向洪全：2010专八英译汉试卷分析

2010年英语专业八级考试“英译汉”典型问题剖析

向洪全

摘要：本文结合具体案例，全面系统地剖析了2010年英语专业八级考试“英译汉”中所存在典型问题。在此基础上，并结合作者翻译教学与实践的经验，提出多读原典、双语比较、勤加练习、多读中文作品等意见和建议。

关键词：2010；英语专八；英译汉；问题；建议

2010年3月23日—4月1日，全国英语专业八级阅卷工作在上海外国语大学进行。今年全国参考考生共计189000余人。笔者参加了“英译汉”部分阅卷，感触颇深。既有令人激赏的优秀之作，亦发现诸多林林种种的问题与不足。就所发现问题而言，有的可归属于考生个人的问题，如原文理解不到位，词汇量不足，英汉语言差异认知及转移处理经验与能力欠缺等；有的则超越了考生个人，是国内外语教育带普遍性的问题，如外语学生中文水平普遍较差；再有的则甚至可能是社会及法律问题，如试卷雷同作弊问题。

本文主要目的在于总结问题，剖析成因，并尝试提出一些意见和建议，以期或有助于未来的学子，或与同行及感兴趣者探讨交流，故下文暂不谈优点，而直指问题与不足。

一、英译汉原文

今年专八英译汉原文出自Thomas De Quincey的名作Confessions of an English Opium Eater(1821)。选作考题时个别字句稍有修改。该部分选文亦见于杨自伍主编《英国文化选本》（华东师范大学出版社，1996年），该书系英汉对照，译文甚具文采。

试题具体选文如下：

I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May, that it was Easter Sunday, and as yet very early in the morning. I was standing at the door of my own cottage. Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual, and solemnized by the power of dreams. There were the same mountains, and the same lovely valley at their feet; but the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height, and there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns; the hedges were rich with white roses; and no living creature was to be seen except that in the green church-yard there were cattle tranquilly reposing upon the graves, and particularly round about the grave of a child, whom I had tenderly loved, just as I had really seen them, a little before sunrise in the same summer, when that child died.

二、翻译中主要问题

1、全文理解偏颇。该文段实际上是描写的一个梦境片段，除其梦幻般的文辞外，有好几处都有明确标识：“the very scene which could REALLY be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual, and solemnized be the power of DREAMS…the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height, and there was interspace far larger between them…just as I had REALLY seen…”不过也许是选文文学性太强，难度偏大，几乎少有考生真正读明白。如试卷密号10000090的译文，不敢认定是梦境描绘，勉强将“the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation”处理作：“我眼正前方的场景就像被梦境占领了一样”。这样即使整体译文不错，也会失掉一些分数。

2、文体风格偏颇。全语篇以回忆梦境入笔，以缅怀追思逝去的那个曾经深爱的小孩（一位小姑娘）收束，是痛定之后的沉郁。其情静澹而深切，其文多彩而沉稳。除相当的考生译笔苍白，更有考生开篇就来“我觉得今天是五月的星期天，巧的是……”不知从何而来。有的平添感叹词“噢”这类的感叹词。也有的译文结尾处冒出“巧的是”，估计是让“…particularly round about the grave of a child whom I tenderly loved”中的“particularly”一词给误导。如此的乱解和译文，给作为读者的阅卷老师的感受，可想而知。

3、词语不认识。一些考生词汇量很是偏小，一些常见词汇也认识不得。其中既有普通词汇亦有专有名词。普通词汇如cottage、exalt、solemnize、valley、interspace、meadow、lawn、hedge、tranquilly、cattle、repose等；专有名词如Easter、Alpine 等。普通词汇中如cottage一词，据小组统计，有译作“牛棚/羊圈/仓库/马车/车库/楼阁/阳台/包厢/车间”等等不一而足；repose一词让构词法给误导，以为pose是照相摆姿势，于是想当然地将repose推解为“不断变换着姿势”。至于专有名词，则不仅是词汇量的问题，也是考生文化知识缺失的问题。

4、词语理解跳脱语境。比较典型的如第三句“Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation…”该句中，一些考生将“Right”看作人的名字如“赖特”，或理解为“右边”等，不知在这倒装句里，该词是一副词；其次是“lay”，lie（躺, 平放, 展现, 展开, 位于）的过去式，被硬生生理解为“下蛋”或“生产”（有同学虽然找准基本意思，却机械地对应为该词最常用义项“躺”）；其三是“command”一词，不少人直接理解为“命令”、“掌控”等，不善于从语境出发对词义予以引申；其四是“situation”，好些考生知其引申抽象意义“情景，情况，形势”等，反而不知其“地点、位置”的文字本义。另外一个典型词语的“rose”，语境是“…the hedges were rich with white roses…”， 95%以上的考生都译作“玫瑰”。极少有认真思考hedge（树篱）上如何会缀满玫瑰花，这在逻辑上亦是讲不通。只有极其个别同学翻译成“蔷薇（花）”。脱离活的语境的生硬取义，显然没有用好通常为英汉翻译教材第一个技巧的Diction（选词法），当然也难以理解J. R. Firth之所言“Each word when used in a new context is a new word”。（Firth, 1957: 190）

5、句子语法逻辑解析不明。最典型的一句“There were the same mountains, and the same lovely valley at their feet; but the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height, and there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns…”划线部分的正常归属关系应是there was interspace of meadows and

forest lawns far larger between them。即是说，“of meadows and forest lawns”是限定“interspace”的，而“between them”的“them”指的是前面的“mountains”与“valley”。英语作为一种形合语言，一句之中，各部分间关系处处有法可依，也有有形标识可寻，只是这里作者为着句式变化和新奇的修辞效果，故意倒了一下。但从试卷译文来看，解析不清，理解不准确的相当普遍。

6、翻译再生能力或经验不足。从语言的层面讲，翻译是英汉差异的认知、把握和转换处理的过程。这就需要增减词、转性转态、或拆或合、调整语序等技法。从文化层面讲，则涉及或归化或异化的策略问题。而尤其对于本语篇，从文学角度看，则是一个如何运用译入语或曰目的语结构、辞章、意象等，综合考量原文所传递内容和表达方式，而予以再创造与重写，以尽量求得等同效果的过程。第四句的第四并列分句“and no living creature was to be seen except that in the green churchyard there were cattle tranquilly reposing upon the graves, and particularly round about the grave of a child whom I had tenderly loved, just as I had really seen them, a little before sunrise in the same summer, when that child died”，有一个算是较好的译文：“除了教堂绿色院子里那些在坟墓边安静休息的牛群，看不到其它生物。这些牛特别围坐在我曾经非常爱护的一个小孩的坟墓边，就像那时小孩死去时我真的看到它们一样，同样是夏天太阳升起前一会儿。”（试卷密号10000086译文）虽然翻译技法基本到位了，却表达上基本上只能算是依着英文的词语基本意思被动模仿，文学效果尽失，而不明白翻译须得还文学以文学，需要更高层面的再创造。当然，这可能跟后面要说的译者文学修养也有关。

7、漏译。漏译一般有三种可能，一是有地方不理解，故意略去；二是虽然理解，但汉语译文里不知如何处理，故意略去；三是粗心，检查时也不够仔细。就前两类情况而言，有的漏译集中于一些难句，如“Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual, and solemnized be the power of dreams”，有人漏译加曲解而成“我眼前的一切情景都很清晰，但是又好像在梦境里一样。”（试卷密号10000079译文）更严重的则是整篇东鳞西爪地翻译了些文句和内容。

8、粗心致错。最明显的莫过于开篇第一句“I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May…”不止一位考生将“Sunday”译为“星期六”、“星期五”什么的，“May”一词也有错译。相信这更多是考生时间紧张粗心所致，而非真的不认识如此常用的词语。

9、胡编滥创，冒充翻译。有考生英语理解力或翻译能力大概是太差，整个所谓译文或其译文大部分与原文若即若离，更有甚者则几乎全篇洋洋洒洒自言自语的“创作”。若即若离者如“…there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns; the hedges were rich with white roses”一句，试卷密号123740的译文是“山间林木矗立，烟雾妖娆；林间花团锦簇，美丽的白玫瑰含苞待放”。文辞在美丽与怪诞之间，但到底似有还无。还有考生是干脆写了自己学习英语的感想，并向阅卷老师问好，说感谢耐心看其废话。

10、答错位置。有个别学生翻译答错位置。笔者阅英译汉部分，每天遇到不会少于一份汉译英试卷。好在阅卷场专门有处理这类试卷的机制，以免误给这些考生0分。

11、时间安排不当导致未译完。阅卷时也有遇到过如此情况，前面部分都翻译很不错，但未到结尾，译文戛然而止，连句号都没来得及打。遇到这样的译文，不能不说是一大遗憾。

12、购买答案及抄袭。据往年一直阅卷的老师说，雷同试卷每年都有。笔者第一次参加阅卷，就今年观之，只能说：相当严重。通常是每天都会遇到至少二三十份改头换面的雷同卷。雷同卷译文均是基于杨自伍《英国文化读本》里的译文修改而来。因感于23号以来每天都会处理相当数量的雷同卷和阅卷场上时不时叨念雷同高频词的声音，至阅卷接近尾声，笔者就邻近三位阅卷教师做了个大概统计。3月29日：阅卷代码4050老师阅卷590份，认定雷同卷34份；阅卷代码4047老师阅卷530份，认定雷同卷34份；阅卷代码4049老师阅卷507份，认定雷同卷44份。3月30日：阅卷代码4050老师阅卷500份，认定雷同卷21份；阅卷代码4047老师阅卷396份，认定雷同卷25份；阅卷代码4049老师阅卷528份，认定雷同卷34份。两天总平，发现雷同试卷超过6.3%（以上统计数字只可能少，不可能多于实际雷同卷）。如此的现象，不能不让人深感忧惧。

13、中文水平见差。好些译文仅得其意，文采甚微。有的被原文牵制，或因某些理解偏颇而更致牵强。随口一读就知道国人没这样说话的，但这样的译文却真实存在，而且不在少数。中文灵动、简短的句法，习惯的重心、语序，整饬的结构等，被英文静态化的语言和繁复的文法拖累得跌跌撞撞，遍体鳞伤。倒是从网上买的答案还译的有板有眼，因为他们是拿了杨自伍先生的译文来卖钱的。如“Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual…”，试卷密号15760译文：“就在我旁边，在那种情况下会有像平常一样的场景……”；试卷密号10000073译文：“就在我面前是真正在那种形势的命令下才会有的场景，但是跟往常一样停止了……”。先不说理解错误，但看汉语也读不通。读者非要在脑子里转几个圈，并回过头再看看英语原文，才大体明白过来译者到底想说什么。一如梁启超《论译书》所言之“循华文而失西义”、“循西文而梗华读”。（罗新璋，2009：196）如果不知道是翻译，大概就只能当是呓语了。加之如第6条“翻译再生能力或经验不足”所引译例可见，这已不能再简单归咎于考生不谙翻译之道——再创造而非被动模仿。笔者认为，更主要原因在于大多外语学生中文功底薄弱，不少尚在基本达意的层面挣扎，更顾不及审美。这是我们不少外语专业同学的致命伤——外语及其文化不见得掌握得好，母语亦落了个营养严重不足。这也许不该归咎于学生个人，而应反思我们外语教育如何改进，以求学生母语外语尽可能齐头并进。

三、意见及建议

鉴于以上所发现和总结的问题，特提几点建议给外语学子。

1、多读原典，提升英文理解力。一些英语专业同学大学四年，可能只是零零碎碎读过一些原滋原味的英文作品，但不成系统，达不到足以真正提高英语语言文化及文学素养的量的要求。他们往往更多是在语法、词汇、句法、篇章构建等微观层上踟蹰和用力。其结果是，（对于学得较好的同学）看似基本能文从字顺，能表达想说的东西，但却缺乏相应文学及文化的浸淫熏染，而苍白机械。面对一份文学色彩稍浓或文化蕴涵稍厚重的原语材料，就吃不准，或干脆理解不了。这也是笔者翻译教学中所发现的问题。

因此，真正要提升英文理解能力，务必得原生态的英文诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧原典阅读达到相当的量才行。这可能会花较多功夫，但的确恰恰是一条捷径。

2、双语比较，掌握英汉语言差异。如前面所言，翻译首先是一种语言行为，是两种语言差异的认知、把握和转移处理的过程。对英汉两种语言各自特征和差异认识越明晰，把握越到位，就越不会被原语的措辞构句等所束缚。一般翻译教材讨论翻译技巧，都是以此为依托的，因为没有差异也就谈不上技巧什么的，而且也没有讲方法讲策略的必要。因此，多作英汉差异方面的比较和练习，无论是提升英汉语认识还是翻译能力，都极有意义。

3、勤加练习，熟练运用各种翻译技巧和策略。在比较认识两种语言文化差异的基础上，还需有相当量的翻译训练。英汉差异、翻译技巧方面的知识都可以在课堂上在书本上学来，唯译者学不出来，一如课堂上教不出作家。只有通过相当文字量的各类文体材料的翻译训练，将英汉差异和翻译技法的知识由自觉逐渐化为自然，方可真正做好翻译。

4、多读中文作品，夯实汉语基础。汉语功底薄弱，首先会制约英语语言能力的有效提高。其次，汉语文学素养不足，表达能力有限，即便原文读懂了，也未必会运用中文相应的文学语言将原作的意境情态有效表现出来。其结果往往可能是被动模仿措词或主要仅在达意。因此，外语专业学生花必要时间涉猎各类文体及风格的中文经典作品（包括现代文和古文的），对学好外语和做好翻译都不可或缺。

5、讲求诚信和诚实劳动。网上购买答案或抄袭，首先是违背了坦诚做人的原则，于个人良知终究不是件好事。其次，完全可能被阅卷教师发现，以作弊卷论处。而即便侥幸瞒过，也只是骗得了一时，水平不够，到底会有现洋相的一天。最后，如此行为已违反相关法律法规。因此，平时多一份努力，做人多一份诚信，将终生受用。

6、最后一点建议是，翻译考试之际，如果来不及考虑风格文采问题或力之不逮，则首先保证原文理解正确，将原文语句基本意思翻译出来，并做到译文语义通顺。尽量避免理解错误的硬伤。

【附录】

与2010专八考试英译汉选段相对应的未修改原文：

I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May, that it was Easter Sunday, and as yet very early in the morning. I was standing, as it seemed to me, at the door of my own cottage. Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual, and solemnized by the power of dreams. There were the same mountains, and the same lovely valley at their feet; but the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height, and there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns; the hedges were rich with white roses; and no living creature was to be seen, excepting that in the green churchyard there were cattle tranquilly reposing upon the verdant graves, and

particularly round about the grave of a child whom I had tenderly loved, just as I had really beheld them, a little before sunrise in the same summer, when that child died.

(Quincey, 2003: 83)

杨自伍译文：

我想起来了，那是五月间一个礼拜天的清晨，那一天是复活节星期日，一大早天才蒙蒙亮。恍恍惚惚之中，我站在自家小屋的门口。就在我的面前展现出了那么一番景色，从我那个位置其实能够尽收眼底，可是由于梦幻的力量，它显得超凡出尘，一派肃穆气象，梦里的感觉往往如此。丛山依旧，山麓令人神往的幽谷依旧；不过群山挺然参天，高于阿尔卑斯峰，诸山相距空旷，丰草如茵，林地开阔，错落其间；树篱上的白玫瑰娟娟弥望；远近看不见任何生物，唯有苍翠的教堂庭院里，牛群静静地卧躺在那片郁郁葱葱的墓地歇息，好几头围绕着一个小孩的坟墓，我曾对她一腔柔情，那年夏天是在旭日东升的前一刻，那孩子死去了，我如同当年那样望着牛群。

（杨自伍，1996：136）

参考文献：

Firth, J. R. Papers in Linguistics [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957.

Quincey, Thomas De. Confessions of an English Opium Eater [M]. London: Penguin Books. 2003.

梁启超.论译书[A].罗新璋、陈应年编.翻译论集(修订版)[C].北京:商务印书馆,2009年.

杨自伍主编.英国文化选本（上）[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1996年.

十年专八翻译真题附答案

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英译汉历年真题翻译

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专八历年翻译

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(完整word版)专八翻译练习题

得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。Before I was taken ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a small house on the slope of the garden, I suddenly found myself in disfavour and my wings clipped. 一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。 One spring evening, with myriads of flowers in full bloom in the garden, my parents held a garden party in honour of many guests, whose arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats. 我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。 In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to be met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation. 一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。All at once, seized by a fit of forlorn rage, I could not help bursting into tears.

英语专业8级英译汉。

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历年六级真题翻译汇总

1、闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000 多公里。得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器( porcelain) 也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的。欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需要。 The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West. It extended more than 6,000 kilometers. The Silk Road was named after ancient China 's ilk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world. Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market. 2、中国园林是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷一般展现在面前。 After 3,000 years of evolvement, Chinese gardens have become a unique landscape. This includes both large gardens built as entertainment venues for royal family, and private gardens built as secluded retreats for scholars, merchants and retired government officials. These gardens have constituted a miniature that is designed in praise of the harmony between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls and consists of various buildings linked by winding trails and corridors, with ponds, rockeries, trees, and flowers scattered in it. Wandering in such a well-designed garden, people may feel that they are walking in a landscape painting. 3、中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收，这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似，过中秋节的习俗与唐代早期在中国各地开始流行，中秋节在农历八月十五，是人们拜月的节日，这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006 年，中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产，2008 年又被定为公共假日，月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食，人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿” (Iongevity)、“福”或“和”等字样。 Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate harvest in the Mid-Autumn, which is simiIar to the custom of ceIebrating Thanksgiving in the North America. The tradition of ceIebrating Mid-Autumn festivaI became popuIar throughout China in the earIy Tang dynasty. The Iunar August 15 is a day for peopIe worshiping the moon. On this day, under the dazzIing bright moon, famiIies reunite and enjoy the moon'sbeauty. In 2006, Mid-Autumn festivaI was Iisted as one of China's cuIturaI heritage, and in 2008, it was cIassified as a pubIic hoIiday. Moon

历年专八翻译真题

历年专八英译汉翻译真题 1995 I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life? For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self? I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.” Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us. 对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。乡下有不用付报酬便可请来照看孩子的邻居，作为回报，我儿媳也帮着照看其孩子。乡邻之间互相交换技能和劳动。但比之更重要的是，你如何来衡量那静谧与安详？如何来衡量自我价值呢？ 我无意将小地方的生活理想化。因为有时外面的世界会无情地侵入：比如汽油价格上涨，开发商把眼睛盯住尚未开发的农田；那里充斥着凶残和偏狭，大城市的种种卑劣行径，小地方也一应俱全。不仅如此，当人们无法自欺欺人地硬把那些丑恶现象想象成只是小地方的一小部分或将它们解释为异乡人的为所欲为，而又不得不承认这一切是我们的一部分时，就更难以忽视它们。 1996 It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeed more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America – a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government. 这应该不是件难事。这都是些跟着里根多年、久经沙场的老将，他们跟共和党则有更深厚的渊源，是这个国家里最熟悉总统政治的人。竞选的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，美国经济这一竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，因此有充裕的资用于组织一流的竞选班子、支付巡回演讲和电视广告的费用。而最重要的一点是，他们的候选人是罗纳德·里根，他可是位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。自约翰·F·肯尼迪总统以来，里根是最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图的总统：一个军事力量复兴、富有个人进取心、联邦政府得以精简的国家。

(完整版)专八英译汉练习答案

（一）英译汉练习 1. The winds of November were like summer breezes to him, and his face glowed with the pleasant cold. His cheeks were flushed and his eyes glistened; his vitality was intense, shining out upon others with almost a material warmth. 十一月的寒风，对他就像夏天吹拂的凉风一样。舒适的冷空气使他容光焕发，两颊通红，两眼闪光。他生气勃勃，叫别人感到是一团炙手的火。（英语material warmth 字面意思是"物质的温暖"，这里具体译作"一团炙手的火"言明意清，让人一看就懂。） 2. It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea. The sea was wonderfully calm and now it was rich with all the color of the setting sun. In the sky already a solitary star twinkled. 清晨，初升的太阳照着平静的海面，微波荡漾，闪耀着金色的光芒。（英语the ripples of the gentle sea 译成汉语时在结构上作了调整，这样译文念起来意思清楚，行文漂亮。） 3. To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 为了解渴，读者比以前越饮越深，直到陷入了昏迷状态。这个句子的译文死抠原文形式，死抠字典释义，翻译腔严重，让人难以明白其意思，可改译为：读者为了满足自己的渴望，越读越想读，直到进入了如痴如醉的状态。所谓过分表达，就是指译文画蛇添足，增加了原文没有的东西；而欠表达则是省略或删节原文的内容。翻译时均应避免这类错误。 4. Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter. 里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致。 （a mirror image 如直译为"镜子里的形象"，就让人感到非常别扭，远不如"毫无二致"自然。） 5. Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering café, where are gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm. 他拐到百老汇路上，在一家灯火辉煌的饭店前停下来，那里每晚汇集上好的美酒、华丽的衣服和有地位的人物。 6. Words are not themselves a reality but only representation of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. 单词本身并不是客观物体，只不过是代表客观体而已；像日尔曼人的盎格鲁法语一样，标准英语也是一种代表客观体的语言。 （King's English 不能直译为"国王英语"，它是指标准英语，相当于汉语中的"普通话"。） 7. At 19 he had commenced one of those careers attractive and inexplicable to ordinary mortals for whom a single bankruptcy is good as a feast. 他19 岁时就已经走上了一条在普通人看来是极富吸引力而又不可理解的道路，普通人认为，只是一次破产就叫人够呛了。 (good as a feast 如直译为"像丰盛的宴席一样好",意思正好反了.直接释明其意"叫人够呛",地道通顺.) 8. Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels. 金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。 （Red Brick 又称Red Brick Universities，指英国除牛津、剑桥大学以外的其他地方性二流大学。因其建筑主要是红砖砌成，不象牛津、剑桥的建筑均为古色古香的石块所建成，故得此名。 9. I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument. 我真替他万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。英语中没有量词，汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词 10. An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.