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阅读理解(3)推理判断

阅读理解(3)推理判断
阅读理解(3)推理判断

阅读理解专题--推理判断题

阅读四大题型:推理判断题事实细节题主旨大意题猜测词义题2010—2014年四川阅读理解试题分类情况

题目设计数量2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

试题设计分类细节题9 8 10 14 7 主旨大意题 3 0 0 1 5 词义猜测题 1 3 1 2 1 推理判断题 4 7 9 3 2

推理题题型:推断隐含意义推断作者观点或态度推断写作目的推断文章出处推断上下文内容

Step1 自主探究

推理判断属于高层次阅读理解,在解答时应注意以下几点:

1,掌握常见的提问形式

常用infer, imply,suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose,indicate 等词提问,或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如:can, could, might, would 等何其他表示可能性的副词或词组,如probably, most likely 等。

2,解题思路

要从整体上把握语篇内容,在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外音”.要抓住文章的主题和细节,分析文章结构,根据上下文内在联系,挖掘文章的深沉含义。首先在进行推理时,要仔细阅读短文,千万不可脱离原文而凭个人的看法,主观臆断。其次对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机。事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的推断。推理分析,进一步增强理解能力,抓住材料实质性的东西。再次,在解答推理问题时,应清楚应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行判断,还是针对主题思、作者的意图进行判断。针对细节的推断可运用略读的方法,迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围,然后在进行推理判断。针对主题思想进行判断时,其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想,然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系,区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect),主观点与次观点(main idea and supporting idea)

3,推理题的解题方法

(1)抓住特定的信息进行逆向或正向推理

做此类试题时,要善于某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理判断,利用逆向思维或正向推理,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。

(2)整合全文(段)信息进行推断

做推理题时,有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来进行推理判断,确定最佳结论。

(3)利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断

几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图,因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子,对我们掌握文章主旨大意,了解主人公的心理特点几发展变化,从而进行正确的逻辑判断很有好处。(4)根据文章的结论推断作者的态度

作者的态度、倾向是作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此,在推断过程中,应特别注意文章中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。

(5)根据上下文的逻辑关系得出结论

逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时,应把握作者的写作思路,预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按照事件发展的经过描写,也可按因果关系、对比关系来描写。

(6)结合自己已有的知识进行推断

知识推断题一般都是针对细节。解答此类题不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识,而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有充分的理解.

正确选项的特点:

不是文中直接或明确说明的内容, 是间接表达出来的,除符合文章主旨外,还符合逻辑,让考生有推敲的余地。另外,正确选项大多含义深刻,不是常识选项。

干扰项的特点

1. 夸大事实:对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面程度进行了夸大处理。

2. 无中生有:捏造原文并不存在的信息,并以此作为依据进行推理。

3. 掺入常识:根据考生已有的常识是正确的,但是却不是基于文章。

4. 推理过头:引申过度,使结论过于绝对化。

推理判断题的提问方式主要分为以下几种:

1. What can be inferred/ concluded from the passage ?

2. What do you think would happen at the end of the story?

3. The passage is intended to …

4. The author’s attitude towards… is….

5. The writer?s purpose in writing this story is….

6. When the writer talks about …., what the writer really means is …

7. What does the last/first/…sentence of the passage imply?

8. It can be learned from the text that…

11. The story suggests(暗示)that _______ .

12. We can conclude(得出结论)from the passage that ____ .

13. Which of the following might happen later ?

14. From the passage we can tell / learn ______ .

15. The writer of the passage considers it _______ .

16. Which of the following indicates / implies____?

Step2合作讨论

一.如何推断隐含意义

1. Question forms:

It can be inferred from the text that .

From the text we know that …is most likely .

When the writer talks about …, what the writer really means is .

The writer suggests that .

The story implies that .

We can infer [conclude] from the passage that .

这类题干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude,intend,learn等标志性词语。

推测隐含意义:要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的事实进行逻辑推理,推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。解答这类题时,首先通过寻读找到相关信息点;然后研读,理解相关信息点的字面意义;结合语境和常识,在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断,从而理解作者的言外之意。

选择答案时,注意排除以下干扰项,以便缩小选择范围:

(1)原文信息的简单重复,而非推断出来的结论。(考生易误选) (2)推理过度的片面结论。

(3)与文中内容不符或完全相反的结论等. (4)符合考生已有常识,但文章中没有信息支持。(考生易误选)

技巧点拨1).全面分析2).忠实原文3).不要选择表层信息

Practice:

It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all , their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries.

Then one day, some visitors from the ci ty arrived …….. (1分钟)

Q: From Paragragh1 we learn that the villagers ____ .

A. worked very hard for centuries

B. dreamed of having a better life

C. were poor but somewhat content

D. lived a different life from their forefathers

解此类题目时要注意文中所描述的具体场景。

By this time there were quite a few people standing in lines. The word soon spread to other travelers that the computer was down. Some people went white, some people started to cry and still others kicked their luggage.

Q: In the paragraph the author suggests that _______.

A. a modern computer won?t be down.

B. computers can take the place of humans

C. sometimes a computer may bring suffering to people

D. there will be great changes in computers

抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理

After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day.

Q: The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _____.

A. suffer from poor health

B. feel tired and nervous

C. dream more often

D. breathe quickly

通过以上几种类型,我们可总结出在解这类推理题中要牢记以下几句话:“弦外之音、逻辑分析、防止主观、直接陈述、未经推理、必然为错、过渡引申、与文无关、意在干扰。”二.如何推断作者观点和态度

Question forms:

1. What?s the author?s main point?

2. The author seems to agree that_________

3. In the author?s opinion,________

4. According to the author,________

5. This author?s attitude towards …. can best be described as_____

6. The author?s main purpose in writing this paragraph is to______.

7. The tone of this passage is best described as_________

说明文中作者的态度:

objective 客观的neutral 中立的positive 积极的negative 消极的critical 批判的approval 赞同的disapproval 赞同的doubtful/suspicious 怀疑的indifferent漠不关心的sarcastic 讽刺的optimistic 乐观的pessimistic悲观的impressive/印象深刻的

factual实事求是hostile 敌对的satisfactory 满意的appreciative欣赏的curious 好奇的sympathetic同情的favorable支持的worried 担心的interested 有兴趣的depressed 沮丧的confident自信的concerned关心的……

1.注意作者使用对比的写作手法

Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say.

“My parents were on the‘before’side of that change, but today's parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the …after? side,” explains Mr. Ballmer. “It's not something easily accomplished by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now.”

Q:By saying “today's parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the ‘after’side.”the author means that today's parents _____

A. follow the trend of the change

B. can set a limit to the change

C. fail to take the change seriously

D. have little difficulty adjusting to the change

2. 注意仔细琢磨作者表达情感及对某事的态度的用词方式。

肯定:certainly, no doubt, surely, 不太肯定:possibly,maybe, it is said that

情感色彩:great, terrific, wonderfully, sadly, shame

We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmers is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!

Q: The attitude of the author toward advertisers is____

A. appreciative.

B. trustworthy.

C. critical.

D. dissatisfactory

3. 注意作者使用反语: 作者有时会用反话来表达强烈的感情。

I found in my baby’s behavior a metaphor for the new generation. My wife and I had given him some books to examine, but he merely spit upon them. When we read to him, he did not feel comfortable. And so it is in the schools. We find that our students don’t read and look down upon reading and even scold those of us who teach it. All they want to do is watch TV. Therefore, I have reached aconclusion: “Let them watch it!”If television is much more attractive to children than books, why should we fight it? Let them watch all they want!

Q: What do you think is the author’s attitude towards TV?

A. Curious.

B. Worried.

C. Unfavorable

D. Favorable.

4.注意作者下的结论

Why isn?t your newspaper reporting any good news?All I read about is murder, bribery(行

贿),and death.Frankly,I’m sick of all this bad news.

Q: This author’s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to ______ .

A. complain B.apologize C.amuse https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ba4207939.html,rm

三.如何推断写作目的

1. Question forms:

(1)考查整篇文章的写作目的

A. The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to _____.

B. What is the purpose of writing this article?

C. In writing the passage, the author intends to _____.

(2)考查某处细节的写作意图

A. The writer uses the example of…to show that _____.

B. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _____.

C. …are mentioned in the first paragraph to _____.

2. 常见的写作目的归纳

不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 但写作目的通常有以下三种:

(1) to entertain readers(让人发笑):常见于故事类的文章to make people laugh; to tell an interesting experience

(2) to persuade readers:常见于广告类的文章to sell a product or a service; to attract more visitors / readers / audience

(3) to inform readers(告知读者):多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章.

技巧点拨:(1)根据文体类别推断写作目的(2)从写作手法来推断写作目的

Practice:“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?”asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,”he said. (1.5分钟)

The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ______.

A. test the readers? knowledge about waves

B. draw the readers’attention to the topic

C. show Jamie Taylor’s importance

D. invite the readers to answer them

【2012全国II卷D篇】

ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia - One of the world's mostfamous fossils (化石) - the 3.2 million-year-old Lucy skeleton ( 骨骼) unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974 - will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States, officials said Tuesday. Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice

The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital…A team from the Museum of National Service in to U.S. tour. Texas spent four years disscusing with the Ethiopians for the U.S. tour, which will start in Houston next September.

The author writes this text mainly to _______.

A. introduce a few U.S. museums

B. describe some research work

C. discuss the value of an ape-man

D. report a coming event

四.如何推断文章出处

1. Question forms:

The passage is most likely to be taken from______.

Where would this passage most probably appear?

The passage is most likely a part of ___.

2. 解题技巧

这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处:

(1) newspaper (2)advertisement (3)the direction of the products

(4) text book (5) magazine (6) website

(1)报纸:前面会出现日期,地点,或通讯社名称

(2)广告: 格式特殊,容易辨认

(3)产品说明: 器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式,而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间,次数,药量等

Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.

To reduce pain, take two tablets with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.

For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount . For children under six years old, ask your doctor’s advice.

Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine. This text is most probably taken from a ______.

A. textbook

B. newsreel

C. doctor’s notebook

D. bottle of medicine 五.如何推断上下文

1. Question forms:

The next paragraph would most probably deal with _______

The paragraph preceding(在…之前)this one would most likely discuss ______.

2. 解题技巧

推测下文的内容:根据作者的思路进行推理,极可能是最后的两三句话

推测上文的内容:关注第一段,特别是文段开始的几句话。

Eg: When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did. When humans learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as the founding of cities. (3分钟)

The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about ____________.

A. fire

B. hunting

C. farming

D. urbanization (城市化)

利用段落的衔接与过渡词推断。

We have saved as a final set of emotions the two most important emotions (情感) towards other people: love and its opposite, hate. Love can be seen everywhere. Yet surprisingly, love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions, such as anger and fear. The reason for this may be two fold. First, love is a very complex (复杂的) emotion, difficult to describe and measure. Secondly, unlike many extreme emotions, extreme love is generally not a problem; thus

less medical attention has been paid to it.

Q: In the previous passage, the author has probably been discussing ____.

A. the two most important human emotions---love and hate

B. some emotions that are only produced by animals

C. some other sets of human emotions than of love and hate

D. none of the above

Step 3 即讲即练

Passage 1. As a young boy, I sometimes traveled the country roads with my dad. He was a rural mill carrier, and on Saturdays he would ask me to go with him. Driving through the countryside was always an adventure: There were animals to see, people to visit, and chocolate cookies if you knew where to stop, and Dad did…..

Q:It can be inferred from the passage that the writer regarded his travels with Dad as ______.

A.great changes to help other people

B happy occasions to play with baby chickens

C.exciting experiences with a lot of fun

Dgood opportunities to enjoy chocolate cookies

Passage 2

Now and again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them make me lose my delight in dreams. …….Most people do not seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives. They appear to see it as an annoying little habit, like sneezing (打喷嚏). I can never understand this. My dream life does not seem as important as my waking life because there is far less of it, but to me it is important.

Q: What is the author’s attitude toward dreaming?

A. He likes it

B. He thinks it puzzling.

C. He used to like it

D. He dislikes it Passage 3 Several different bison species have lived on the North American continent since the Ice Age; today only two exist. The wood bison is the larger of the two, and is now found mostly in western Canada. Better known in the United States is the Plains bison, or buffalo. At one time, herds of these animals could be sighed almost everywhere from the Appalachian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West.

Q:The author implies that several types of bison______.

A. live outside the United States and Canada

B. are well adapted to swampy terrain

C. existed before the Ice Age

D. have been killed or have died out Passage4

Top lists are lecturing people on everything from"100 books to read ". Aren't you just tired of being told what to do with your time?

Now you have a list to end all lists!

Take a look at the following two examples from the list of "101 things not to do": Go to See the Mona Lisa?

There must be something about the mysterious(神秘的)smile…

So, still long to see the Mona Lisa? If you want to find out more about the list, read 101 Tings NOT to Do Before You Die. Visit https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ba4207939.html, and buy the

book at a 20 discount.

Q:What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To advertise a book

B. To introduce a website

C. To comment on popular lists

D. To recommend tourist activities. Passage5

The Basics of Math—Made Clear

Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics, as well as …... Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and gradually moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students. The lectures offer students the chance to “make sense”of mathematical knowledge …….

By the conclusion of the course, students will have improved their understanding of basic math. They will be able to clear away the mystery(神秘性) of mathematics and …….

With a PhD in Mathematics Education from Georgia State University, Dr. Siegel teaches mathematics at Central Arizona College. His courses include various make-up classes and a number of lectures for future primary school teachers.

If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you, you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back.

Q:Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?

A. A news report.

B. A book review

C. A lesson plan.

D. An advertisement

Passage 6

We are in the computer age. We often see computers at work. They are especially useful in automatic control, date processing and solving complicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day.

More and cleverer computers will continue to appear. They will run faster, have more functions and work much more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us, helping to change the face of our world. Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.

However…,

Q:Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph?

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ba4207939.html,puters will replace us.

B. Computers will soon stop their rapid development.

C. Computers are as clever as man.

D. I do not think computers will completely replace us.

Step4总结

1.推断隐含意义,必须吃透相关文段的意思。

2.推断作者的写作意图,应当关注主题句,同时把握文章的体裁也可以推断作者的写作目的。

3.推断作者的观点,根据文章的文体特点及写作手法来推断

4.推断下文的内容,必须特别关注最后一段的内容,尤其是最后的两三句话。

高考英语阅读理解推理判断题

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