 people dying

c. traveling back to Canada

d. being buried in Texas

2.How can you show that one event happened before another?

Suggested answers:

1. d

2.By using a tense which is further in the past (in this case the past perfect passive)

Step 2. Explanation

1. 被动语态

The Passive Voice

构成：be+及物动词的过去分词

主动语态：Workers make cars.

被动语态：Cars are made by workers.

结论：

谓语动词的执行者作主语，谓语动词为主动语态。

谓语动词的承受者作主语，谓语动词为被动语态。

主要用法：

（1）当我们不知道动词的执行者是谁，或者动作的执行者是谁并不重要时，需要用被动语态。

e.g. Rice is grown in North China.

Silk is produced in Hangzhou.

（2）当我们需要强调动词的承受者时，常用被动语态。

e.g. This knife is used for cutting paper.

The key is used for looking and opening the door.

注意：

A. 不及物动词通常不能构成被动语态。

B. 情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词＋be＋及物动词的过去分词”

be随着人称和时态而变化。

2. 过去完成时态的被动语态

过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经发完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”。使用过去完成时，句子中通常要有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态一般不孤立使用。其构成形式是had been/ done被动形式是had been done。

They said that their work had been finished.

他们说他们的工作已经完成了。

He said that when to leave had been decided.

他说已经决定了什么时候离开。

By the time I arrived at the bus station, my friend had been picked up.

我到达车站时，我的朋友已经被人接走了。

The work was done earlier than it had been planned.

工作比我原先计划的要早

My computer had been all right until last Monday.

我的计算机直到上星期一才恢复正常。

Step 3 Practice

Read the passage first and then fill in the Blanks with the right verb forms, paying attention to the usages of the Tenses and the Passive Voices.

Passage A

I am pleased to hear that a new car factory ________________ (set up) in our city. The new car factory ____________ (not , build) in the centre of the city, but in one of the suburbs. This project_______ (agree) on last month and it_______ (finish) by 2005. many people think that this is good news for the people of the city. Because it ______ (can. bright) a great many jobs to the works. New businesses ____________ (start) in the city, so there ________ (be) plenty of offices, factories and other building for the new companies. New roads _______ (build),too. Cars ________ (take) by railway to many parts of the country. The port near the city

________( also ,open)to foreign ships in order to send cars abroad by sea. However, some people are afraid that the factory _______ (bring) noises and pollution to the quiet and clean city.

Passage B.

The 1906 earthquake in san Francisco _____(come)from the sea at 5:14 on the morning of Wednesday, April 18 while most of the people ____(be ) asleep. There ____(be) two quakes lasting only a little more than two minutes, but in that short time most of the cheap houses ______(destroy). Most of the gas and water

lines_______(break) and the city’s water su pply______(cut) off. Many fires _______ (break) out almost at once. The fires______(last)for three days. That _____ (destroy) the city. About 700 people_____(die) and many thousands______(become)homeless. A lot of help_____(come)From other place of the country. Food

supplies____(bring)in. Shelters( 避难所)____(set)up for those who _____(lose)homes. The main

streets______(use)again a few days later.

Suggested answers:

Passage A : will be set up; will not be built; was agreed; will be finished; can bring; will be started; will be; will be built; will be taken; will also be open / opened; will bring.

Passage B: came; were; were; were destroyed; were broken; was cut; broke; lasted; destroyed; died; became; came; were brought; were set; lost; were used.

Step 4 Listening

a. Pre-listening.

Before you listen to a conversation, answer the following questions.

1.Ash and lava poured down the mountain, setting fire to hundreds of houses.

Does this mean that a. a fire started or b. a fire ended?

2.Hundreds of houses caught fire when the lava reached them.

Does this mean that the fire started because of (a) a person or (b) a natural event?

3.We managed to get half the population to another island.

Does this mean it was (a) an easy thing to do or (b) a difficult thing to do?

4.We put all the fires out.

Does this mean the fires(a) are still burning or (b) have finished?

Suggested answers:

1. a

2. b

3. b

4. b

b.While-listening

Listen and answer the following questions.

1.Where are they?

2.Who are the two people in the conversation?

3.Is a volcanic eruption taking place now?

4.How many people have already left the island?

5.How many people were killed by the eruption?

6.When will people be able to return to their homes?

Suggested answers:

1.In the center of Plymouth, capital of Monserrat.

2. A reporter and Frank Savage, Governor of the island.

3.No, it isn’t.

4.About 6,000.

5.None.

6.They don’t know.

c.Post-listening.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words according to what you hear.

R: I’m standing in the center of Plymouth, the capital of Montserrat, where just one week ago, a _____ eruption took place. With me is Frank Savage, the _______ of the island. Mr. Savage, thank you for talking to us.

S: You’re welcome.

R: What exactly happened last week?

S: Well, the volcano ________, and ash and _______ poured down the mountain towards the sea. _______, there are several villages in its path.

R: That’ s terrible. Was anybody _______?

S: No. luckily, we had plenty of warning and I told people who lived in the path of the ash and lava to lean the island. We ______to get half the population to another island before the eruption ______.

R: why are you still here?

S: Well, I’m still working because there’s a lot to do.

R: How many people live on the ______?

S: Eleven thousand people live here and about six thousand people have left?

R: Which areas are the most ______?

S: Well, the most dangerous places are between the volcano and the sea. There are a lot of villages there. And it was very dangerous. Sadly, hundreds of houses _______when the lava reached them.

R: Oh, I’m very sorry to hear that.

S: Thankfully, no one was killed.

R: are the houses still on fire?

S: No. Fortunately, we put all the fires out quite _______.

R: That’s very good _____. Well, it’s a beautiful sunny day here in Plymouth. Does this mean that the _____ is over?

S: No! The volcano could erupt again! People must understand that it is still very dangerous and they can’t go back to their ______.

R: OK-so that’s the message from the governor-don’t go back to our houses. When will people be able to _______ home?

S: we don’t know at the moment. Hopefully, it won’t be too long.

R: Thank you for your time, Mr. Savage.

S: Thank you.

1. volcanic

2. governor

3. erupted

4. lava

5. unfortunately 6 hurt

7.managed 8. took place 9. island 10. dangerous 11. caught fire 12. news

13. danger 14. houses 15. return

Homework:

1.Review the grammar point we have learned.

2.Finish the exercises 1, 2 on page 79.

Period 4

Step 1 Presentation

Read these sentences and answer the following questions.

I’m still working because there is a lot to do.

Eleven thousand people live here and six thousand left last week.

Does this mean that the danger is over?

They can’t go back to their houses.

When will people be able to return home?

?He said that he was still working because there was a lot to do.

?He said that eleven thousand people lived there and six thousand had left.

?He asked if this meant that the danger was over.

?He said that they couldn’t go back to their houses.

?The reporter asked when people would be able to return home.

1.What are the tense changes in indirect speech?

2.Which other words change?

3.What word is added when a yes/no question is reported?

Suggested answers:

1. present simple becomes past simple;

Present continuous become past continuous;

Past simple remains past simple or becomes past perfect;

Present perfect becomes past perfect;

2. time phrases change

3. if

Step 2 Explanations

1. 陈述句变为以that引导的宾语从句。

〔that在口语中常省略〕

She said,―Our train will arrive in five minutes.‖

She said (that) their train would arrive in five minutes.

He said,―I’m very busy.‖

He said (that) he was very busy.

2. 一般疑问句变成if/whether引导的宾语从句。

He said,―Can you swim,John?‖

He asked John if he could swim.

The teacher said,―Have you all understood me?‖

The teacher asked if we had all understood him.

3. 特殊疑问句变为由who/what/when等疑问词引导的宾语从句。George said,―When will you get back from Shanghai,Mike?‖George asked Mike when he would get back from Shanghai.

He said,―Where are you going?‖

He asked where I was going.

直接引语变间接引语的时态变化：

a) Linda said, ―I am not the girl you are looking for.‖

Linda said (that) she was not the girl I was looking for.

b) He said, ―Your younger brother broke it yesterday.‖

He said that my brother had broken it the day before.

指示代词和时间状语、地点状语的变化

Step 3 Practices;

a.Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. ―You should be more careful next time,‖ his father said to him.

2. Mr.Wang said,―I will leave for Shanghai on business next month, children‖

3. ―I haven’t heard from my parents these days,‖ said Mary.

4. The geography teacher said to us, ―The moon moves around the earth and the earth goes round the sun.‖

5. She said to him, ―It’s time that you left here.‖

6. Zhang Hong said to me, ―Doctor Wang passed away in 1948.‖

7. John said to his parents, ―I had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of

last term.‖

8. The history teacher said to them, ―The Chinese Communist Party was founded on July 1st , 1921.‖

9. He said, ―Are you a student?‖

10. ―Have you anything interesting I can read, George?‖ she said.

11. ―She’s here to ask for help, isn’t she?‖ he asked.

12. ―Where are you going?‖ the father asked his son.

13. ―Are you sorry for what you have done?‖the mother asked the naughty boy.

14. She said, ―Did you meet this man at the station two hours ago, Mr. Li?‖

15. ―Write your names on your papers first,‖ the teacher said to us.

16. ―Please come here again tomorrow,‖ her friend said to her.

17. ―Let me pack the parcel for you,‖ he said.

18. ―Don’t make so much noise in class, boys and girls,‖ said the teacher.

19. ―What a lovely day it is!‖

20. ―Happy New Year to you!‖ he said.

b. Change the following sentences into direct speech.

1. I told him that I had lost my money and that I would find it.

2. She asked whether I would be free the next day or not.

3. I asked her where she was going and what she was going to do the next day.

4. His father told him not to climb that high tree in his new coat.

5. The stranger asked me what my name was.

6. She said that she would finish her work the next day.

7. The teacher asked if we could do it.

8. The commander ordered his men not to cross the river before dawn.

9. My teacher asked whether he was coming.

10. The scientist asked me what I was doing.

Suggested answers:

a. 1. His father told him that he should be more careful the next time.

2. Mr. Wang told the children that he would leave for Shanghai on business the next month.

3. Mary said that she hadn’t heard from her parents those days.

4. The geography teacher told us that the moon moves around the earth and the earth goes round the sun.

5. She told him that it was time that he left there.

6. Zhang Hong told me that Doctor Wang passed away in 1948.

7. John told his parents that he had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term.

8. The history teacher told them that the Chinese Communist Party was founded on July 1st, 1921.

9. He asked whether I was a student.

10. She asked George if he had anything interesting she could read.

11. He asked whether she was there to ask for help or not.

12. The father asked his son where he was going.

13. The mother asked the naughty boy if he was sorry for what he had done.

14. She asked Mr. Li whether he had met that man at the station two hours before.

15. The teacher told us to write our names on our papers first.

16. Her friend asked her to go there again the next/ following day.

17. He offered to pack the parcel for me.

18. The teacher told the boys and girls not to make so much noise in class.

19. He/ She exclaimed that it was really a lovely day.

20. He wished me a Happy New Year.

b. 1. I said to him, ―I have lost my money. I will find it.‖

2. She asked , ― You will be free tomorrow, won’t you?‖

3. I asked her, ―Where are you going and what are you going to do tomorrow?‖

4. His father said, ―Don’t climb this high tree in your new coat.‖

5. The stranger asked, ― What’s your name?‖

6. ―I’ll finish my work tomorrow,‖ she said.

7. The teacher asked, ―Can you do it?‖

8. The commander ordered his men, ―Don’t cross the river before dawn.‖

9. My teacher asked, ―Is he coming?‖

10. The scientist asked me, ―What are you doing?‖

Step 4 Speaking

a.Make the dialogue in the right order.

1.Do you know anything about the volcanoes in a small island Montserrat?

2.Because this was the most dangerous eruption the island has ever had.

3.yes, I do.

4.When did the eruption you know happen?

5.Did the governor stay and work with the people?

6.Luckily, they had plenty of warning and managed to get half the population to another island before the

eruption took place.

7.was anybody hurt?

8.Thankfullly, no one was killed.

9.Why do you remember this eruption not others?

10.The volcano erupted, and ash and lava poured down the mountain towards the sea.

11.On the 18th of July, 1995.

12.How dangerous was it?

13.What was the bad result?

14.Did people know before it?

15.Of course. He was a good governor.

16.Sadly, hundreds of houses caught fire when the lava reached them.

b.Make up an interview on a natural disaster between a television reporter and one of local residents. Act it out

for the rest of the class.

Homework:

1. Review the grammar points we have learned.

2. Finish the exercises 3,4 on page 80.

Period 5

Step 1 pre-reading

Answer the following questions.

1）Do you know the city of Tan Shan?

2) What do you know about it?

3) What happened to it in the year of 1976?

4）Do you know other natural disasters?

5）What damage do they cause?

Step 2 While-reading

Read the passage quickly and answer the following questions.

1.Where was the worst Chinese earthquake? What kind of damage did it cause?

2.What was the most dangerous thing about the California Earthquake of 1906?

3.Is it possible that there could be another earthquake there?

4.How many earthquakes take place every day?

5.What’s the real reason causing the most damage in the California earthquake?

6.What’s the reason of the 1906 earthquake?

Suggested answers:

1.Hua County in Shaanxi Province in 1556. 60 percent of the population were killed. 830,000 people lost their

lives.

2.the Fire.

3.Yes.

4.The fire caused by the earthquake did the most damage.

5.the movement on the San Andreas Fault.

Step 3 Post-reading

Discuss the following questions.

1.Have you been told what to do if there was an earthquake?

2.What would you do if there was an earthquake in your town?

Step 4. Everyday English.

a.answer the questions about these words.

Luckily unfortunately thankfully

Hopefully sadly fortunately

1.Which of the words indicates that the following sentence contains good news?

2.Which indicates that the sentence contains bad news?

Suggested answers:

1. luckily; thankfully; hopefully, fortunately

2. sadly unfortunately

b. choose one of the words to complete these sentences.

1._________, we had plenty of warning.

2._________, there were several villages in its path.

3._________, no one was killed.

4._________, it won’t be too long.

5._________, hundreds of houses caught fire when the lava reached them.

6._________, we put all the fire out quite quickly.

Suggested answers:

1.Luckily; Thankfully; Fortunately

2.Sadly Unfortunately

3.Luckily; Thankfully; Fortunately

4.Luckily; Thankfully; Hopefully, Fortunately

5.Sadly Unfortunately

6.Luckily; Thankfully; Fortunately

Step 5. Guided Writing

1.Make a list of natural disasters that you can remember.

2.Find more information on the Internet or other resources.

3.Write about a violent natural event, using the phrases we have learned in this module. Homework:

1.Write a summary of the whole passage.

Finish the other exercises of this module.

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语法要点： “直接引语”与“间接引语” 1、概念（1）时态变化：现在进行时——过去进行时一般现在时——一般过去时一般过去时——过去完成时现在完成时——过去完成时一般将来时——过去将来时过去完成时不变 GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF

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