搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 1985-2011历年MCM\ICM赛题(英文版)

1985-2011历年MCM\ICM赛题(英文版)

1985-2011历年MCM\ICM赛题(英文版)
1985-2011历年MCM\ICM赛题(英文版)

美国大学生数学建模竞赛试题

1996 American MCM Problems Problem A

The world's oceans contain an ambient noise field. Seismic disturbances, surface shipping, and marine mammals are sources that, in different frequency ranges,contribute to this field. We wish to consider how this ambient noise might be used to detect large moving objects, e.g., submarines located below the ocean surface. Assuming that a submarine makes no intrinsic noise, developa method for detecting the presence of a moving submarine, its size, and its direction of travel, using only information obtained by measuring changes to the ambient noise field. Begin with noise at one fixed frequency and amplitude.

Problem B

When determining the winner of a competition like the Mathematical Contest inModeling, there are generally a large number of papers to judge. Let's saythere are P=100 papers.

A group of J judges is collected to accomplish thejudging. Funding for the contest constains both the number of judges that canbe obtained and amount of time that they can judge. For eample if P=100, thenJ=8 is typical.Ideally, each judge would read paper and rank-order them, but there are toomany papers for this. Instead, there will be a number of screening rounds inwhich each judge will read some number of papers and give them scores. Thensome selection scheme is used to reduce the number of papers under consideration: If the papers are rank-ordered, then the bottom 30% that eachjudge rank-orders could be rejected. Alternatively, if the judges do not rank-order, but instead give them numerical score (say, from 1 to 100),then all papers below some cut-off level could be rejected.

The new pool of papers is then passed back to the judges, and the process is repeated.

A concern is then the total number of papers that judge reads must besubstantially less than P. The process is stopped when there are only W papersleft. There are the winners. Typically for P=100, W=3.

Your task is to determine a selection scheme, using a combination of rank-ordering, numerical scoring, and other methods, by which the final Wpapers will include only papers from among the "best" 2W papers. (By "best",we assume that there is an absolute rank-ordering to which all judges wouldagree.) For example, the top three papers. Among all such methods, the one thatrequired each judge to read the least number of papers is desired.

Note the possibility of systematic bias in a numerical scoring scheme. For example, for a specific collection of papers, one judge could average 70points, while another could average 80 points. How would you scale your schemeto accommodate for changes in the contest parameters (P, J, and W)?

1997 American MCM Problems

Problem A The Velociraptor Problem

The velociraptor,Velociraptor mongoliensis, was a predatory dinosaur that lived during the late Cretaceous period, approximately 75 million years ago. Paleontologists think that it was a very tenacious hunter, and may have hunted in pairs or larger

packs .Unfortunately, there is no way to observe its hunting behavior in the wild as can be done with modern mammalian predators. A group of paleontologists has approached your team and asked for help in modeling the hunting behavior of the velociraptor. They hope to compare your results with field data reported by biologists studying the behaviors of lions, tigers, and similar predatory animals.

The average adult velociraptor was 3 meters long with a hip height of 0.5 meters and an approximate mass of 45 kg. It is estimated that the animal could run extremely fast at speed of 60 km/hr for about 15 seconds. After the initial burst of speed ,the animal needed to stop and recover from a buildup of lactic acid in its muscles.

Suppose that velociraptor preyed on Thescelosaurus neglectus, a herbivorous biped approximately the same size as the Velociraptor. A biomachanical analysis of a fossilized Thescelosaurus indicates that it could run at a speed of about 50 km/hr. for long period of time.

Part1

Assuming the velociraptor is a solitary hunter, design a mathematical model that describe a hunting strategy for a single velociraptor stalking and chasing a single Thescelosaurus as well as the evasive strategy of the prey. Assume that the Thescelosaurus can always detect the velociraptor when it comes within 15 meters .but may detect the predator at even greater ranges (up to 50 meters depending upon the habitat and weather conditions. Additionally ,due to its physical structure and strength, the velociraptorhas a limited turning radius when running at full speed. This radius is estimated to be three times the animal's hip height. On the other hand, the Thescelosaurus is extremely agile and has a turning radius of 0.5 meters.

Part2

Assuming more realistically that the velociraptor hunted in pairs, design a new model that describes a hunting strategy for two velociraptor stalking and chasing a single Thescelosaurus as well as the evasive strategy of the prey. Use the other assumptions and limitations given in Part 1.

Problem B Mix Well For Fruitful Discussions

Small group meeting for the discussions of important issues, particular long-range planning ,are gaining popularity. It is believed that large groups discourage productive discussion and that a dominant personality will usually control and direct the discussion. Thus ,in corporate board meetings the board will meet in small groups to discuss issues before meeting as a whole, these smaller groups still tun the risk of control by a dominant personality. In an attempt to reduce this danger it is common to schedule several sessions with a different mix of people in each group.

A meeting of An Tostal Corporation will be attended by 29 Board Members of which nine are in-house members(i.e., corporate employees).The meeting is to be an all-day affair with three sessions scheduled for the morning and four for the afternoon. Each session will take 45 minutes, beginning on the hour from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., with lunch scheduled at noon. Each morning session will consist of six discussion groups with each discussion group led by one of the corporation's six senior officers. None of these officers are board members. Thus each senior officers will not be involved in the afternoon sessions and each of these sessions will consist of only four different discussion groups.

The president of the corporation wants a list of board-member assignment to discussion groups for each of the seven sessions. The assignments should achieve as much of a mix of the members as much as possible. The ideal assignment would have each board member in a discussion group the same number of times while minimizing common membership of groups for the different sessions.

The assignment should also satisfy the following criteria:

1.For the morning sessions ,no board member should be in the same senior officer's discussion group twice.

2.No discussion group should contain a disproportionate number of in-house members.

Give a list of assignments for members 1-9 and 10-29 and officers 1-6.Indicate how well the criteria in the previous paragraphs are met. Since it is possible that some board members will cancel at the last minute or that some not scheduled will show up, an algorithm that the secretary could use to adjust the assignments with an hour's notice would be appreciated. It would be ideal if the algorithm could also be used to make assignments for future meetings involving different levels of participation for each type of attendee.

1998 American MCM Problems

Problem A MRI Scanners

Introduction

Industrial medical diagnostic machines known as Magnetic Resonance Imager (MRI) scan a three-dimensional object such as a brain, and deliver their results in the form of a three-dimensional array of pixel. Each pixel consists of one number indicating a color or a shade of gray that encodes a measure of water concentration in a small region of the scanned object at the location of the pixel .For instance,0 can picture high water concentration in black (ventricles, blood vessels),128 can picture a medium water concentration in gray(brain nuclei and gray matter),and 255 can picture a low water density in white (liquid-rich white matter consisting of myelinated axons).Such MRI scanners also include facilities to picture on a screen any horizontal or vertical slice through the three-dimensional array (slices are parallel to any of the three Cartesian coordinate axes ).Algorithms for picturing slices through oblique planes ,however ,are proprietary .Current algorithms are limited in terms of the angles and parameter options available ;are implemented only on heavily used dedicated workstations ;lack input capabilities for marking points in the picture before slicing; and tend to blur and "feather out" sharp boundaries between the original pixels.

A more faithful, flexible algorithm implemented on a personal computer would be useful.

(1)for planning minimally invasive treatments,

(2)for calibrating the MRI machines,

(3)for investigating structures oriented obliquely in space, such as post-mortem tissue sections in a animal research,

(4)for enabling cross-sections at any angle through a brain atlas consisting (4)for enabling cross-sections at any angle through a brain atlas consisting

of black-and-white line drawing

To design such an algorithm, one can access the value and locations of the pixels, but not the initial data gathered by the scanners.

Problem

Design and test an algorithm that produces sections of three-dimensional arrays by planes in any orientation in space, preserving the original gray-scale value as closely as possible.

Data Sets

The typical data set consists of a three-dimensional array A of numbers A(i,j,k) which indicates the density A(i,j,k) of the object at the location (x,y,z)i,j,k. Typically A(i,j,k) can range from 0 to 255.In most applications the data set is quite large.

Teams should design data sets to test and demonstrate their algorithms. The data sets should reflect conditions likely Teams should design data sets to test and demonstrate their algorithms. The data sets should reflect conditions likely to be of diagnostic interest. Teams should also characterize data sets the limit the effectiveness of their algorithms.

Summary

The algorithm must produce a picture of the slice of the three-dimensional array by a plane in space. The plane can have any orientation and any location in space.(The plane can miss some or all data points.)The result of the algorithm should be a model of the density of the scanned object over the selected plane.

Problem B Grade Inflation

Background

Some college administrators are concerned about the grading at A Better Class(ABC) college. On average, the faculty at ABC have been giving out high grades(the average grade now given out is an A-),and it is impossible to distinguish between the good and mediocre students .The terms of a very generous scholarship only allow the top 10% of the students to be funded, so a class ranking is required.

The dean had the thought of comparing each student to the other students in each class ,and using this information to build up a ranking. For example, if a student obtains an A in a class in which all students obtain an A, then this student is only "average" in this class. On the other hand, if a student obtain the only A in a class, then that student is clearly "above average". Combining information from several classes might allow students to be placed in deciles (top 10%,next 10%,ect.)across the college.

Problem

Assuming that the grades given out are(A+,A-,B+,B-,...)can the dean's idea be made to work?

Assuming that the grades given out are only (A,B,C,...)can the dean's idea be made to work?

Can any other schemes produce a desired ranking?

A concern is that the grade in a single class could change many student's deciles. Is this possible?

Data Sets

Teams should design data sets to test and demonstrate their algorithms. Teams should characterize data sets that limit the effectiveness of their algorithms.

Mathematical Contest in Modeling 1999 Problems

Problem A - Deep Impact

For some time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been considering the consequences of a large asteroid impact on the earth.

As part of this effort, your team has been asked to consider the effects of such an impact were the asteroid to land in Antarctica. There are concerns that an impact there could have considerably different consequences than one striking elsewhere on the planet.

You are to assume that an asteroid is on the order of 1000 m in diameter, and that it strikes the Antarctic continent directly at the South Pole.

Your team has been asked to provide an assessment of the impact of such an asteroid. In particular, NASA would like an estimate of the amount and location of likely human casualties from this impact, an estimate of the damage done to the food production regions in the oceans of the southern hemisphere, and an estimate of possible coastal flooding caused by large-scale melting of the Antarctic polar ice sheet.

Problem B - Unlawful Assembly

Many public facilities have signs in rooms used for public gatherings which state that it is "unlawful" for the rooms to be occupied by more than a specified number of people. Presumably, this number is based on the speed with which people in the room could be evacuated from the room's exits in case of an emergency. Similarly, elevators and other facilities often have "maximum capacities" posted.

Develop a mathematical model for deciding what number to post on such a sign as being the "lawful capacity". As part of your solution discuss criteria, other than public safety in the case of a fire or other emergency, that might govern the number of people considered "unlawful" to occupy the room (or space). Also, for the model that you construct, consider the differences between a room with movable furniture such as a cafeteria (with tables and chairs), a gymnasium, a public swimming pool, and a lecture hall with a pattern of rows and aisles. You may wish to compare and contrast what might be done for a variety of different environments: elevator, lecture hall, swimming pool, cafeteria, or gymnasium. Gatherings such as rock concerts and soccer tournaments may present special conditions.

Apply your model to one or more public facilities at your institution (or neighboring town). Compare your results with the stated capacity, if one is posted. If used, your model is likely to be challenged by parties with interests in increasing the capacity. Write an article for the local newspaper defending your analysis.

2000 Mathematical Contest in Modeling

Problem A Air traffic Control

Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Robert Machol, former chief scientist of the Federal Aviation Agency To improve safety and reduce air traffic controller workload, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is considering adding software to the air traffic control system that would automatically detect potential aircraft flight path conflicts and alert the controller. To that end, an analyst at the FAA has posed the following problems.

Requirement A: Given two airplanes flying in space, when should the air traffic controller consider the objects to be too close and to require intervention?

Requirement B: An airspace sector is the section of three-dimensional airspace that one air traffic controller controls. Given any airspace sector, how do we measure how complex it is from an air traffic workload perspective? To what extent is complexity determined by the number of aircraft simultaneously passing through that sector (1) at any one instant?

(2) during any given interval of time?(3) during a particular time of day? How does the number of potential conflicts arising during those periods affect complexity?

Does the presence of additional software tools to automatically predict conflicts and alert the controller reduce or add to this complexity?

In addition to the guidelines for your report, write a summary (no more than two pages) that the FAA analyst can present to Jane Garvey, the FAA Administrator, to defend your conclusions.

Problem B Radio Channel Assignments

We seek to model the assignment of radio channels to a symmetric network of transmitter locations over a large planar area, so as to avoid interference. One basic approach is to partition the region into regular hexagons in a grid (honeycomb-style), as shown in Figure 1, where a transmitter is located at the center of each hexagon.

Figure 1

An interval of the frequency spectrum is to be allotted for transmitter frequencies. The interval will be divided into regularly spaced channels, which we represent by integers 1, 2, 3, ... . Each transmitter will be assigned one positive integer channel. The same channel can be used at many locations, provided that interference from nearby transmitters is avoided. Our goal is to minimize the width of the interval in the frequency spectrum that is needed to assign channels subject to some constraints. This is achieved with the concept of a span. The span is the minimum, over all assignments satisfying the constraints, of the largest channel used at any location. It is not required that every channel smaller

than the span be used in an assignment that attains the span.

Let s be the length of a side of one of the hexagons. We concentrate on the case that there are two levels of interference.

Requirement A: There are several constraints on frequency assignments. First, no two transmitters within distance of each other can be given the same channel. Second, due to spectral spreading, transmitters within distance 2s of each other must not be given the same or adjacent channels: Their channels must differ by at least 2. Under these constraints, what can we say about the span in,

Requirement B: Repeat Requirement A, assuming the grid in the example spreads arbitrarily far in all directions.

Requirement C: Repeat Requirements A and B, except assume now more generally that channels for transmitters within distance differ by at least some given integer k, while those at distance at most must still differ by at least one. What can we say about the span and about efficient strategies for designing assignments, as a function of k?

Requirement D: Consider generalizations of the problem, such as several levels of interference or irregular transmitter placements. What other factors may be important to consider?

Requirement E: Write an article (no more than 2 pages) for the local newspaper explaining your findings.

2001 Mathematical Contest in Modeling (MCM)

Problem A: Choosing a Bicycle Wheel

Cyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types

of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic.

A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition,and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for

a given course.

Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on the right. The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front butthere is a choice of wheels for the rear.

Task 1. Provide a table iving the wind peed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel. The table should include the wind speeds for different road grades starting from zero percent to ten percent in one percent increments. (Road grade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hill divided by the length of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportional to the road grade.A rider will lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.

Task 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course

Task 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.

Problem B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)

Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfallof Hurricane Floyd

in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam. Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way.Fortunately, Floyd turned north and spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.

The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversalof traffic on

I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes,have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Plans to carry this out have been prepared (and posted on the Web)

by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division. Traffic reversal on principal roads leading inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.

A simplified map of South Carolina is shown. Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip. (More accurate data,if sought, are widely available.)

The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from farther north

by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly. Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999. Here are the questions that need to be addressed:

1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-bound lanes of I-26 into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentially turning the entire I-26 into one-way traffic, significantly improve evacuation traffic flow?

2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastal region was ordered. Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under an alternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhaps county-by-county over some time period consistent with the pattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?

3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast. Under what conditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these?

4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish more temporary shelters in Columbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia?

5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats, campers, and motor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under what conditions should there be restrictions

on vehicle types or numbers of vehicles brought in order to guarantee timely evacuation? 6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida, who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls of Hurricane Floyd to the south, came up

I-95 and compounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation traffic flow? Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages,explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.

问题 A: 选择自行车车轮

骑自行车的人有几种不同类型的车轮可以用在他们的自行车上。其中两种基本类型是使用

了辐条的车轮和使用实心盘的车轮(见图1)。使用辐条的车轮比较轻,而实心轮子就比较符合

空气动力学。在公路自行车比赛中,一个实心的轮子从来不会被用于做前轮,而可以做后轮。

专业自行车(赛车)手们在赛车场上观察,并做有根据的推测,决定应该使用什么类型的

轮子。所作的决定是基于小山波的数目和险峻程度、天气、风速、竞争对手和其他考虑因素。

你喜爱的队的教练希望用一个更好的系统代替(原有的),并已经咨询过你的队伍,以帮助决

定在某种特定情况下应该使用那种轮子。

图1:左边的是实心轮子,右边的是装有条幅的轮子

教练需要细节信息去帮助做决定,并已经要求你的队伍去完成下面列出的任务。每个

任务假定同样的装有辐条的车轮总是装在前面,而后轮则可以选择。

·任务1. 给出一个表格,在不同风速下一个实心轮与条幅轮所需能量哪个较多。表格应该包括一个对应不同道路等级(从0%到10%,增量为1%)的风速(道路等级定义为斜坡高度与长度之比,如果斜坡视为一个三角,则等级就是山脚处的斜角正弦)。一个车手从山脚开始,初速为45kph, 而该车手的减速率与道路等级成正比,例如,在5%等级道路上大约每100米减速8kph。

·任务2. 给出一个例子如何对一个指定的时间试验应用上述表格。

·任务3. 判定该表格是否是一个适当的方法去决定车轮的配置并提供其他解决该决策的方案。问题B: 逃命吧!"飓风的愤怒"(一种III级的风)来了!

1999年在预报过的飓风"佛洛伊德"登陆之前,美国南卡罗莱纳州海岸的疏散工作导致了一场极端的交通挤塞。在州际I-26号公路上的交通近乎于停滞,该公路是从查尔斯顿(美国西弗吉尼亚州首府)到哥伦比亚(该州中部)的相对安全的避难所的首要路线。通常是轻松的两小时车程结果变成了18小时才能完成。很多车辆在路上完全耗光了汽油。不幸中的万幸是,这次"佛洛伊德"飓风转向北方并减弱了。但是,公众的大声疾呼令该州官员不得不寻找方法去避免这种交通噩梦的再次发生。解决这个问题的主要解决提议是将I-26公路的交通逆转,令两边包括沿岸通道都改为通往内陆--从查尔斯顿到哥伦比亚。南卡罗莱纳州紧急情况预备部门已经做好了执行这个提议的设计(并发布与互联网)。从Myrtle海滩以及Hilton Head出发通往内陆的主要公路的交通逆转也作了类似计划。一幅南卡罗莱纳州的简单地图显示(见附图)出查尔斯顿有将近500,000人口,Myrtle 海滩有近200,000,而沿岸带的其他地方约有250,000人口。(更精确的数据,如果查询的话,也可以容易得到)这些州际公路每个方向有两条交通线路,除了在大城市区域,那里有三条。哥伦比亚,有约500,000人口的另一个大都市,没有足够的旅馆去容纳被疏散的人(包括一些通过另外的路线从更远一点的北方来的人),所以部分交通流量继续通过I-26号公路向斯巴达堡、通过I-77号公路往北面的夏洛特,和通过I-20号公路往东面的亚特兰大分流。在1999年,从哥伦比亚往西北方向的交通变得非常缓慢。请为这个问题构造一个模型,去研究什么策略可以减少出现在1999年那样的拥塞。下面的几个问题是要处理到的:

1.把I-26号公路中两条通向海岸的线路逆转,变成通向哥伦比亚方向,本质上就是把整条I-26号公路变成单向公路,上述的这个计划什么条件下能非常有效地改善疏散交通流?

2.在1999年,整个州的沿岸区域同时下达指令要进行疏散。如果疏散过程是交错的,比如说每隔一段与飓风影响海岸的模式相一致的时间间隔,让市镇逐个的进行疏散,那么这样一个代替的策略会否另疏散交通流的效率有所提高呢?

3.在I-26号公路旁边有几个从内陆延伸到海岸的几个相对较小的高速公路,在什么情形下在这些高速公路上进行交通转向能提高疏散交通量的效率呢?

4.如果在哥伦比亚建造更多的避难所去减少离开哥伦比亚的交通,会否影响疏散流呢?

5.在1999年,许多家庭把他们的小船、野营挂车和摩托车留在家里。大多数人是驾驶他们的汽车的。在什么情形下应该限制车辆的类型或者车辆的数量以保证及时的疏散?

6.在1999年某些乔治亚州和佛罗里达州的原居民,他们知道预测出来的飓风之后向南方逃离,有人就建议他们应该沿着I-95号公路往北离开以配合疏散工作。究竟他们对疏散交通流有多少影响?清楚地鉴别用什么性能的量度标准用于比较各种策略?

2002 Contest Problems

Problem A Wind and Waterspray

An ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area.

Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.

Problem B Airline Overbooking

You're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.

Historically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook-that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations.

Airlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.

Consider the overbooking issue in light of the current situation:

Less flights by airlines from point A to point B

Heightened security at and around airports

Passengers' fear

Loss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to date

Build a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy, i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Insure that your model reflects the issues above, and consider alternatives for handling "bumped" passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.

问题A:风和水喷雾

在一个四周被建筑物包围的大广场中有一个观赏性的喷泉向空中喷射水花。在有风的日子,风就会将喷雾从喷泉吹到路人身上。从喷泉中落下的喷水是受到一种与风速计(用以测量风速和风向的)相连的机械装置控制的,该装置是设在邻近的建筑物的顶楼。这个控制的目的是为了既使路人能观赏迷人的喷泉又能免于被喷出的水过分淋湿:风越大,喷出的水量就会越小,喷出的高度也会越低,因而就会使更少的喷雾飞落出水池的范围。

你的任务是根据风速计提供的数据来列出运算公式来计算依据风的变化调整所得的落水量。问题 B 航线超订票

你已经收拾好行李打算去纽约拜访你的好友,当你已经验完票时,飞机场的职员宣布你要乘坐的飞机已预定满了,乘客需要重新登记,看自己是否还有座位。

一直以来,航空公司都知道对于某次航班只有一定比例的人预约后会确实来乘坐的。因此,很多的航空公司都会接受比实际飞机能提供的座位数要多的预约名额。有时,出现比飞机能提供的座位数要多的人要坐飞机,这时会导致一个或多个已预定的乘客都碰巧遇上了,他们就无法搭上预定的飞机了。

航空公司应付这些碰巧遇上的乘客会有不同的方式。有些什么都不给,有些就帮他们预定其他航线的晚一点的班次,有些就给一些现金或机票以作补偿。

鉴于当前情况考虑超预定方案:

从A到B的航班比以前少了

飞机场内及周围的安全加强了

乘客的担心

航空公司预算收入损失巨大

建立一个数学模型验证不同的超定计划对航空公司收入的影响,以便找到最佳的策略,例如:对某班次应超量预约的人数是多少使到公司的收入最大。确保你的模型能反映出上述情况,还有,考虑一下能有什么相关的方法对付那些预约了但搭不上飞机的乘客。此外,写一份简要的便函给航空公司的CEO,讲述你的结论和分析。

2003 Contest Problems

Problem A The Stunt Person

An exciting action scene in a movie is going to be filmed, and you are the stunt coordinator! A stunt person on a motorcycle will jump over an elephant and land in a pile of cardboard boxes to cushion their fall. You need to protect the stunt person, and also use relatively few cardboard boxes (lower cost, not seen by camera, etc.).

Your job is to:

determine what size boxes to use

determine how many boxes to use

determine how the boxes will be stacked

determine if any modifications to the boxes would help

generalize to different combined weights (stunt person & motorcycle) and different jump heights

Note that, in "Tomorrow Never Dies", the James Bond character on a motorcycle jumps over a helicopter.

Problem B Gamma Knife Treatment Planning

Stereotactic radiosurgery delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation to a radiographically well-defined, small intracranial 3D brain tumor without delivering any significant fraction of the prescribed dose to the surrounding brain tissue. Three modalities are commonly used in this area; they are the gamma knife unit, heavy charged particle beams, and external high-energy photon beams from linear accelerators.

The gamma knife unit delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation emanating from 201 cobalt-60 unit sources through a heavy helmet. All 201 beams simultaneously intersect at the isocenter, resulting in a spherical (approximately) dose distribution at the effective dose levels. Irradiating the isocenter to deliver dose is termed a ―shot.‖ Shots can be represented as different spheres. Four interchangeable outer collimator helmets with beam channel diameters of 4, 8, 14, and 18 mm are available for irradiating different size volumes. For a target volume larger than one shot, multiple shots can be used to cover the entire target. In practice, most target volumes are treated with 1 to 15 shots. The target volume is a bounded, three-dimensional digital image that usually consists of millions of points.

The goal of radiosurgery is to deplete tumor cells while preserving normal structures. Since there are physical limitations and biological uncertainties involved in this therapy process, a treatment plan needs to account for all those limitations and uncertainties. In general, an optimal treatment plan is designed to meet the following requirements.

Minimize the dose gradient across the target volume.

Match specified isodose contours to the target volumes.

Match specified dose-volume constraints of the target and critical organ. Minimize the integral dose to the entire volume of normal tissues or organs. Constrain dose to specified normal tissue points below tolerance doses.

Minimize the maximum dose to critical volumes.

In gamma unit treatment planning, we have the following constraints:

Prohibit shots from protruding outside the target.

Prohibit shots from overlapping (to avoid hot spots).

Cover the target volume with effective dosage as much as possible. But at least 90% of the target volume must be covered by shots.

Use as few shots as possible.

Your tasks are to formulate the optimal treatment planning for a gamma knife unit as a sphere-packing problem, and propose an algorithm to find a solution. While designing your algorithm, you must keep in mind that your algorithm must be reasonably efficient.

问题A:特技人员

一个刺激的场景就要拍成影片了,而你呢,是位特技协调者!特技人员骑着摩托要飞过一头大象,着陆在一堆用来作为软垫的纸箱子上。你得保护好特技人员,并且使用相对少的纸箱子。(成本更少,不用上镜…)

你的任务是决定:

(1) 所用箱子的大小。

(2) 所用箱子的数目。

(3) 如何将这些箱子堆起来。

(4)是否存在修改方案以助把它推广到不同的重量组合(特技人员和摩托车)和不同的跳跃高度。提醒一下,在《明日帝国》中,骑着摩托车的James Bond是要飞过直升飞机的。

问题 B 伽玛刀手术计划

定向放射外科手术是把高剂量电离幅射射向用放射性照片精确定位的颅内脑瘤,而周围的脑组织没有受到明显的照射。在这个领域中,通常有三种形式的手术,它们是伽玛刀,高电量

粒子流,由线性加速器发出的高能质子流。

伽玛刀手术仅是把201个钴60放射源放在头盔内,由其放射出高剂量电离幅射,这201个射线流相交在一点,有效剂量分布在一个球形区域内的。这样一次照射称为一个"照射"。它们可以表示为不同的球。有四种用来瞄准的头盔可用,它们的射线直径分别是4、8、14和18mm,可用来照射不同大小的体积,对大于一个"照射"的目标,可用多个"照射"来覆盖它。实际上,大多数目标可以用1到15个"照射"来处理。这个目标是一个由数百万的点组成的一个三维的数字图象。

放射外科的目的是在保护正常组织的同时破坏肿瘤细胞。由于在诊断过程中具有物理的限制和生物上的不确定性,处理的计划必须考虑到这些问题。一般地,一个最好的处理计划必须满足下列要求:

1.使照射到目标上的剂量变化最小。

2.使目标与特定的等剂量面一致。

3.使目标与关键器官受到的剂量满足一定的要求。

4.使正常器官受到的照射剂量最小。

5.使特别的正常器官受到的照射低于可忍受的剂量。

6.使照射的最大剂量最小。

在伽玛刀手术处理中,我们有下列要求:

1."照射"不能照到目标外。

2."照射"不能重叠(避免热灼伤)

3.尽可能把目标用有效覆盖目标。至少90%的目标体积必须被覆盖。

4.使用尽可能少的"照射"。

你的任务是制订最优化的处理计划,把伽玛刀处理仪的处理计划作为"装球问题"处理,提出一种求解算法,这种算法必须是有效。

2004 MCM

A 题: 指纹是独一无二的吗?

人们普遍相信每个人的指纹都是不同的。请研制并分析能评估这种说法是正确的可能性的模型,然后把你们在这个问题中发现的指纹识别错误率与DNA识别错误率相比较。PROBLEM A: Are Fingerprints Unique?

It is a commonplace belief that the thumbprint of every human who has ever lived is different. Develop and analyze a model that will allow you to assess the probability that this is true. Compare the odds (that you found in this problem) of misidentification by fingerprint evidence against the odds of misidentification by DNA evidence.

B 题: 更快的快通系统

无论是在收费站、游乐场或其他地方正出现着越来越多的―快通‖系统以减少人们排队等候的时间。请考虑一家游乐场的快通系统的设计。这家游乐场已经为几种受欢迎的乘骑项目提供快通系统的服务作为试验。该系统的设计思想是对某些受欢迎的乘骑项目,游客可以到该娱乐项目旁边的一个机器前并将当天的门票插入, 该机器将返回给你一张纸条,上面写着你可以在某个特定的时间段回来。比如说你把你的门票在1:15pm插到机器里,快通系统就告诉你可以在3:30-4:30pm回来,你可以凭你的纸条第二次排队,这时队伍可能比较短,你就可以较快进入景点. 为了防止游客同时在几个乘骑娱乐项目上使用这个系统。一个顾客在同一时刻只能得到一次快通系统的服务。

为改进快通系统的运作你们队被聘为几个合格的顾问之一. 游客一直在抱怨该试验系统的一些异常现象. 比如说, 顾客有时看到快通系统提供的回到景点时间是4小时以后. 但是才过一小会,在相同的景点系统所提供的回到景点的时间只有1小时或稍多一点时间。有时按照快通系统安排的游客的人数和等待时间几乎和正常排队的人数和所花费的时间一样多。

于是问题就是要提出并检验能提高快通系统效率的方案以使人们可以更多地享受在游乐场的休闲时光。问题的一部分是要确定评估各种可供选择的方案的评价准则。你们的报告中要包括一份非技术性的概述,以便游乐场主管从各个顾问所提出的可供选择的方案中作出选择。

PROBLEM B: A Faster QuickPass System

"QuickPass" systems are increasingly appearing to reduce people's time waiting in line, whether it is at tollbooths, amusement parks, or elsewhere. Consider the design of a QuickPass system for an amusement park. The amusement park has experimented by offering QuickPasses for several popular rides as a test. The idea is that for certain popular rides you can go to a kiosk near that ride and insert your daily park entrance ticket, and out will come a slip that states that you can return to that ride at a specific time later. For example, you insert your daily park entrance ticket at 1:15 pm, and the QuickPass states that you can come back between 3:30 and 4:30 pm when you can use your slip to enter a second, and presumably much shorter, line that will get you to the ride faster. To prevent people from obtaining QuickPasses for several rides at once, the QuickPass machines allow you to have only one active QuickPass at a time.

You have been hired as one of several competing consultants to improve the operation of QuickPass. Customers have been complaining about some anomalies in the test system. For example, customers observed that in one instance QuickPasses were being offered for a return time as long as 4 hours later. A short time later on the same ride, the QuickPasses were given for times only an hour or so later. In some instances, the lines for people with Quickpasses are nearly as long and slow as the regular lines.

The problem then is to propose and test schemes for issuing QuickPasses in order to increase people's enjoyment of the amusement park. Part of the problem is to determine what criteria to use in evaluating alternative schemes. Include in your report a non-technical summary for amusement park executives who must choose between alternatives from competing consultants.

2004 ICM

安全与否?

你大概听说过计算机黑客和计算机病毒。除非你的计算机遭到过黑客或病毒的攻击你或许不知道它们能怎样影响个人或机构的。如果一台计算机受到黑客或者病毒攻击,那么其中重要的个人信息和软件就有可能丢失。

正在考虑创建一所新的大学校园,你们的任务是对这所大学的信息技术(IT)安全性的风险评估建立模型。下面的叙述给出了一些背景材料以帮助你形成有关检验IT安全性的方案。明确的任务将在后面给出。

通过多个防御层来防止计算机系统遭受恶意活动的攻击。包括政策层和技术层(图1, 预防性的防御措施(略))两者在内的这些防御层将会对机构的风险类型产生各种不同的影响(图2, IT

系统经济风险的示意图(略))。

管理和使用方面的政策处理用户怎样和机构的计算机和网络相互作用以及员工(系统管理员)怎样维护网络。这些政策可以包括密码验证,正式的安全审核,使用跟踪,无线设备的使用,有关可移动媒体的关注,个人应用的限制和用户培训。一种实例性的密码政策可以包括对密码的长度和密码所用字母的要求,更改密码的频率以及允许登录错误的次数。每一个政策方案都包含与其执行相关联的直接的费用以及影响到生产效率和安全性的因素。在图1中,只对最高层面作了详细说明,其实每个层面的结构都是同样的。

安全状况的第二个方面就是检测、减轻和挫败来自内部和外部两方面用户的未经授权的活动的一组技术方案。这些技术方案涵盖了软件和硬件两个方面,还包括入侵检测系统(IDS = Intrusion Detection Systems),防火墙,防病毒系统,易受攻击的扫描仪和冗余备份等。比如说,IDS监视并记录某一特定计算机或来自具有调查数据并能提供识别可疑活动“犯罪之后”的侦破能力的网络上的重要事件。SNORT(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bd3231786.html,)是一个广受欢迎的IDS方案。图1提供了一个关键防御措施的样本(管理/使用的政策和技术解决方案)。和政策一样, 技术解决方案也有其直接的费用以及影响到生产效率和安全性的因素。

To Be Secure or Not to Be?

You probably know about computer hackers and computer viruses. Unless your computer has been targeted by one, you may not know how they could affect an individual or an organization. If a computer is attacked by a hacker or virus, it could lose important personal information and software.

The creation of a new university campus is being considered. Your requirement is to model the risk assessment of information technology (IT) security for this proposed university. The narrative below provides some background to help develop a framework to examine IT security. Specific tasks are provided at the end of this narrative.

Computer systems are protected from malicious activity through multiple layers of defenses. These defenses, including both policies and technologies (Figure 1 Preventative Defensive Measures), have varying effects on the organization’s risk categories (Figure 2 Economic Risk Schematic for IT Systems).

Management and usage policies address how users interact with the organization’s computers and networks and how people (system administrators) maintain the network. Policies may include password requirements, formal security audits, usage tracking, wireless device usage, removable media concerns, personal use limitations, and user training. An example password policy would

2014年英语四级短文翻译预测集锦

短文翻译集锦 1. 中秋习俗 在中国月饼是一种特殊的食品,广受海内外华人的欢迎。中秋节吃月饼就好比圣诞节吃馅饼(mince pies)。为了庆祝中秋节,中国人通常做两件事:一是观赏满月。二是品尝美味的月饼。中秋节是每年农历八月十五日。据说,这一天的月亮是一年中最圆的。而月亮正是庆贺中秋的全部主题。在中国人眼中,月饼象征着全家人的大团圆。 参考译文: Moon cakes are a special kind of food in China. They are very popular with the Chinese at home and abroad. Moon cakes are to Mid-Autumn Festival what mince pies are to Christmas. To celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival, Chinese usually do two things: enjoy the full moon and eat delicious moon cakes. Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar. It is the time when the moon is said to be at its brightest and fullest. And the moon is what this celebration is all about. In the eyes of the Chinese people, a moon cake symbolizes the reunion of all family members. 2.传统艺术 皮影戏又称“影子戏”。它是中国著名民间戏剧形式之一。表演时艺人通常一边演唱一边操纵用兽皮或纸板制作的人物形象。它们的影子通过灯光出现在帘布上。这营造了有人物在活动的幻象。有时表演者需要控制三到四个偶人。皮影戏在我国历史悠久,元代时还曾传到世界上很多国家,迷倒了不少国外戏迷,被人们亲切地称为“中国影灯”。 参考译文 The shadow puppet play, also known as ‘shadow play’, is one of China’s famous folk opera forms. During the performance, players usually sing while holing/manipulating human figures, which are made of animal skin and paper board. The shadows of those human figures are reflected on a curtain through the light. This creates the illusion of moving images. Sometimes the performer needs to control three or four puppets. Shadow puppet play enjoys a long history in China. It was introduced to many countries during the Yuan Dynasty and attracted many foreign audience. They call the art form Chinese shadow play. 3.社交饥渴 手机,是一项伟大的发明。但很显然,手机也刷新了人与人的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条公告:请与会者关闭手机。可是,会议室里手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人,并没有多少特别重要的事情。尽管如此,我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征着我们与这个世界的联系。显然,手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。(thirst for socialization) 参考译文 The cell phone is a great invention. But obviously, It has altered the relationship among people. There is usually a notice on the door of the meeting room, which reads, “Please turn off your hand-set.” However, phones ring now and then when the meeting goes on. We are but ordinary people and have few urgencies to tackle with. Never the less, we will not switch off our

2014年11月份三级笔译实务(汉译英)真题

2014年11月份三级笔译实务(汉译英)真题 【译之灵笔译培训】2014年CATTI三级笔译汉译英真题出自《第67届联合国大会中方立场文件》中关于能源安全方面的内容: Section2:Translate Chinese into English 外交部:2012年第67届联合国大会中方立场文件 (五)能源安全 5. Energy Security 能源安全同世界经济的稳定发展和各国人民的福祉息息相关。在当前国际金融危机背景下,维护全球能源安全对有效应对国际金融危机冲击、推动世界经济全面复苏和长远发展具有重要意义。 Energy security has a close bearing on the stability and growth of the world economy and the well-being of people in all countries. Against the backdrop of the global financial crisis,ensuring energy security is vital to effectively tackling the impact of the crisis and promoting the full recovery and long-term development of the world economy. 国际社会应树立互利合作、多元发展、协同保障的新能源安全观,共同稳定能源等大宗商品价格、防止过度投机和炒作,保障各国特别是发展中国家能源需求,维护能源市场正常秩序。同时,各国应改善能源结构,加强先进能源技术的研发和推广,大力发展清洁和可再生能源,在相关领域积极开展国际合作。 To this end,the international community should foster a new energy security outlook featuring mutually beneficial cooperation,diversified development and coordinated supply. Joint efforts must be made to stabilize the prices of energy and other commodities and prevent excessive speculation and market hype,so as to meet the energy demands of all countries,particularly the developing countries,and maintain order in the energy market. Meanwhile,countries should improve their own energy mix,promote the research,development and diffusion of advanced technologies,vigorously develop clean and renewable energies,and actively advance international cooperation in relevant fields. 中国政府高度重视能源和能源安全问题。在解决中国的能源问题上,始终坚持节约优先、立足国内、多元发展、保护环境的原则,加强国际互利合作,大力改善和调整能源结构,努力构筑稳定、经济、清洁、安全的能源供应体系,(加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会。哥本哈根会议前夕,中国宣布了到2020年非化石能源占一次能源消费比重15%,单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%的目标。这一部分试题删节了)中国愿与世界各国一道共同努力,建立起能源合作长效机制,为保障全球能源安全、应对气候变化做出应有的贡献。 The Chinese government attaches great importance to issues of energy and energy security.

2014年6月六级翻译真题答案及解析

卷一: 真题:中文热词通常反映社会变化和文化,有些在外国媒体上愈来愈流行。例如,土豪和大妈都是老词,但已获取了新的意义。 土豪以前指欺压佃户和仆人的乡村地主,现在用于指花钱如流水或喜欢炫耀财富的人,也就是说,土豪有钱,但是没有品位。大妈是对中年妇女的称呼,但是现在特指不久前金价大跌时大量购买黄金的中国妇女。 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版的牛津(OXford)英语词典,至今约有120中文加进了牛津英语词典,成了英语语言的一部分。 参考答案: The Chinese heated words usually reflect social changes and culture, some o f which are increasingly popular with foreign media. Tuhao and dama, forexa mple, are both old words, but they get differentmeanings now. The word tuhao used to mean rural landlords who oppress their tenants and servants, while now it refers to people spending money withoutlimits or those showing off all around. That is to say, tuhao owns money rather than taste. T heword dama is used to describe middle-aged women. However, it is regarde d as a special wordto call those Chinese women who rushed to purchase gol d when th e gold price decreasedsharply not long ago. Tuhao and dama may be included in the new Oxford dictionary. Up to now, ab out 120 Chinesewords have been added to it, becoming a part of English lang uage. 卷二: 最近中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Science )出版了关于其最新科学发现与未来一 年展望的年度系列报告。系列报告包括三部分:科学发展报告,高技术发展报告,中国可持续战略报告。第一份报告包含中国科学家的最新发现,诸如新粒子研究与H7N9病毒研究的突破。该报告还突出强调了未来几年需要关注的问题。第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的热门领域,如3D打印和人造器官研究。第三份报告呼吁加强顶层设计,以消除工业升级中的结构性障碍,并促进节能减排。 Chinese Academy of Science recently published an annual report about its latest scientific findings and the prospect of the next year. The report consists of three parts: science development, more advanced technology development and the sustainable strategy of China. The first one includes the latest findings of Chinese scientists, such as the research of new particle and the breakthrough in the study of H7N9 virus. Furthermore, it highlights some problems we need to focus in next few years. The second one announces some heated fields in applied science. For example, the 3-dimension print and the study of human organs. The third one suggests people enhance the top design in order to get rid of the structural obstacles in industrial upgrading and to promote the energy-saving and emission-reduction. 卷三: 北京计划未来三年投资7600亿元治理污染,从减少pm2.5排放入手。这一新公布的计划

2014年英语翻译

A storm forces a plane to make an emergency landing on a deserted island.一个风暴迫使一架飞机紧急降落在一个荒无人烟的小岛上。 After I finished high school,I just wasn't ready to go on to college.当我中学毕业后,我只是没有准备好继续上大学。Although some people find reasons to justify plagiarism, others feel the issue is clear-cut尽管有些人找理由去证明抄袭是合理的,另一些人觉得问题是明显的。 Although the film may seem exaggerated to some, that’s not how most filmgoers feel.虽然影片看似夸张一些,这不是大多数影迷的感觉。And,what's worse,most people have resigned themselves wo a life of forgetting.并且更糟糕的是,大多数人顺从于健忘的生活。 Because it is based in Bombay(Mumbai), it is popularly called Bollywood-from the words Bombay and Hollywood.因为它是建立在孟买,通常叫它从词孟买和好莱坞合成来的宝莱坞。 Cirque du Soleil is an amazing circus show that pairs incredible feats of strength and balance with dazzling costumes and sets.太阳马戏团的演出是精彩的马戏团表演,演出节目把难以置信的各种力量的特技组合在一起并且令人眼花缭乱的演出服装和场景平衡在一起。 Heroes drive around in flashy cars, actresses twirl around in beautiful costumes, and the poor boy always triumphs against the rich villain.英雄人物开着浮华的车跑来跑去,女演员穿着漂亮的服装转来转去,那个贫穷可怜的男孩总是战胜富有的恶棍。If you keep telling yourself that your memory is bad,your mind will come to believe it and you won't remember things.如果你坚持对自己说你的记忆 力差,你的思想会开始相信它,你也将 会开始它,然后你就不会记住东西了。 In fact ,in 1945,the United Nations was founded to help countries resolve disputes peacefully.事实上,在1945年, 联合国被成立帮助和平解决争端。 In that country,feet are considered unclean,and Muslims felt the company was insulting God's name by having people walk on it.在那个国家,脚被认 为是不干净的,穆斯林人感觉公司在通 过让人们走在上帝的名字上面进行侮 辱。 Late one night in 1880,a group of miners were headed back to their camp after a good time in town.在1880年的 一个深夜,在小镇的好时光过去后,一 队矿工朝着他们的露营地靠近。 Now I sort of resent that I couldn't go. Sometimes I think that if I'd been a little more selfish,I could have done both.现 在我有点愤怒我没有去。有时我想如果 当时我更自私一点,我就可以把两件事 都做了。 Once,however,it was prisperous mining town where thousands came with dreams of finding silver and making their fortune.然而曾经,那是一个繁荣的采 矿小镇,成千的人带着找到白银和发家 致富的梦想来到这里。 Run by local youth(most of the program’s tutors are teenagers, while many students are adults.)由当地青年组 织的沟通和理解(项目的大部分教师是 青少年,而很多学生都是成年人。) She had predicted that she would win tournaments during her first year in major competitions.她预言在她第一年 的大赛当中,她会赢得冠军。 Some people claim that copying is necessary to do well in school. They have realized that their own words are not as someone else’s.有些人认为抄袭 是在学校取得好成绩的必要条件。他们 已经意识到自己的话是不如别人的。 Technologically,the greates contributor to the global village is the microchip-an electronic circuit on a tiny chip.从科技 角度来说,地球村最伟大的成果是微型 芯片,即很小的一个芯片上的电子电 路。 The campaign was so successful in the United States,Pepsi translated its slogan literally for its international capaign.活 动在美国办得很成功,百事为全球性的 广告活动,逐字翻译了它的广告语。 The Cold War finally ended and the political climate changed between 1989and1991,when the governments of the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries collapsed.冷战最后 结束了,政治气候在1989至1991年间, 在苏联和东欧政府垮台后转变了。 The institute allows visitors from around the country to live with a local host family and attend classes.学院允许 来自全国各地的游客与当地的家庭生 活和上课。 The lights might have been reflectins of lights from the town,but Silver Cliff's lights seemed too dim to have this effect. 这光束可能是来自城镇里光的反射,但 是银牙城的光好像太暗能有这样的效 果。 The simplest form of plagiarism occurs when someone copies material without giving credit to the source.最简单形式 的剽窃发生在有人复制材料没有给予 材料的来源。 These eerie lights seemed to be dancing on the graves,disappearing and then appearing again.这些可怕的光好像是 在坟墓上跳舞,消失了又再次出现。 These people believe that students who plagiarize benefit unfairly.这些人认为, 学生通过抄袭取得成绩是不公平的。 This is a lesson that some large American corporation have learned the hard way.这是一个教训,一些大的美国 公司经过艰难困苦才学到的。 Through television programs transmitted by satellite,we are exposed to many cultures.通过卫星转播的电视 节目,我们面临着许多文化冲突。 To improve your memory,you'll need to take an active role.Like your body ,your memory can be strengthened through exercise.为提高你的记忆力,你需要扮 演一个积极行动的角色。爱惜你的身 体,你的记忆力可以通过锻炼加强。 Today,the town of Silver Cliff, Colorado,has a population of only 100 people.目前,科罗拉多州银牙城拥有仅 仅100个人口。 When General Motors introduced its Chevy Nova into Latin America,it overlooked the fact that No va in Spanish means"It doesn't go."当通用汽 车向拉丁美洲人介绍他们的雪佛莱汽 车时,却忽略了No va用西班牙语意思 是“不能走”的实事。 You may also want to make associatins ,or links,between what you're trying to remember and things you already know.你也会想要建立你尝试 记住的事情和你已经记住的事情之间 的联系。

2015-2016年CATTI三级笔译实务真题和答案(4套)

2015 年5月全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试英语三级《笔译实务》试卷 Section1 For generations, coal has been the lifeblood of this mineral-rich stretch of eastern Utah. Mining families proudly recall all the years they toiled underground. Supply companies line the town streets. Above the road that winds toward the mines, a soot-smudged miner peers out from a billboard with the slogan “Coal = Jobs.” 对这个地处犹他州东部、矿产丰富的地区而言,煤炭在过去几代人的眼里一直都是这个地区的生命线/经济命脉。每当回忆起作为矿工在地下采煤的岁月时,每个家庭都会感到无比自豪。大街的煤炭供应公司栉比鳞次/鳞次栉比。在蜿蜒通向矿区的马路上方,可见一处广告牌,上面除了有句“煤炭=工作”的口号,还有位满身烟灰的矿工正凝视着前方。 But recently, fear has settled in. The state’s oldest coal-fired power plant, tucked among the canyons near town, is set to close, a result of new, stricter federal pollution regulations. 但是最近,人们开始担忧起来。由于新的联邦污染防治法规更加严格,位于县郊(译者注:根据本文倒数第二段该地区实为卡本县,这里的town指的就是卡本县,所以此处译为县郊。)峡谷之中的犹他州历史最久的燃煤电厂即将关闭。 As energy companies tack away from coal, toward cleaner, cheaper natural gas, people here have grown increasingly afraid that their community may soon slip away. Dozens of workers at the facility here, the Carbon Power Plant, have learned that they must retire early or seek other jobs. Local trucking and equipment outfits are preparing to take business elsewhere. 由于能源公司摒弃煤炭转而发展更加清洁、更加廉价的天然气,这里的人们越来越担心他们的家园可能很快就会悄然消失/不复存在。卡本电厂(Carbon Power Plant)的几十号工人已得知,他们必须提前退休或另谋职业。当地的卡车运输和装备人员正准备到其他地方去发展业务。“There are a lot of people worried,” said Kyle Davis, who has been employed at the plant since he was 18. Mr. Davis, 56, worked his way up from sweeping floors to managing operations at the plant, w hose furnaces have been burning since 1954. “I would have liked to be here for another five years,” he said. “I’m too young to retire.” 凯尔·戴维斯(Kyle Davis)自18岁起就一直在这家电厂工作,他说:“许多人现在都忧心忡忡。”该公司自1954年成立以来,运转至今,从未间断。现年56岁的戴维斯先生在该公司从清扫工人一路做到负责公司运营的高管职位。他说道:“我本想在公司再干五年的,毕竟现在退休还太年轻。” But Rocky Mountain Power, the utility that operates the plant, has determined that it would be too expensive to retrofit the aging plant to meet new federal standards on mercury emissions. The plant is scheduled to be shut by Ap ril 2015.“We had been working for the better part of three years, testing compliance strategies,” said David Eskelsen, a spokesman for the utility. “None of the ones we investigated really would produce the results that would meet the requirements.” 但是目前负责运营卡本电厂的落基山电力公司(Rocky Mountain Power)已决定,如果为了达到有关汞排放量的新联邦标准而对该电厂的老旧设备进行翻新改造,代价过高,并不可行。该电

翻硕14年英语翻译基础真题

翻硕14年英语翻译基础真题 第一部分短语翻译 英译汉部分(1*15=15’) CA TTI GRE GDP play of words Kumara Jiva semantic translation cultural untranslatability descriptive translation studies idiomatic expressions in English ideological conflict interpreter's booth negative transfer of culture over-loaded translation Robinson Crusoe Gone with the Wind 汉译英部分(1*15=15’) 兵马俑 高等专业人才 高等师范教育 研究生资格考试 形似 端午节 忠、顺 信达雅 文化偏见 黑话 形式与内容的统一 英汉翻译内在规律 《英译汉入门须知》 《词义剖析与词典编纂》 官方语言 第二部分文章翻译 英译汉(60’) A reader in Florida, apparently bruised by some personalexperience, writes in to complain, “If I steal a nickel's worth of merchandise,I am a thief and punished; but if I steal the love of another's

wife, I amfree.” This is a prevalent misconception in many people'sminds---that love, like merchandise, can be “stolen”。Numerous states, in fact,have enacted laws allowing damages for “alienation of affections”。 But love is not a commodity; the real thing cannot be bought,sold, traded or stolen. It is an act of the will, a turning of the emotions, achange in the climate of the personality. When a husband or wife is “stolen” by another person, thathusband or wife was already ripe for the stealing, was already predisposedtoward a new partner. The “love bandit” was only taking what was waiting to betaken, what wanted to be taken. We tend to treat persons like goods. We even speak of thechildren “belonging” to their parents. But nobody “belongs” to anyone else. Eachperson belongs to himself, and to God. Chil dren are entrusted to their parents,and if their parents do not treat them properly, the state has a right toremove them from their parents' trusteeship. Most of us, when young, had the experience of a sweetheartbeing taken from us by somebody more attractive and more appealing. At thetime, we may have resented this intruder---but as we grew older, we recognizedthat the sweetheart had never been ours to begin with. It was not the intruderthat “caused” the break, but the lack of a real relationship. On the s urface, many marriages seem to break up because of a“third party”. This is, however, a psychological illusion. Theother woman orthe other man merely serves as a pretext for dissolving or a marriage that hadalready lost its essential integrity. Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than thebitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “comebetween” oneself and a beloved. This is always a distortion of reality, forpeople are not the captives or victims of others---they are free agents,working out their own destinies for good or for ill. But the rejected lover or mate cannot afford to believe thathis beloved has freely turned away from him--- and so he ascribes sinister ormagical properties to the interloper. He calls him a hypnotist or a thief or ahome-breaker. In the vast majority of cases, however, when a home is broken,the breaking has begun long before any “third party” has appeared on the scene. 关于凯程: 凯程考研成立于2005年,国内首家全日制集训机构考研,一直致力于高端全日制辅导,由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成,为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。 凯程考研的宗旨:让学习成为一种习惯 凯程考研的价值观口号:凯旋归来,前程万里 信念:让每个学员都有好最好的归宿 使命:完善全新的教育模式,做中国最专业的考研辅导机构 激情:永不言弃,乐观向上 敬业:以专业的态度做非凡的事业 平衡:找到工作、生活、家庭的平衡点 服务:以学员的前途为已任,为学员提供高效、专业的服务,团队合作,为学员服务,为学

三级笔译综合练习题

翻译资格考试三级笔译综合能力试题 Section 1: Vocabulary and Grammar (25 points) This section consists of 3 parts. Read thedirections for each part before answering thequestions. The time for this section is 25 minutes. Part 1 Vocabulary Selection In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choicesrespectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completeseach sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter as required onyour Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 1. We have had to raise the prices of our products because of the increase in the cost of______ materials. A. primitive B. rough C. original D. raw 2. With an eighty-hour week and little enjoyment, life must have been very______ for thestudents. A. hostile B. anxious C. tedious D. obscure 3. Whenever the government increases public services,______ because more workers areneeded to carry out these services. A. employment to rise B. employment rises C. which rising employment D. the rise of employment 4. Our flight to Guangzhou was ______ by a bad fog and we had to stay much longer inthe hotel than we had expected. A. delayed B. adjourned C. cancelled D. preserved 5. Container-grown plants can be planted at any time of the year, but ______ in winter. A. should be B. would be C. preferred D. preferably 6. Both longitude and latitude ______ in degrees, minutes and seconds. A. measuring B. measured C. are measured D. being measured 7. Most comets have two kinds of tails, one made up of dust, ______ made up ofelectrically charged particles called plasma. A. one another B. the other

2014年12月六级第一套 翻译真题及解析

2014.12.1st 反应在艺术和文学中的乡村生活理想是中国文明的重要特征。这在很大程度上归功于道家对自然地感情。传统中国画有两个最受青睐的主题,一是家庭生活的各种幸福场景,画中往往有老人在下棋饮茶,男人在耕耘收割,妇女在织布缝衣,小孩在户外玩耍。另一个则是乡村生活的种种乐趣,画有渔夫在湖上打渔,农夫在山上砍柴采药,或是书生坐在松树下吟诗作画。这两个主题可以分别代表儒家和道家的生活理想。 Rural life ideals reflected in Chinese arts and literature is an important feature of Chinese civilization. This is largely attributed to feelings of Taoism to the nature. There are two most popular themes in traditional Chinese paintings. One is various scenes of happy family life with the elderly drinking teas and playing chess, men plowing and harvesting, women sewing and weaving, or children playing outdoors. The other is a variety of fun in rural life with a fisherman fishing on the lake, farmers cutting firewood or collecting medicinal herbs, scholars reciting poems or painting pictures under a pine tree. These two themes represent separately Confucian and Taoist ideal life.

相关主题