高中英语语法总结(权威版)

高中英语语法解析

目录

第01章名词性从句

第02章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解

第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象

第04章主谓一致

第05章动词不定式

第06章倒装结构

第07章定语从句

第08章被动语态

第09章祈使句

第10章疑问句

第11章名词

第一章名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一．主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：

a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。

b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。

c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）

d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）

2. 用it 作形式主语的结构

(1) It is ＋名词＋从句

It is a fact that …事实是…

It is an honor that …非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that …是常识

(2) It is ＋形容词＋从句

It is natural that…很自然…

It is strange that…奇怪的是…

(3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句

It seems that…似乎…

It happened that…碰巧…

It appears that…似乎…

(4) It ＋过去分词＋从句

It is reported that…据报道…

It has been proved that…已证实…

It is said that…据说…

3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：

（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.

错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.

（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.

错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.

（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.

错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.

（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

a) What you said yesterday is right.

b) That she is still alive is a consolation

二．宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词) 或介词之后。

1. 作动词的宾语

(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。

(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：

a) She did not know what had happened.她不知道发生了什么。

b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。

(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。

2. 作介词的宾语

例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。

3. 作形容词的宾语

例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。

注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content

等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4. it 可以作为形式宾语

it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。

5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：正确表达：I admire their winning the match.

错误表达：I admire that they won the match.

6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.

错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.

7. 否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三. 表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that…和It is because 等结构。例如：

1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.

2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.

3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四. 同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1. 同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：

1) The king’s decision that t he prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

2. 同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：

1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

英语名词性从句专项练习

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.

A. whatever

B. No matter what

C. That

D. If

2. The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about

C. had the quarrel come about

D. had the quarrel come about

3. Energy is ____makes thing work..

A. what

B. something

C. anything

D. that

4. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

A. while

B. that

C. when

D. as

5. This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.

A. there

B. in which

C. where

D. when

6. They have no idea at all____.

A. where he has gone

B. where did he go

C. which place has he gone

D. where has he gone

7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.

A. that

B. which

C. of which

D. of that

8. The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.

A. that ;had to leave

B. that; should leave

C. /; must leave

D. when; should leave

9. ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.

A. There; that

B. It; that

C. there; whether

D. It; whether

10. The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.

A. that

B. which

C. whether

D. if

11. Is _____he said really true?

A. that

B. what

C. why

D. whether

12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.

A. That

B. Whether

C. If

D. Where

13. It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.

A. while

B. if

C. that

D. for

14. _____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.

A. Whether

B. This

C. who

D. If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.

A. What

B. That

C. Whether

D. If

16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business.

A. What

B. That

C. Who

D. How

17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.

A. What; what

B. That; that

C. what; that

D. That ; what

18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.

A. What

B. It

C. All that

D. That

19. It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.

A. believed

B. think

C. say

D. hoped

20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

A. What

B. That

C. How

D. Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解

"It" 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：

一、It用作实词

表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象……

二、It用作形式主语

替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式主语的常见句型：

1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为

(1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth.

此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.

(2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth.

此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.

例It's kind of you to help me with the problem.

(3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's (well)worth doing…

It's (well)worth one's while doing/to do…

It's (well)worth while doing/ to do

例It's no use crying over spilt milk.

2. It替代作主语的从句常见句型

(1) It is + noun +从句

例It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.

(2) It is adj. +clause

It's surprising that…(should)………竟然……

It's a pity/shame that…(should)………竟然……

例It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that…

例It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4) It verb (to sb.) that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out) 例It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5) It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(6) It is v-ed that … (should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.

三、It作主语的句型

1. It takes sb. …to do…(=sb takes…to do…)某人用多长时间做某事

例It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do…（不）像某人做某事的风格

例It was (just) like him to think of helping us.

3. It's (about/high) time that…should /v-ed…是该做某事的时候了

例It's(about/high) time that we should take action.

4. It's the x-th time (that) …have v-ed…第几次做某事了

例It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.

5. It is/has been…since …continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了

例It's 10 years that he lived here

6. It was(not)… before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了

例It was not long before they arrived.

四、It 作形式宾语

用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式宾语的常见句型：

1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.

2. verb+it+adj./noun (one's) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, sup pose, consider, feel, make, keep…) 例I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.

3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that … (should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference.

4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.

5. v. +it + prep. + that…

owe it to sb. that…把…归功于…

leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做

take it for granted that …想当然

keep it in mind that…

例Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out.

6. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后

例I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.

7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）

例I'm for it that you will follow their advice.

五、强调句型

It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)…强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。

在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：

1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句

例When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句

例It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.

3. 在强调not …until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上

例It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.

4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别

例It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1. make it

(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达

例It's hard to make it to the top in show business.

(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”

例—Shall we meet next week?

—OK. We just make it next Saturday.

2. as it is

(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”

例We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.

(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”

例Leave the table as it is.

3. as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”

例He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.

4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……”

例If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.

5. that's it

(1). 相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”

例Y ou can have one more sweet, and that's it.

(2). 相当于That's right.表示“对啦”

例—I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.

6. catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”

例We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.

7. have it

(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”

例Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.

(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”

例I had it from John that she was going abroad.

8. have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”

例Y ou can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.

9. so it seems / appears.

10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”

例My teacher asked me to keep at it.

11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞

12. Now you have done it! (Y ou have done sth. wrong.)

13. Now you'll catch it! (Y ou'll be punished.)

14. As it happened, …在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”

例As it happened, they were out.

15. As it turned out,…在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”

例As it turned out, his statement was false.

16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”

例Y ou can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.

17. Take it/things easy. 相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”

例Take it easy! He will do it well.

18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”

例Y ou can take it from me that he will make it this time.

19. For what it is worth…在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何”

例Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.

20. Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”

例Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it.

21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.

22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃

例That is my last offer. Y ou can take it or leave it.

23. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”

例—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.

24. It's up to sb. 在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……”

例—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.

“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练

1. Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?

A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then

2. Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day?

A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he

3. I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.

A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time?

A.this

B.that

C.he

D.it

5. It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.

A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then

6. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected ______ to be much better.

A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it

7. It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.

A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since

8. ______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It

9. It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.

A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so

10. I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.

A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them

11. It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.

A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (2004)

A. this

B. that

C. it

D. one

13. —Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.(全国卷)

A. this

B. These

C. That

D. it

14. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ___ from some wood. (全国卷)

A. it

B. One

C. Himself

D. another

15. The foreign Minister said, " _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace."(2004北京)

A. This is

B. There is

C. That is

D. It is

16. _____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004北京)

A. It

B. As

C. That

D. What

17. —How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)

—________, but usually once a week.

A. Have no idea

B. It depends

C. As usual

D. Generally speaking

18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed. (2004浙江卷)

A. make out

B. turn out

C. go on

D. come up

19. — What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.

—________. Whatever you want to do is fine with me.

A. It just depends

B. It's up to you

C. All right

D. Glad to hear that

20. It was ____ back home after the experiment.

A. not until midnight did he go

B. until midnight that he didn't go

C. not until midnight that he went

D. until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章高中英语语法中的省略现象

在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：

一、并列复合句中的省略

在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：

a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。

b) Y our advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。

c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。

d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主从复合句中的省略

1．状语从句中的省略

一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：

1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1) 连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词; (2) 连词（though, whether , when）+形容词；(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语；(4) 连词(when , while , though )+ 现在分词；(5) 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词；(6) 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如：

a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .庞龙曾经是个工人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。

b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。

c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到处看似乎在找什么东西。

d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。

e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。

f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。

注意：

1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：

Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。

2) 当从句的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：

Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定语从句中的省略

1）一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：

Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。

2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：

a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。

b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。

c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？

3）当先行词为表示方式的the way 时，从句不能用how 来引导，应该用that 或in which ，或将它们全部省略。如：

I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。

3．宾语从句中的省略

1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：

a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。

b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。

2）由which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a) I know that NBA star Y ao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。

b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。

4．在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Y ear (should) last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。

5．主句省略多用于句首。

如：(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。

6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。

如：—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你为什么没有上学？—因为我妈妈病了。

三、简单句中的省略

1．省略主语

1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略如：

(Y ou) Open the door,please. 请开一下门。

2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法如：

a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。

b) (It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。

2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分如：

a) (There is) No smoking.禁止抽烟

b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗？

c) (Y ou come)This way please.请这边走。

d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗？

3．省略宾语

如：—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你认识李先生吗？—I don’t know (him.) 我不认识他

4．省略表语

如：—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗？Y es , I am (thirsty).是的，我是。

5．同时省略几个成分

如：a) —Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗？—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。

b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。

四、动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合

1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)—Y ou should have thanked her before you left . —I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b) Y ou can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做，你可以这么做。

2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如：

a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)

b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come).她想来，可是她父母不让。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

—I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ? —Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat).—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。

五、动词不定式to 的省略

1．主语部分有to do ,系动词is 或was 时，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。

2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词do时，不定式通常省去to. 如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence”timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。

3．主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。

4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do . 说起来容易，做起来难。

5．在would rather…than…等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略. 如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why (not) do 结构中, 不定式不带to。如：

a) I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间

b) Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？

六．其他一些省略结构

1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。

2．What和how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it 和be动词如：

a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀！

b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章主谓一致

主谓一致(Subject- V erb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football.可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.

(一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项:

1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.

如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.

No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。

2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如:

The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)

A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)

用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:

Serving the people is my great happiness.

为人民服务是我最大的幸福.

When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.

我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。

4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.

Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.

No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.

Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。

5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:

Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。

6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:

Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.

More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到

More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。

7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词

要用单数. 如:

None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。

None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。

8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如:

His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如:

A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。

9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词”等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:

Only one and a half apples is left on the table.

注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:

One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。

(二) 内容一致原则:

1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:

The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车，今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。

Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。

Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:

A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。

3. 加减乘除用单数.如:

Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。

4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:

Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。

5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:

The British police have only very limited powers.

(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.

(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:

The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。

6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如:

The injured were saved after the fire.

(三) 就近原则

1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.

Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。

Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?

你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？

2. 用连词or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如：

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.

He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。

注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如：

Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。

The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。

Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。

主谓一致练习

1. About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.

A. are/is

B. are/are

C. is/are

D. are

2. Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.

A. is/years

B. are/year old

C. is/years old

D. are/years of age

3. Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.

A. play

B. are playing

C. plays

D. is playing

4. The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.

A. are

B. has

C. have

D. is

5. Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.

A. are

B. is

C. were

D. be

6. The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.

A. is

B. are

C. was

D. has

7. The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.

A. are speaking

B. is speaking

C. were making a speech

D. have a speech

8. "If anybody _____, please put down _____ name," said the teacher to the monitor.

A. wants to buy the book/his

B. want to buy the book/their

C. will buy the book/one's

D. wants to have the book bought/her

9. Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.

A. are

B. is stayed

C. is

D. are left

10. Having arrived at the station, _____.

A. it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;

B. th, e trai, n had left

C. the train was found left

D. he found that the train had left

11. Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called "Skyscraper Tower".

A. stands

B. standing

C. which stands

D. stand

12. Either of you _____ going there tonight.

A. will

B. was

C. is

D. are

13. Y ou as well _____ right.

A. I are

B. I am

C. as I am

D. as I are

14. All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.

A. are

B. is

C. were

D. was

15. -- Shall I wait here for three hours?

--Y es. Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.

A. are not very long for you

B. is not long enough fo, , , , , r you

C. was not long enough for you

D. will be too long for you

16. Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.

A. have not discussed

B. have not been discussed

C. has not discussed

D. has not been discussed

17. I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.

A. what is

B. they are

C. this

D. which are

18. Every student and every teacher _____.

A. are going to attend the meeting

B. have attended the meeting

C. has attended the meeting

D. is attended the meeting

19. Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.

A. was eaten/were

B. were eaten/was

C. were eaten/were

D. was eaten/was

20. This pair of shoes _____.

A. is her

B. is hers

C. are hers

D. are her

21.There ______ no life on the moon.

A. is said to have

B. are said to have

C. is said to be

D. are said to be

22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill

A. sheep; grass; leaves

B. sheeps grasses leaves

C. sheep; grass leaf

D. sheeps grass leafs

23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.

A. cattles cows

B. cows cattle

C. cattle cows

D. cow, cattles

24.What he says and what he does_______.

A. does not agree

B. do not agree

C. does not agree with

D. not agree

25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.

A. have their own

B. has their own

C. have her own

D. has her own

26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.

A. woman, writes

B. women write

C. women writes

D. woman write

27.The railway station is ______from our school.

A. two hour`s drive

B. two hours` drive

C. two hour drive

D. two hours drive

28.Mike and John`s ______.

A. father is a teacher

B. fathers are teachers

C. father are teachers

D. fathers are teacher

29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.

A. is occurred

B. are occurred

C. occurs

D. occur

30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.

A. Either the offices or

B. The offices and

C. Both the office and

D. The office and

31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.

A. has finished

B. has been finished

C. have finished

D. have been finished

32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.

A. is

B. was

C. are

D. be

33. ______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard

A.A great deal of

B.A great many

C.A large number of

D.Many

34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.

A.is sold out

B.are sold out

C.was sold out

D.were sold out

35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.

A. has

B.have

C.is

D.are

36. “All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.

A.is is

B.are, are

C.are is

D.is are

37.Y esterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A.is

B.was

C.are

D.were.

38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.

A.are studying

B.have studied

C.studies

D.study

39.The rich______ not always happy.

A.are

B.is

C.will

D.may

40. ______can be done ______done.

A.All, have been

B.All that ,have been

C.All has

D.All that ,has been

41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.

A.are

B.is

C.has

D.have

42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.

A.is searching

B.were searching for

C.are searching

D.was searching for

43.Y our trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.

A.is it

B.are it

C.are them

D.is them

44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.

A.is years

B.are years

C.is year

D.are year

45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.

A.are

B.have

C.has

D.is

46. ______a good enough price for this book

A.Two yuans are

B.Two yuan are

C.Two yuans is

D.Two yuan is

47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island

A.are seen

B.is seen

C.see

D.sees

48.Every means ______prevent the water from______

A.are used to polluting

B. get used to polluting

C.is used to , polluted

D.is used to ,being polluted

49.Each of the ______in the ship.

A.passenger has his own room

B. passengers have their own room

C.passenger have their own room

D.sengers has his own room

50.What we need ______good textbooks.

A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has

51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.

A.have something

B.has something

C.had something

D.was something

52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.

A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.

A.are has

B.are have

C.is have

D.is has

54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.

A.wish

B.wishes

C.hope

D.are hoping

55._______ has been done.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b91388425.html,y—nine percents of the work

B. Half of what he promised

C. Two-fifths of the articles

D. Three quarter of the business

答案：

1-5 BDDDB 6-10 ABACD 11-15 ACDAB 16-20 DBCDB

21-25 CACBA26-30CBACA31-35 CCADC 36-40CBCAD

41-45 BBCBD 46-50 DBDDB 51-55 BAABB

第五章动词不定式

1．不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2) 动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。

I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。

I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3) 动词+疑问词+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意

疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

2. 不定式作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit,

persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

b.We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

典型例题

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.

A. lying

B. lie

C. lay

D. laying

答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。

2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find,guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

典型例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered___ the first computer.

A. to invent

B. inventing

C. to have invented

D. having invented

答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。

3) to be +形容词

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4) there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.

We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。

Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

3. 不定式作主语

1) It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;

the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

注意

1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型

2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。

3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is…to…的句型

(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.

It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

for 与of 的辨别方法

用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：Y ou are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)

4. 不定式作表语

不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：

My work is to clean the room every day.

His dream is to be a doctor.

5. 不定式作定语

不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：

I have a lot of work to do.

So he made some candles to give light.

6. 不定式作状语

1) 目的状语

To…only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to…(如此……以便……)

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。

高中英语语法讲义——名词

高中英语语法讲义——名词 名词的数 单数名词变复数名词的常用法则 （1）一般情况直接加-s, 如：books, trees. （2）以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es, 如：glasses, boxes, watches, brushes. （3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es. 如：stories, countries. （4）以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s，但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 它们是：黑人英雄 ．．中吃土豆 ．．、西． ．．．．在回声 红柿 ．．，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. 下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es, 也可加-s,它们是：zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。 （5）以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s，但下列名词需把f或fe去掉，加-ves，它们是：为 了自己 ．．和一片树叶 ．．上，把狼．劈成了两半．，即：selves, lives, ．．．．站在架子 ．．手里拿着刀子 ．．和他的妻子 ．．活命．，小偷 thieves, wives, knives, loaves, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves. 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es，也可直接在f后加-s，它们是：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs (scarves)围巾。 （6）合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿；passers-by过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；housewives家庭主妇。（7）“man/ woman+ n.”变复数时，作定语的man/ woman和中心词都要变复数。 men teachers男老师women engineers女工程师 （8）不规则复数形式 ①变内部元音 foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth mouse-mice goose-geese gentleman-gentlemen ②单复数同形的名词 sheep deer spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese Japanese

高中英语语法总结

高中英语语法总结 懂一点语法，在英语阅读方面的理解会更加透彻。下面是小编给大家整理的高中英语语法的相关知识，供大家参阅! 高中英语语法：助动词一.概念: 助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种. 二.相关知识点精讲: 1. 助动词be的用法 1) be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如： They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如： The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。 3) be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容： a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如： He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。 说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示命令。例如：

You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。 He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。 c. 征求意见。例如： How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他? Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢? d. 表示相约、商定。例如： We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。 2. 助动词have的用法 1)have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如： He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。 2)have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如： I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。 3)have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。 3.助动词do 的用法 1)构成一般疑问句。例如：

高中英语语法总结大全-形容词和副词

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