节能车转向装置设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献

Design of Energy - saving Vehicle Steering Device

energy car steering mechanism introduction

Energy-saving competitive vehicles lightweight, easy to control the characteristics of its steering mechanism and the existing car on the use of the traditional steering mechanism is very different, but the existing steering system design principles and methods for the design of energy-efficient cars have great The reference meaning. The steering system of a conventional automobile is generally composed of three parts of a steering mechanism, a steering gear and a steering mechanism, and when the steering is required, the driver applies a steering force to the steering wheel which generates a torque to the steering shaft, Input to the diverter. After the steering gear is enlarged and the direction of movement is changed, the torque is transmitted to the steering rod, and the steering direction is changed by turning the left and right knuckle and the steering wheel supported by it. The traditional steering technology on the car, such as various forms of steering gear and steering assist technology, have proven to be very reasonable in practice, but it is not feasible to use these existing technologies directly on energy efficient trolleys Drawing on the design principle and method of the existing automobile steering system to guide the research of the energy-saving vehicle steering device. The principle and method of reference can be used as follows: The silt steering system retains the general steering mechanism, the steering gear and the three parts of the steering transmission mechanism. In order to make the car turn to the first two wheels to satisfy certain relationship, To ensure that most of the modern car is used in the "Ackerman-type steering mechanism; modern steering trapezoidal design, has a large-scale use of computer as aided design tool, the use of three-dimensional software for steering trapezoidal kinematics analysis and optimization design is now more Widely used; modern car emphasizes the lightweight design concept for energy-saving car steering mechanism design has a strong guiding significance.

Determination of the Arrangement Scheme of Steering Cartridge Assembly Energy-saving car steering design is based on the selected frame to determine the program, so the wheel configuration of the situation directly affect the development of

steering programs. Energy-saving cars are free to choose the wheel configuration and steering methods, the existing wheel configuration mainly in the following three: the first two rounds after the use of rear-wheel drive front wheel steering, the first round after the wheel drive rear wheel drive, Before and after the two rounds of rear wheel drive in considering the wheel when the arrangement, the first to give up the four-wheeled layout of the program,

In order to make the organization layout is simple, to improve the transmission efficiency, to give up the previous round after the two rounds of the rear wheel differential drive program; Finally consider the first two rounds of the first round of the wheel drive resistance, After the round of the program, with a simple structure, easy to produce, good stability, the advantages of small driving resistance. Taking into account the focus on the wheel positioning accuracy, manipulation of the lightweight and lightweight institutions of the study. In the design of energy-saving car steering mechanism, the general use of Ackerman-type structure, the vehicle steering, in order to reduce the resistance, must follow a certain arc trajectory, steering wheel extension line in the non-maneuvering rear axle extension line The rotation angle of the inner and outer wheels is larger than that of the outer wheels. When such operation is used, the steering arm structure needs to be arranged in order to allow the wheels to rotate. When the first two turns control steering, the steering shaft of the wheel and the fulcrum of the lateral rod form a trapezoidal structure. The center of the rear axle is connected to the front wheel steering shaft, and the fulcrums at both ends of the tie rod are found on the two drawing lines. Then, by design the steering arm, the trapezoidal shape can be realized during the design process. Analysis and Calculation of Energy - saving Steering Assembly

The energy-saving vehicle steering device consists of three main assembly: steering control mechanism, steering gear and steering gear. The steering gear is a steering wheel, and the steering gear comprises a steering rod, a steering tie rod, a steering tie rod and a knuckle arm. The steering gear is a steering wheel. In addition, it includes a knuckle assembly that connects the steering wheel and the steering mechanism. According to experience, turn the handlebar directly using the existing bike joystick, Strength and stiffness can meet the requirements. In the energy-saving competitive vehicles, the

steering of the steering wheel by the steering torque, passed to the steering bar, the upper end and the joystick welding, the lower end of the frame through the fixed bearing fixed around the sliding bearing, the lower end with the opening pin loose. The steering shaft bearing outer ring is connected with the frame by welding, the inner wall and the steering shaft adopt the interference fit, and use grease lubrication, so that the steering light, but also play the role of supporting the steering shaft and the operating rod.

Steering gear

The means for amplifying or changing the steering force of the driver and the direction of the steering action is referred to as a diverter in a modern car, which is simplified as a steering rocker on an energy-saving vehicle. Steering rocker with stainless steel sheet processing, to meet the torsional strength, the appropriate increase in its thickness. The upper end of the semicircle with the steering shaft connected to the bottom open a round hole, with bolts and steering rod connected.

Steering mechanism

The function of the steering mechanism is to transmit the force and movement of the steering rocker to the knuckle to deflect both sides of the steering wheel and change the angle of the two steering wheels in a certain relationship (the inner wheel is greater than the outer wheel) The car turns the wheel as pure as possible. The most important component of the steering mechanism is the trapezoidal mechanism of the left and right wheels. The steering tie bar, the knuckle arm and the frame section form a steering trapezium, and the straight rod connects the steering rocker arm and the knuckle arm. Steering knuckle assembly

More than half of the current energy-saving racing car with welded integrated knuckle, after welding molding, the steering knuckle of the parameters (the main pin angle, the main pin angle, the wheel camber, Front wheel front beam) as long as there is a failure, it will become a waste and need to re-processingThe In the latter part of the car debugging stage, according to the situation of the car can not be on the wheel positioning parameters for further improvement. The design of this paper has a relatively big improvement compared with the previous scheme, that is, the integrated steering knuckle design is improved into the integral piston rod end knuckle, which can adjust the length of the

knuckle bolt at both ends of the knuckle Of the micro-modification, but also to make up for the steering parts of the small bending deformation.

Verification of parts of energy - saving vehicles

For a given car, the force calculated using the above formula is the maximum, so this value can be used as the calculated load for the next step. In the design of the parts, the parts must first meet the requirements of the strength, can not be in the process of car racing and crushing; Second, to meet the strength requirements under the premise should also have a greater stiffness, to avoid excessive Bending and deformation, affecting the reliability of the wheel positioning parameters, based on previous experience, first design the parts of the parameters, materials used, processing technology, and then use the knowledge of mechanics to check the strength and stiffness. In the calculation of the process of checking, most of the parts are qualified and can guarantee a certain safety factor, the individual parts of the strength to meet but the lack of rigidity of the situation, you can choose more elastic modulus of the material to process, or from another Angle, the parts of the heat treatment process to improve its rigidity, making the stiffness can meet the requirements. According to the above method, the design of the parts of the steering device is completed.According to the above method, the design of the parts of the steering device is completed.Set the limit angle of the steering wheel to 30 according to the radius of the minimum bend of the track. 30 Calculate the minimum turning radius calculation method described in the literature during the simulation.Accuracy is guaranteed. In order to make the design results more intuitive and clear, the use of three-dimensional software ProE to achieve the establishment of three-dimensional model of steering and motion simulation. According to the order from the whole to the local parts (Including the steering joystick, the steering shaft, the steering axle to support the steering bearings), steering rocker, steering transmission mechanism (including the steering bar, the steering wheel, the steering wheel, the steering wheel, Turning to the tie rod, knuckle arm) model.

4 steering device motion simulation

The analysis and design of the steering assembly and the parts are completed. The calculation of the force, the strength and the stiffness of the important load-bearing parts

are carried out. In the calculation process, the mechanical properties can ensure a relatively abundant margin, in the realization of the steering mechanism of the various functions at the same time, to ensure that the strength and stiffness to meet the requirements, but also makes the wheel position parameters in the assembly process set to rotate each other The constraints between the parts are "pinning constraints,You can complete the assembly diagram, the joystick to apply torque to simulate the real steering process,During the movement, the movement of the steering mechanism can be simulated to observe the actual movement of each component. It is found that the motion interference in the design of the mechanism and the existence of the part design are unreasonable. The maximum turning angle of the steering wheel is 30, The simulation of the software, set the steering wheel maximum angle of 30, more intuitive observation of the steering device movement process, the steering device mechanism design is reasonable, there is no movement between the interference agencies to complete the three-dimensional modeling of the steering device and Motion analysis, the use of modern design methods to simulate the actual working state, through the process of the previous parameters were checked and confirmed, and finally completed the steering device design.

节能车转向装置设计

1节能车转向机构介绍

节能竞技车轻量化、易操控的特点,使得其转向机构与现有汽车上使用的传统转向机构有很大的区别,但是现有的转向系统的设计原理和方法对于节能赛车的设计具有很大的借鉴意义。传统汽车的转向系统一般由转向操纵机构、转向器和转向传动机构3个部分组成,需要转向时,驾驶员对转向盘施加操纵力,转向盘对转向轴产生一个力矩,该力矩通过转向传动轴输入给转向器。经转向器放大和改变运动方向后,该力矩传到转向直拉杆,再通过转向传动机构使左右转向节及由它所支承的转向轮发生偏转,从而改变汽车的行驶方向。传统汽车上的转向技术,例如多种形式的转向器与转向助力技术等,都已经在实践中证明了是非常合理的,但是节能竞技车上直接使用这些现有的技术并不可行,而应该借鉴现有汽车转向系统的设计原理和方法,以指导节能车转向装置的研究。可以借鉴的原理和方法有下述几点:淤转向系统保留一般转向操纵机构、转向器和转向传动机构3个组成部分;于为了使汽车转向前两轮满足一定的关系,要通过转向梯形机构来保证,现代汽车大部分采用的就是“阿克曼式转向机构;现代转向梯形的设计,已经大规模采用计算机作为辅助设计工具,利用三维软件对转向梯形进行运动学分析和优化设计现在已经较为广泛地被采用;现代汽车强调的轻量化设计理念对于节能车转向机构设计具有很强的指导意义.

2节能车转向总成布置方案的确定

节能车转向设计是依据所选择的车架方案来确定的,所以车轮配置的情况直接影响到转向方案的制定。节能赛车可以自由选择车轮配置及转向方法,现有的车轮配置方式主要有以下三种:前两轮后一轮采用后轮驱动前轮转向,前一轮后两轮采用后轮驱动前轮转,前后各两轮采用后轮驱动在考虑车轮布置的时候,首先放弃了四轮布置的方案,因为整车装备质量增加,轮胎滚动阻力增大,节能效果不理想;为了使机构布置简单,提高传动效率,放弃了前一轮后两轮采用后轮差速驱动的方案;最后考虑前两轮后一轮方案,具有构造简单、容易制作、稳定性好、行驶阻力小的优点。综上考虑重点放在车轮定位准确、操纵的轻便性及机构的轻量化的研究上。在节能车转向机构的设计上,一般采用阿克曼式结构,车辆转向时,为了减少阻力,必须沿着一定的圆弧轨迹行驶,转向轮的延长线落在无操纵性后轮轴的延长线上,内侧车轮的转角要

比外侧轮大,采用这样的操作转向时,为了让车轮转动来操纵方向,就需要配置转向臂结构。前两轮操控转向时,车轮的转向轴和横向拉杆的支点连线形成梯形结构。将后轮车轴的中心部与前轮转向轴相连,在两条绘图线上找到横拉杆两端的支点,然后通过设计转向臂,就可以在设计过程中实现梯形的形状。

3节能车转向总成的分析与计算

节能车转向装置包括三大总成:转向操纵机构、转向器和转向传动机构。节能车转向操纵机构包括转向车把、转向轴、支承转向轴的转向轴承;转向器即为转向摇臂;转向传动机构包括转向直拉杆、转向横拉杆、转向节臂三部分。此外,还包括连接转向车轮和转向传动机构的转向节总成。根据经验,转向车把直接采用现用的自行车操纵杆,强度和刚度均能满足要求。在节能竞技车中,转向轴承受转向操纵杆的转矩,传递给转向直拉杆,上端与操纵杆焊接,下端通过滑动轴承固定在车架上,绕滑动轴承旋转,下端用开口销防松。转向轴轴承外圈通过焊接与车架相连接,内壁与转向轴采用过盈配合,并采用润滑脂润滑,以使转向轻便,同时还起到支承转向轴和操作杆的作用。

转向器

用来放大或改变驾驶员的转向操舵力和操纵动作方向的装置在现代汽车上称为转向器,在节能车上简化为转向摇臂。转向摇臂采用不锈钢薄片加工,为满足扭转强度,适当增加其厚度。上端有半圆与转向轴相连,下端开有圆孔,采用螺栓与转向直拉杆相连;

转向传动机构

转向传动机构的作用是将转向摇臂输出的力和运动传到转向节,使两侧转向轮偏转,且使两转向轮偏转的角度按一定关系变化(内轮的转角大于外轮),以保证汽车转向车轮尽可能做到纯滚动。转向传动机构在结构上最重要的组成部分是联系左右车轮的梯形机构。转向横拉杆、转向节臂和车架部分构成转向梯形,直拉杆连接转向摇臂和转向节臂。

转向节总成

目前节能大赛中有一半以上的赛车采用焊接一体式转向节,在焊接成型之后,转向节的各项参数(主销后倾角、主销内倾角、车轮外倾角、前轮前束)中只要出现一项不合格,就会成为废品而需要再次加工。在后期的赛车调试阶段,根据赛车的情况

也无法对车轮的定位参数作进一步的改进。本文的设计较之以前的方案有一个比较大的改进之处,就是将一体式转向节设计改进为一体式活塞杆端转向节,可以通过调整转向节两端的活节螺栓的长度来实现定位参数的微量修改,也能够弥补转向机构零件出现的微小的弯曲变形。

3节能车转向机构零件的校核

对于给定的汽车,用上述公式计算出来的作用力是最大值,因此,可以用此值作为计算载荷进行下一步的计算。在零件的设计中,各零件必须首先满足强度的要求,不能在赛车的行驶过程中发生断裂及压溃;其次,在满足强度要求的前提之下还应具有较大的刚度,避免产生过大的弯曲变形,影响车轮定位参数的可靠性,依据以前的参赛经验,首先设计零件的各项参数、所用材料、加工工艺等,然后利用力学的知识对其强度与刚度进行校核。在计算校核的过程中,大部分的零件均能合格并能保证一定的安全系数,个别零件出现强度满足但刚度不足的情况,可选用弹性模量更大的材料来加工,或从另一个角度,对零件进行热处理工艺来提高其刚性,使得刚度也能满足要求。按照上述的方法,完成转向装置各零件的设计。

根据赛道的最小弯道的半径设定转向轮的极限转角为30在进行运动模拟的过程中,利用文献中介绍的最小转弯半径的计算方法进行计算。精度得到保证。为了使得设计结果更加直观清晰,利用三维软件ProE实现转向机构三维模型的建立并进行运动模拟。按照由总体到局部零件的顺序,在ProE的零件功能模块之下依次画出了车架部分、转向操纵机构(包括转向操纵杆、转向轴、支承转向轴的转向轴承)、转向摇臂、转向传动机构(包括转向直拉杆、转向横拉杆、转向节臂)的模型.

4 转向装置运动模拟

上面已经完成了对转向装置总成及各部分零件的分析与设计,对重要的受载零件利用材料力学知识进行了受力分析、强度以及刚度的计算校核。在计算过程中力学性能均能保证较为充裕的余量,在实现转向机构各项功能的同时,保证机构的强度及刚度满足要求,同时也使得各项车轮位参数的在装配过程中设置相互转动的零件之间的约束为“销钉冶约束,可以在完成装配图之后,操纵杆施加转矩,来模拟真实的转向工作过程,运动过程中观察可以对转向机构进行运动模拟,以观察各部件的实际运动状况,发现机构设计中的运动干涉及是否存在零件设计的不合理,已经设定转向车轮的最大转角为30再通过三维软件的模拟,设定转向轮最大转角为30时,比较直观

地观察了转向装置的运动过程,转向装置机构设计合理,各机构之间未发生运动干涉至此完成了对转向装置的三维建模以及运动分析,利用现代的设计方法模拟实际工作状态,通过这个过程对前面的各参数进行了检查与确认,最终完成了转向装置的设计。

工业设计专业英语英文翻译

工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直

机械设计设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要

人工智能专业外文翻译-机器人

译文资料： 机器人 首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。另一方面它也是生产力发展的需求的必然结果，也是人类自身发展的必然结果，那么随着人类的发展，人们在不断探讨自然过程中，在认识和改造自然过程中，需要能够解放人的一种奴隶。那么这种奴隶就是代替人们去能够从事复杂和繁重的体力劳动，实现人们对不可达世界的认识和改造，这也是人们在科技发展过程中的一个客观需要。 机器人有三个发展阶段，那么也就是说，我们习惯于把机器人分成三类，一种是第一代机器人，那么也叫示教再现型机器人，它是通过一个计算机，来控制一个多自由度的一个机械，通过示教存储程序和信息，工作时把信息读取出来，然后发出指令，这样的话机器人可以重复的根据人当时示教的结果，再现出这种动作，比方说汽车的点焊机器人，它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后，它总是重复这样一种工作，它对于外界的环境没有感知，这个力操作力的大小，这个工件存在不存在，焊的好与坏，它并不知道，那么实际上这种从第一代机器人，也就存在它这种缺陷，因此，在20世纪70年代后期，人们开始研究第二代机器人，叫带感觉的机器人，这种带感觉的机器人是类似人在某种功能的感觉，比如说力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉和人进行相类比，有了各种各样的感觉，比方说在机器人抓一个物体的时候，它实际上力的大小能感觉出来，它能够通过视觉，能够去感受和识别它的形状、大小、颜色。抓一个鸡蛋，它能通过一个触觉，知道它的力的大小和滑动的情况。第三代机器人，也是我们机器人学中一个理想的所追求的最高级的阶段，叫智能机器人，那么只要告诉它做什么，不用告诉它怎么去做，它就能完成运动，感知思维和人机通讯的这种功能和机能，那么这个目前的发展还是相对的只是在局部有这种智能的概念和含义，但真正完整意义的这种智能机器人实际上并没有存在，而只是随着我们不断的科学技术的发展，智能的概念越来越丰富，它内涵越来越宽。 下面我简单介绍一下我国机器人发展的基本概况。由于我们国家存在很多其

汽车后市场 外文文献翻译

The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: Branded Products and Private Label Products THE BUSINESS CASE Throughout the automotive aftermarket industry,senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖ ―control brands‖ or ―own brands,‖ their risin g prominence has led top executives to ask: ? What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands? ? How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve? ? How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape? ? What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start? ?What are the similarities and differences between the private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector? ? What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors? Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products sold by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store

工业设计外文翻译

Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional

平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面

设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。

文献综述_人工智能

人工智能的形成及其发展现状分析 冯海东 （长江大学管理学院荆州434023） 摘要：人工智能的历史并不久远，故将从人工智能的出现、形成、发展现 状及前景几个方面对其进行分析，总结其发展过程中所出现的问题，以及发展现状中的不足之处，分析其今后的发展方向。 关键词：人工智能，发展过程，现状分析，前景。 一．引言 人工智能最早是在1936年被英国的科学家图灵提出，并不为多数人所认知。 当时，他编写了一个下象棋的程序，这就是最早期的人工智能的应用。也有著名的“图灵测试”，这也是最初判断是否是人工智能的方案,因此，图灵被尊称为“人工智能之父”。人工智能从产生到发展经历了一个起伏跌宕的过程，直到目前为止，人工智能的应用技术也不是很成熟，而且存在相当的缺陷。 通过搜集的资料，将详细的介绍人工智能这个领域的具体情况，剖析其面临的挑战和未来的前景。 二．人工智能的发展历程 1. 1956年前的孕育期 (1) 从公元前伟大的哲学家亚里斯多德(Aristotle)到16世纪英国哲学家培根(F. Bacon)，他们提出的形式逻辑的三段论、归纳法以及“知识就是力量”的警句，都对人类思维过程的研究产生了重要影响。 （2）17世纪德国数学家莱布尼兹(G..Leibniz)提出了万能符号和推理计算思想，为数理逻辑的产生和发展奠定了基础，播下了现代机器思维设计思想的种子。而19世纪的英国逻辑学家布尔（G. Boole）创立的布尔代数，实现了用符号语言描述人类思维活动的基本推理法则。 （3） 20世纪30年代迅速发展的数学逻辑和关于计算的新思想，使人们在计算机出现之前，就建立了计算与智能关系的概念。被誉为人工智能之父的英国天才的数学家图灵（A. Tur-ing）在1936年提出了一种理想计算机的数学模型，即图灵机之后,1946年就由美国数学家莫克利（J. Mauchly）和埃柯特（J. Echert）研制出了世界上第一台数字计算机，它为人工智能的研究奠定了不可缺少的物质基础。1950年图灵又发表了“计算机与智能”的论文，提出了著名的“图灵测试”，形象地指出什么是人工智能以及机器具有智能的标准，对人工智能的发展产生了极其深远的影响。 （4） 1934年美国神经生理学家麦克洛奇(W. McCulloch) 和匹兹(W. Pitts )建立了第一个神经网络模型，为以后的人工神经网络研究奠定了基础。 2. 1956年至1969年的诞生发育期 (1)1956年夏季，麻省理工学院（MIT)的麦卡锡（J．McCarthy）、明斯基（M. Minshy）、塞尔夫里奇（O. Selfridge)与索罗门夫(R. Solomonff)、 IBM的洛

外文文献翻译：汽车的发展

The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities

模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)

Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving

工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：

DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.