商务英语本科期末考试重点复习资料
Unit 1
1、tariff n. 关税，关税表，关税率
? A tax on imported items, computed as a percentage of the import value;
?China imposes tariffs on automobiles, electronic equipment, cosmetics, etc;
2、equilibrium n. 平衡，均衡【同balance】
?(Economics)a situation in which supply and demand are matched and prices stable.
?一般均衡general Equilibrium
?局部均衡partial Equilibrium
?国际收支平衡Equilibrium in the balance of payments
3、futures n. 期货【commodity futures 商品期货】
?goods and stocks sold for future delivery
? A contract to buy or sell a specified amount of a commodity or financial instrument at an agreed price at a set date in the future.
4、The reasons for international trade:
?The uneven distribution of natural resources
?International specialization
?Different Patterns of demand among nations
?Economies of scale
?Innovation or variety of style
5、OPEC=Organization of (the) Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国家组织
IBA=Independent Broadcasting Authority 英国独立广播机构
phosphate cartel（磷酸盐同业联盟）;
tin cartel（锡同业联盟）
Commodity Cartels 商品联盟
6、tangible adj. 可触知的，有形的【反intangible】
7、portfolio n. 有价证券财产目录
?The group of assets, such as stocks, bonds, mutual held by an investor.
?Portfolio investment证券投资
8、licensing agreements许可证协议
?contract giving someone the legal right to use a patent or trademark franchise agreements特许经销协议
9、FDI=Foreign direct investment 外国直接投资
?ownership of asset abroad and can take the form of either direct or portfolio investment.
ME=Multinational Enterprises 跨国公司（MNC=MultiNational Corporation 跨国公司）? A firm that owns business operations in more than one country
10、Question: comparative advantage refers to the advantages based on the comparison between countries?
Unit 2
1、access n. 接近；通路
?the means or opportunity to approach or enter a place
?Market access（市场准入）for goods in the WTO means the conditions, tariff
and non-tariff measures, agreed by members for the entry of specific goods
into their markets.
2、Validity n. 有效；合法性
?The term of validity 有效期间
3、carrier n. 搬运人；从事运输业的人（或）公司
?An organization that transports products or services using its facilities;
4、Underwriter n. 担保人；保险商
? A company assumes the cost risk of death, illness, fire, theft, etc., in exchange for payments;
5、Arbitration n. 控诉；打官司
?An informal hearing regarding a dispute
6、Certificate n. 证明书、执照、单据
?Certificate of deposit;
?CPA (certificated public accountant注册会计师)
7、Invoice n. 发票
? A detailed list of goods shipped or services rendered, with an account of all costs; an itemized bill.
8、Insurance policy保险单
Certificate of origin产地证书
Inspection certificate检验证
Packing list包装单
9、FAS=Free Alongside Ship 装运港船边交货
10、Incoterm 2000=international commercial terms 2000年国际贸易术语解释通则
11、FOB=Free on Board 装运港船上交货
?FOB HK
12、L/C=Letter of Credit 信用证
?L/C is a commitment, usually by a bank on behalf of client, to pay a beneficiary
a stated amount of money under specified conditions. 信用证是银行作出的有
条件的付款承诺，即银行根据开证申请人的请求和指示，向受益人开具的有一
定金额，并在一定时期内凭规定的单据承诺付款的书面文件。
?Who should open L/C?importers
B/L=Bill of Lading 提单
13、CFR=Cost and Freight 成本加运费(……指定目的港)
=C&F=Cost and Freight 成本加运费
CIF=Cost, Insurance and Freight 到岸价格，成本、运费加保险价
14、CPA= certified public accountant 注册会计师
15、globalization全球化
?The tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing
the interconnectedness of different markets.
16、Negotiation（n. 协商, 谈判）的步骤
1）Enquiry:询盘
Enquiry can be made by both sellers or buyers.
?General speaking , enquiry has not legal effect, so we would call it invite offer.
E.g.
?Please offer Flying Pigeon Brand Bicycles.
?Can supply 1000pcs Flying Pigeon Brand Bicycles May shipment please bid. 2）Offer （发盘）
?An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.
?Withdrawal 收回
?Revocation 撤回
3）Counter-offer（还盘）：
?The offeree doesn’t agree or precisely agree on any conditions of the offer.
Meanwhile, the offeree suggests modification to offerer.
?counter-offer can be considered as bargain
4）Acceptance:
?acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.
17、Customs clearance 海关清关、结关
?Declare the export goods to customs
?Submit documents: commercial invoices, export licenses, copies of sales contracts, and inspection certificates.
18、Import procedures
?Import license 、Trade negotiation、L/C、Shipping 、Insurance、Document examination and payment 、Customs clearance
19、Export procedures
?Export license、Negotiation 、Cargo Readiness、Letter of Credit、Customs clearance 、Shipping and Insurance 、Document and payment
20、Claim 索赔
?Claim made against
?if problems such as weight shortage, inferior quality or wrong shipment are found
and attributed to the exporter ,the importer should make claims against the
exporter.
?if the loss or damage is due to the negligence of the carrier ,the claim should be
made against the carrier.
?if the loss or damage has been caused by the risks that are covered by
insurance,the claim should be made against the underwriter.
?Claim made within time limit
21、Settlement of disputes （解决争端）的三个形式
?Negotiation
?Arbitration （仲裁）
?litigation（诉讼、起诉）
22、Under CIF, the importer should ask the exporter to advise the shipment in time so that the goods can be covered by insurance without delay.（错，是Under CFR）
23、Under documentary collection, the importer himself should examine the documents to check if they meet the requirements of the sales contracts. （对）
Unit 3
1、Confiscation n.没收，充公
? E.g.The copyright administrative authorities may confiscate their illegal income or impose a fine on them.
2、Consignee n. 受货人，收货人
?Person named in a Bill of Lading to whom the bill promises delivery.
3、Consignor n. 托运人，发货人，寄销人
?The one who sends consignment.
?Is the person who calls on a common carrier for transportation service a consignor?
Unit 4
1、Multilateral adj. 多边的
? E.g. a multilateral treaty 全球多边贸易体系
?Global system of multilateral trade充当多边贸易谈判的论坛
?Acting as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations
?Bilateral adj.双边的, 双方的
2、Unprecedented adj. 空前的，没有先例的
?An unprecedented success史无前例的人口膨胀
?An unprecedented expansion in population;
?CPI in China soars to unprecedented heights.
3、Anti-dumping adj. 反倾销的
?The antidumping mechanism must be perfected.
?dumping倾销
4、Predecessor n. 前任者，前辈
?Predecessor company
?WTO 取代了它的前身
5、Ratify v. 批准，认可
?To ratify a treaty/ Constitutions
6、Infringe v. 违反，侵犯
?To infringe a rule/ a contract/ a patent/ on the right
7、Scrutiny n. 详细审查
a) Moral scrutiy
b) Every product undergoes a close scrutiny
8、Procurement n. 采购，获得
9、Ministerial Conference 部长会议（WTO最高机构）
Senior Officials’ Meeting (SOM)高官会——other ministerial-level meeting
WTO（The World Trade Organization）
GATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade关税及贸易总协定
APEC=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation亚太经合组织
10、P56 Decisions are made by the entire membership. This is typically by consensus. A majority vote is also possible but it has never been used in the WTO, and was extremely rare under GATT .The WTO’ s agreements have been ratified in all members’ parliaments.
11、P67 T oday there are 21 member economies comprising some 2.5 billion people ,a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of over US$18 trillion in 1999 and over 47 percent of world trade. APEC has established itself as the primary regional vehicle for promoting open trade and practical economic and technical cooperation.
12、The WTO’s top-level decision-making body is Ministerial Conference部长级会议是世贸组织的最高决策权力机构
?Meeting every two years 一般两年举行一次会议
13、General Council （负责世贸组织日常会议和工作）
?Three councils reporting to GC ：
?Goods Council、Services Council、Intellectual Property Council
14、When was APEC founded?
?It’s established in 1989
15、What APEC its goal?
?Its goal is to advance economic dynamism and the sense of commodity within the Asia-Pacific region
16、APEC——1989: 12 founding members:
?Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Republic of the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
and U.S.
?Today there are 21 member economies comprising some 2.5 billion people.
17、What is the key difference between WTO and APEC？？
18、What are the key features between APEC and other international organizations?
?Its commitment to facilitating business and its exposure of the business/private sector a wide range of APEC activities.
Unit 5
1、voluntary export restraint agreement自愿限制出口协定
2、P73 Nontariff Barriers(NTBs) include quotas, voluntary export restrains, export subsidies, and a variety of other regulations and restrictions covering international trade. International economists and policy makers have become increasingly concerned about such barriers in the past few years.
3、P74 The economic effects of NTBs to trade are roughly similar to those of tariffs; that is, they are inefficient distortions which reduce potential gains from trade. Nations have resorted to them more frequently for protection in lieu of tariffs.
4、P74 Historically, the GATT has prohibited import quotas except on agricultural products, as emergency measures, or when a country has short-run balance of payments problems.过去，关税及贸易总协定规定，除农产品以外，禁止在实行紧急措施或在一国出现短期性国际收支问题时实行进口配额。
?对应：The EEC （European economic community欧共体）flatly refused to discuss its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) at the Tokyo round, the CAP sets variable
tariffs on imports so as to maintain high domestic prices by excluding or impeding
imports.
5、Quotas Theory配额理论
?An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of a good that is imported.
6、Custom Valuation关税估价
During the Tokyo round, considerable progress was made in the area of customs valuation for duty. Value for duty is now generally on the invoice cost, even for intrafirm trade between related subsidiaries of MNEs, unless transfer price manipulation can be demonstrated. The latitude of customs to reclassify products was also reduced. Prior to this agreement, some countries had highly idiosyncratic valuation system.
7、Technical Barriers技术贸易壁垒
?Product and process standards for health, welfare, safety, quality, size, and measurements can impede trade by excluding “nonstandard” products,
standards can be used not only to ensure quality and performance but also to
impede trade.
?National governments have the rights and duty to protect their citizens by setting standards to prevent the sale of hazardous or shoddy products.
?At one time the new regulations for automobile safety in the US required bumpers to be above the height practical for imported subcompact cars.
8、Subsidies, Countervailing duties, antidumping legislation出口补贴，反倾销税，反倾销法
?The GATT allows importing countries to protect domestic producers from unfair competition by imposing additional duties on products that have
received export subsidies or are dumped at low prices.
?The Tokyo round developed a code on countervailing duties and antidumping duties that expedited the process of determining whether exports had been
dumped or subsidized and whether the domestic industry had been injured.
9、Agricultural Products农业产品
?The European Economic Community flatly refused to discuss its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) at the Tokyo round.
10、P86 Part B Dumping & Anti-Dumping 看一遍，尤其是第三段
Unit 6
1、EDI=Electronic Data Interchange电子数据交换, 无纸贸易
2、broker n. 经纪人（a person who buys and sells goods or assets for others）
3、Types of e-commerce电子商务种类
?General speaking, e-commerce is divided into 2 main categories: business-to- customer（B2C）and business-to business(B2B).
?E-commerce is approached differently depending on if you are communicating with a business or an individual on the internet.
Other types of e-commerce
?Government-to- Business and Government-to-Citizen.
4、International e-commerce is the way of future, but there is still a long way to go to make it perfect.
Unit 7
1、proposition n. 问题，事情
2、speculative adj. 投机的，冒险的【speculative investment 投机性投资】
3、proprietor业主，所有人
4、dividend n.红利，股息
5、start from scratch白手起家
sole proprietor独资所有人，独资业主
sole proprietorship独资企业
in respect to就……而言，关于
Sole Enterprises（venture）独资企业
6、A joint ventures is legal organization that takes the form of short-term partnership in which the persons jointly undertake a transaction for mutual profit. Generally each person contributes assets and shares risks.合资企业是和个人（自然人、公司、组织等个体单位）采取合伙的形式成立的共同投资、共同经营、共担风险、共负盈亏的法律组织。
7、Joint Ventures are also widely used by companies to gain entrance into foreign markets.合资企业也是公司进入国外市场广泛采取的形式。
Unit 8
1、accord v. 给予
2、IP=Intellectual Property知识产权
WIPO=World Intellectual Property Organization 世界知识产权组织
3、Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 半导体芯片保护法
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants新物种保护国际联盟
4、WTO的《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》（Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights）(简称TRIPS)1993年12月15日通过，1994年4月15日正式签署，1995年1月1日起生效，是所有WTO成员必须遵守和执行的国际条约之一。TRIPS把已有的知识产权国际公约共分为三类：
第一类属于“基本完全肯定、要求全体成员必须遵守和执行的国际公约”，共有四个：?《保护工业产权巴黎公约》（International Convention of the Protection of Industrial Property）（Paris Convention）
?《保护文学艺术作品的伯尔尼公约》（Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works）
?《保护表演者、录音制品制作者与广播组织公约》（Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers ,Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting
Organizations）
?《集成电路知识产权公约》（Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits）
第二类是“基本完全肯定、要求全体成员按对等原则执行的国际公约”，这类公约共有十余个，主要是巴黎公约的子公约。
第三类是“不要求全体成员遵守并执行的国际公约”，主要有《世界版权公约》、《录音制品公约》等。
5、What is IP?
?IP essentially consists of assets, both tangible and intangible, these assets are the products of innovation and creativity. Owner of property possess
various types of rights.知识产品本质上包括革新和创新的有形资产和无形资
产，知识产权的所有者拥有法律规的各种权利
?The categories of IP most commonly recognized are trade secret, the patent, the copyright or right of authors, the trademark（and its companion service
mark）and industrial design and mask work（IC related）被广泛认知的知
识产权种类包括商业机密、专利、版权、商标、工业设计、(集成电路相关的)
掩膜作品。
6、The public policy applicable to patents and trademarks results in limited duration of validity, while copyrights extends to a period of fifty years beyond the life of the author. 适应于专利和商标的公共政策引发了有效起的限制，同时，版权延伸制作者死后50年。
?Patent 专利（发明专利证书,自申请日期起二十年内有效）
?trademarks商标（注册商标的有效期为十年,自核准之日起计算。）
?copyrights版权（作者死后50年。）
7、Patents, on the other hand, are in the nature of a conditional monopoly granted by the
state to an individual inventor for a specific duration in return for disclosure in the form of publication. 专利是一种由国家政权授予发明者，有一定时效，通过公开发表而取得的有条件的垄断。
8、“national treatment”, 国民待遇
?This means that a member country must accord（给予）the same treatment to foreigners as it accords to its own nations 这就意味着会员国
必须用同样的政策对待本国和外国
Unit 9
1、lubrication n. 润滑
2、florist n.花商
3、Marketing defined市场的定义
?（背）Market is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to creating
exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives.市场是规划、执
行理念、价格、推广、产品和服务的传播、分销等行为，以产生满足个人和组
织之间需要的交易。
?Ideas as well as goods and services are marketed 思想和产品、服务一样需要市场营销。
?Nonprofit organizations as well as profit-making ones employ the marketing process 非盈利机构和盈利机构一样都需要整个营销过程。
4、P150 The Importance of Selling 看看
Selling is the most important marketing function performed by retail（零售）and wholesale businesses(批发业务).
Unit 10
1、Key terms explanation/术语解释
?Accounting equation 会计等式
?Accounting system 会计系统
?American Accounting Association (AAA)美国会计协会
?American Institute of Certificated Public Accountants (AICPA) 美国注册会计师协会
?Annual report 年度报告
?Assets 资产
?Auditing 审计
?Auditor’ s report 审计报告
?Balance sheet 资产负债表
?Business entity 业务实体
?Capital stock 股本
?Certificated Public Accountant (CPAs)注册会计师
?Code of professional ethics 职业道德准则
?Controller 主计长
?Corporation 公司
?Cost principle 成本原则
?Creditor 债权人
?Disclosure 披露
?Ethical conduct 道德行为
?Fair 公允
?Financial accounting 财务会计
?Financial Accounting Standard Board 财务会计准则委员会
?Financial position 财务状况
?Financial reporting 财务报告
?Financial statements 财务报表
?Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) 公认会计原则
?Going-concern assumption 持续经营假设
?Income statement 收益表
?Internal control 内部控制
?Liabilities 负债
?Objectivity principle 客观性原则
?Owner’ s equity 所有者权益
?Partnership 合伙
?Profitability 盈利能力
?Public information 公开的信息
?Publicly owned corporations 上市公司
?Retained earnings 保留盈余
?Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 证券交易委员会
?Sole proprietorship 独资（经营）
?Solvency 偿债能力
?Stable-dollar assumption 币值稳定假设
?Statement of cash flows 现金流量表
?Statement of owner’ s equity 所有者权益表
?Statement of retained earnings 保留盈余表
?Stockholders 股东
?Stockholders’ equity 股东权益
?Transactions 交易
?Window dressing 粉饰门面
2、The Accounting Equation (会计恒等式)
Assets (资产)=Liabilities(负债) +Owner’ s equity(所有者权益)
Assets (资产)—Liabilities(负债) =Owner’ s equity(所有者权益)
3、equity n. 权益；平衡法
4、equation n. 权益（方程式、等式，相等、平衡）
Unit 11
1、separation n. 解除雇佣关系；免除
2、screen v. 筛选；检查
3、lay off 临时解雇；下岗
word of mouth 口头传播；口头传达
position description 职位描述
hiring specification 聘用说明
search firm 猎头公司
promotion-from-within policy 内部提拔的政策
vestibule training 职前培训；岗前培训
behaviorally experienced training 行为体检培训
computer-assisted instruction (CAI) 计算机辅助教学
4、The HRM（Human Resource Management）process, which is an ongoing procedure that tries to keep the organization supplied with the right people in the right positions, includes such basic activities as hr planning, recruitment, selection, socialization, training and development, performance appraisal, and promotions, transfers, demotions and separations.人力资源管理包括人力资源计划、招募、选择、交往、培训、培养、业绩评估、晋升、调动、降职、免职等一系列基本活动。
Unit 12
1、institute v. 制定，建立
2、solicit v. 征求，恳求（给予）
3、denunciation n. （在本文指）退出公约；宣布（条约等）无效
4、equality and mutual benefit 平等互利
5、UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
联合国国际货物买卖合同公约
6、The Institute of Roman International Unified Private Law took the lead in this drive towards uniformity in international trade law as early as 1930,and later at the diplomatic conference called at The Hague on April 25,1964,two draft laws were passed: the Uniform Law on International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the Sale of Goods.罗马国际统一司法研究所率先在这方面做出努力，早在1930年便着手制定国际贸易的统一法规。此后在1964年4月25日召开的海牙外交会议上通过过了两项法律草案，即《国际货物买卖统一法》和《国际货物买卖合同成立统一法》。
7、Ever since the promulgation of the laws, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) had solicited opinions from all sides in the expectation that the laws could be adopted by the nations of different social and legal systems 自从统一法律的颁布以来，联合国国际贸易法律委员会征求了来自各方的意见，期望统一法律能够被不同国家、社会、法律制度接受。
8、By 1978, UNCITRAL consolidated the 2 uniform laws as a result of painstaking preparation, and based on these laws, began to draw a new unified international sales law, i.e. the UN Convention on Contracts for International sales of Goods. 至1978年，联合国国际贸易法律委员整合了2个统一法律，并且基于这两个法律，开始起草一部新的统一国际销售法律，作为辛勤劳动的成果，即是《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》
9、The Chinese government ratified the convention on Dec. 11, 1986, and submitted the instrument of ratification to the secretary general of the UN with 2 reservations made in light of the stipulations of the convention中国政府于1986年12月11日批准了该公约并向联合国秘书长提交了批准书，同时根据公约规定作出了两项保留。
10、The convention became effective on Jan 1, 1988, and China began to assume the responsibility of observing the provisions of the convention as a contracting state. 公约在1988年1月1日开始生效，中国作为缔约国开始观察公约规定并承担责任。
11、The Chinese government insists that the formation, modification, and termination of a sales contract be evidenced in writing and accepted by written notice in the form of a telegram or telex. In Chinese law, oral contracts are discouraged. 中国政府坚持销售合同的形成、修改、终止必须以书面形式如电报、电传形式方可接受。在中国法律里，不主张口头合同。
Unit 13
1、press agentry 传媒工具
2、Lobbying游说
3、PRis management of communication between on organization & its public.
We define public relations (PR)(公共关系)as the management function that focus on the relationships and communications that individuals and organizations have with other groups for the purpose of creating mutual goodwill. 我们定义公共关系作为一种管理功能，专注于为了个人和组织之间互相之间产生善意的关系和沟通。
4、Because of the powerful effect of public opinion, companies and organizations must consider the public impact of their actions and decisions, this is especially true in times of crisis, emergency, or disaster.由于舆论的强力影响，公司或组织必须考虑它们言行、决策所带来的公共影响，在危机、紧急情况、或灾难时尤其需要如此。
5、The purpose of public relations is to favorably influence public opinion, build goodwill, and establish and maintain a satisfactory reputation for the organization.公共关系的目标是为了顺利的影响民意，建立、保持善意，维护组织满意的声誉。
6、The Difference between Advertising and PR广告语公共关系的区别（T&F）
Advertising reaches its audience through media for which the advertiser pays, also advertising appears just as the advertiser designed it, with the
advertiser’s bias built in.广告宣传通过广告主付费媒体到达受众，同时广告
以广告者的设计出现，广告设计往往带有广告者的偏好。
?In an integrate marketing communications program, advertising may not be the best vehicle for building credibility.在一个综合的市场推广沟通计划
中，广告可能不是建立信任的最好的手段。
?Certain public relations communications---like publicity---are not openly sponsored or paid for, people receive these communications in the form of
news articles, editorial interviews, or feature stories after the messages
have been reviewed and edited---filtered---by the media.很多大众传媒，如
公众信息，并不公开接受赞助或付费，人们通过媒体以新闻、采访、或通讯
故事等形式接受过滤的、编辑过的信息。
?For building credibility, public relations is usually the best choice. 公共关系经常被作为最好的建立信任的工具、途径。
7、Advertising can be strictly controlled to ensure its reach and impact, but public relations communications are not so easily quantifiable: PR results depend more on the experience, ingenuity, and tenacity of the people engaged in their day-to-day execution. 广告能够严格受控，确保能够达到期待的受众和影响，但是大众传媒效果不易计量：公共关系效果更多地依赖于相关人员的日常经验、独创性、坚韧性等。
Unit 14
1、ethnocentrism n.民族优越感
2、encode vt. (将文字材料)译成密码,编码; 编制成计算机语言
3、decode vt. 译(码), 解(码)
4、You can improve intercultural sensitivity by recognize and accommodating cultural differences, culture difference can be examined in four major categories: contextual, ethical, social and nonverbal你可以通过认识和调和文化差异来提高跨文化的敏感度。文化差异可以通过4个主要方面来衡量：语境、道德、社会、非语言因素。
5、In high context cultures, the rules of everyday life are rarely explicit and as individuals grow up, they learn how to recognize situational cues (such as gestures and tone of voice) and how to respond as expected在高语境文化中，人们的日常生活规则很少直接明了，随着个人的成长，他们不断学会怎样认识外部情形（如姿态、声调），并做出应有反应。
6、Low-context U.S. businesspeople typically enjoy confrontation and debate, but high-context Japanese companies may use a go-between or third party. Chinese businesspeople also try to prevent public conflict by making concessions slowly and staying away from proposal-counterproposal methods. 典型的低语境的美国商人喜欢对抗和争辩；而高语境的日本公司可能利用中间人或第三方。中国商人也试图通过慢慢让步来防止公开冲突，远离对抗。
Unit 15
1、be in flux于经常变动的状态
2、cultural hegemony 文化霸权
3、International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织
4、integrates marker一体化市场
5、digital divide数字鸿沟
6、market capitalization市场资本总额
7、income disparity收入不均/差距
8、International Remittance国际汇款
Unit 16
1、tax haven subsidiary 避税的子公司【tax haven 避税港；低税国】
2、a western hemisphere trade cooperation (WHTC)两半球贸易公司
3、a domestic international sales cooperation(DISC) 国内国际销售公司
4、Basically, any tax system can be divided into direct and indirect taxes. Corporate and individual income taxes are direct taxes, value-added taxes, sales taxes, and import duties are indirect taxes. 任何税务制度，基本上都可以划分为直接税与间接税。公司和个人所得税是直接税；增值税、营业税和进口税则是间接税。
5、Less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates in order to attract foreign investment. 欠发达国家通常对公司实行低税率制以吸引外国投资。
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最新国家开放大学电大专科《商务英语2》期末试题标准题库及答案（试卷号：3936） 考试说明：本人汇总了历年来该科的试题及答案，形成了一个完整的标准考试题库，对考生的复习和考试 起着非常重要的作用，会给您节省大量的时间。内容包含：交际用语、词汇与结构、阅读理解、翻译。做 考题时，利用本文档中的查找工具（Ctrl+F ）,把考题中的关键字输到查找工具的查找内容框内，就可迅速 查找到该题答案。本文库还有其他网核、机考及教学考一体化试题答案，敬请查看。 《商务英语2》题库一 一、交际用增（每小JE 2分，共计10分） :选择正魂的语句完成下列对话,弁格答案序号写在答霆纸上。 !? 一 Do we need io (ill in the application form? ￡. How about your friend? IJ Yan? Docs she work in the same department with you? A. Shr is fig thank you> and you? K She is thnnk you ? and she 1II be happy to see you agnin. (L She 15 fine, thnnk you, and she works in the Auditing Department In most cases? it is the total income rrceivecL A. When do you start to learn Rbout taxable income? B. Why do you want to know taxable income? (：. Whar docs taxable income rrfcr to? h Do you mean that dejjosits and withdrawals are posted to my Account inmirdiately? A. Yest we prtxress ca^h transactions during the working day. Yrs. wr process cgh transactions as soon as they Take place. C. Ycst wc process cash transactions on the second day. 5?一How can people avoid food contamination nowadays? A. The government should set strict rules to standardize the production of food. 氏 People should have balanced food to get different nutrients they need> C ? I agree with you On this pointe and we should pay more to attention to food safetye A. Yes. you niuxt. (L YtRw you may. B. Y CJ you need.
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