英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译
第三十章澳大利亚经济 Chapter 30 The Economy
Ⅰ.工业 Manufacturing Industry
澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。86%的制造业为小企业。
Manufacturing in Australia began with the making of bricks. It is estimated that 86% of all manufacturing firms are small businesses.
在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。它的特点包括下面几点:
In a world context Australian manufacturing is unique. Its features include the following:
1)效率低Inefficiency
澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚工业效率的几个因素。
Australia's limited local market, its geographical isolation and high levels of tariff protection are the factors that affect the efficiency of Australian manufacturing.
效率最低并且最受保护的工业是汽车、纺织、服装和制鞋工业。
The industries that are most inefficient and most highly protected are automobile, textiles, clothing and footwear industries.
2)高度集中Concentration
在过去20年里，大的联合企业在澳大利亚经济中一直起中心作用。
Over the last 20 years large conglomerates have been given a central role in the Australian economy.
整个钢铁工业由一个公司控制，这就是布洛肯·希尔专卖。
The entire steel industry is in the hands of one company, the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP).
3)外国投资Foreign investment
澳大利亚的制造业在很大程度上依靠外国投资。外资公司比他们的澳大利亚同行获利多。
Australian manufacturing relies heavily on foreign investment. Companies that are foreign-owned tend to be more profitable than their Australian counterparts.
Ⅱ.农业 Agriculture
200年前，澳大利亚是一个没有农业的大陆。今天，农业却是这个国家的最大的和最多样化的行业。澳大利亚是世界上粮食和天然纤维的主要生产国之一。
200 years ago Australia was a land without agriculture. Today, agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry. Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibers.
澳大利亚是世界上最大的羊毛出口国，第二大肉类出口国，第三大小麦出口国，
Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool, the second largest exporter of meat, the third largest exporter of wheat。
就面积而言，澳大利亚几乎和美国一样大(除去阿拉斯加和夏威夷)，比整个西欧还大。
In terms of area Australia is almost as large as the USA (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) and larger than the whole of Western Europe.
澳大利亚农业史上的一个重要因素是参与世界竞争的能力。
A key factor in the history of agriculture in Australia has been the ability to compete on world markets,
起初，澳大利亚享受优先进入英国市场的优惠，这对澳大利亚农业的繁荣是相当重要的。
In the early days, Australia's preferential access to the British market was important to the prosperity of Australian farming.
Ⅲ.矿产和能源工业 The Minerals and Energy Industry
澳大利亚自然资源丰富，是世界上最大的矿物和金属生产大国。也是世界上最大的煤出口国
Australia is rich in natural resources. It is one of the world's biggest producers of minerals and metals.It is also the world's largest exporter of coal,
矿物和能源工业是澳大利亚的经济中心，从19世纪以来，一直是国家发展的主要"催化剂"，现在它是出口创汇的主要来源。
The minerals and energy industry is central to the Australian economy. It has been a major catalyst to national development since the 19th century. It is now a major source of export earnings.
在 20世纪70年代早期，日本对铁矿石和煤的进口需求衰减了。这就限制了澳大利亚的市场。
in the early 1970s, because of the energy crisis the demand in Japan for imports of iron ore and coal declined. This limited market opportunities for Australia,
澳大利亚采矿业面临着新问题。
The mining industry in Australia has faced new problems
1）以保护环境之名授予土著人土地权力，结果矿藏受到限制
Mineral access has been restricted in the name of environmental protection and also as a consequence of the granting of Aboriginal land rights.
2）与采矿有关的各种疾病发病率高
the high incidence of mining-related diseases
Ⅳ.服务业 Service Industries
澳大利亚的服务业是产业中发展最快的一个部分，
Australia's service sector is the fastest-growing sector of industry.
Ⅴ.贸易 Trade
澳大利亚是中等水平的贸易国家
Australia is a middle-level trading nation.
澳大利亚贸易的主要特点是以原材料换制成品。这有两个原因:
The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. There are two reasons.
1）国市场太小，制造商不能有效地运作;
One is that the home market is too small for manufacturers to operate efficiently.
2）由于在海外可以达到规模经济，从欧洲、美国以及最近从亚洲来的商品一直比澳大利亚生产的产品便宜。
The other is that goods from Europe, the US and recently Asia have always been cheaper than those produced in Australia because of the economies of scale available overseas.
在定居后的第一个一百年，典型的贸易活动是把羊毛运到英国而后运回毛料衣服。在澳大利亚的第二个一百年，典型的出口一直是把铁矿石运往日本而后运回日本的汽车。
For the first 100 years of settlement, a typical trade transaction was a shipment of wool to Britain and a return shipment of woolen suits, In Australia's second century, a typical export has been iron ore shipped to Japan and a return shipment of Japanese motor cars.
这种特殊性有两重效果:
Such specialization has been double-edged.
1)它意味着可以从全世界买到广泛的制成品，
On the one hand, it has meant access to a very broad range of finished goods from around the world.
2)它使得澳大利亚非常容易受商品价格涨落周期的影响。
On the other hand it has made Australia extremely vulnerable to cycles in commodity prices.
影响澳大利亚贸易模式和国际经济关系的因素包括下面这些:
The factors that have affected Australia's trading patterns and international economic relations include the following:
(1)取消英国联邦优惠制，根据这一制度，英联邦各成员国家相互降低关税；
The dismantling of the Commonwealth Preference, whereby Commonwealth countries
gave each others' products reduced tariff rates;
(2)欧洲共同体的建立，使澳大利亚与欧洲国家贸易产生了障碍；The creation of the European Community, which produced impediments to trade With European countries;
(3) 日本作为一个经济大国的兴起； The rise of Japan as an economic power;
(4)其它亚洲国家作为生产商和出口商的出现；The emergence of other Asian countries as manufacturers and exporters;
(5)20 世纪70 年代的石油价格的冲击。The oil-price shocks of the 1970s.
Ⅵ.澳大利亚经济中存在的问题 Problems in the Australian Economy
1）过度依赖商品出口Over-reliance on commodity exports
初级产品的出口带来了收入，使澳大利亚的生活标准保持一个较高水平。由于农村和采矿业生产率很高，削弱了把矿物资源转变为制造业的积极性。结果，澳大利亚未能达到它应该达到的工业化水平。
The exports of primary products produced the flow of income which kept Australians' living standards at a high level. The high productivity of rural and mining industries reduced the incentive to shift resources into manufacturing. As a result, Australia failed to industrialize as fully as it should.
在过去四十年里，贸易条件(出口价对进口价的比率)一直朝着不利于澳大利亚的方向发展。换句话说，出口价格与进口价格相比明显地下降了。
the terms of trade (the ratio of export prices to import prices) have been moving steadily against Australia over the past forty years.In other words the prices received for exports have declined markedly compared with the prices paid for imports.
问题的解决办法是，使工业产品多样化并增加其出口，减少澳大利亚对初级产品出口的依赖。
the solution to the problem is to reduce Australia's reliance on commodity exports by diversifying and increasing its manufactured exports.
2)在大的国际市场中没有得到份额Failure to share in the expansion of international trade
二战后，恢复最快的国家和近些年经济发展最快的国家，都是那些充分利用国际贸易增长的国家。
The countries which recovered fastest or whose economies have grown fastest in recent decades, have been those which took advantage of the growth in international trade
澳大利亚太依靠矿产品出口了。它在世界贸易中的份额大幅减少。
Australia is too heavily dependent on commodity exports. Its share in world
trade has declined significantly.
其贸易的低效率，尤其是没能分享到制成品贸易所创造的财富，是目前澳大利亚各种
经济困难的根本原因。
The poor trade performance, especially the failure to share in the wealth produced by trade in manufactured goods, is at the root of Australia's current economic difficulties.
3)制造业的衰落及关税的影响 The decline of manufacturing industries and the effects of tariffs
澳大利亚的保护税率在世界先进工业国家之中仍属最高之列。
Australia's rates of protection remained among the highest of the world's advanced industrial nations.
保护主义政策对澳大利亚经济一直有很坏的影响。澳大利亚的制造商未能很好地利用
国家丰富的自然资源，尤其是矿物资源。他们宁愿出口原料，而不愿试着去发展增值工业。增值工业能够生产出的商品，在国际市场上的价格比原材料本身的价格要高得多。
The policy of protectionism has had effects on the Australian economy. Australian manufacturers have failed to take full advantage of the country's abundant natural, especially mineral resources. They have preferred to export raw materials rather than trying to develop value-added industries. Value-added industries can produce goods capable of commanding much higher prices in world markets than the raw materials themselves.
澳大利亚经济面临的问题是结构问题。
The problems the Australian economy faces are structural problems.
澳大利亚对其外贸进行了重大方向调整，重点是朝向亚太地区快速发展的经济。
A significant reorientation of trade towards the last-growing economies of the Asia-Pacific region is now taking place in Australia.
第三十一章澳大利亚政治制度 Chapter 31 Government and Politics 澳大利亚联邦是一个联邦制国家
The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.
总的说来澳大利亚联邦实行三级政府体制:联邦议会和政府;六个州的议会和六个州政府;大约九百个市、镇、自治市和郡级地方政府。
Generally, the Australian federation has a three-tier system of government : the federal parliament and government, six State parliaments and governments, and about 900 local governments at the city, town, municipal and shire level.
澳大利亚是独立的，但与英国有宪法规定的联系。英国君主也是澳大利亚形式上的君
主，由联邦总督和六个州的总督代表君主行使权力。
Australia is independent but still has constitutional links with Britain. Britain's monarch is also formally Australia's and is represented in Australia by the Governor-General and six State governors.
Ⅰ.宪法 The Constitution
和英国不一样，澳大利亚有一部成文宪法，这部宪法是在1901年六个殖民地结盟组成澳大利亚联邦的时候开始生效的。
Unlike Britain, Australia has a written Constitution. It came into effect when the six colonies federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
宪法只有通过全民公决才能修改，一个全民公决的建议不能成为法律，除非经多数人和多数州通过。
The Constitution can he changed only by referendum. Australia a referendum proposal cannot become law unless it is approved by a majority of people and a majority of States.
澳大利亚宪法是建立在联邦制原则上和责任制政府原则的基础上。
The Australian Constitution is based on the principle of federalism and the principle of responsible government.
联邦制是一种政府体制，联邦政府和各州的州政府。它们各自有权独立执行自己所得的权力而不受别的部门的干涉。
Federalism is a system of government the Commonwealth and the States. Each of them is entitled to exercise its allotted powers independently of the other.
（政府体制是建立在美国模式基础上的。）
（Australian system of government is based on the American model.）责任政府是一种政体，在这一体制中，行政权授予各部，在澳大利亚，各部成员必须是议会议员。所有的部长要为他们自己部门的事务对议会负责。
Responsible government is a system of government in which executive authority is vested in a ministry whose members in Australia must be Members of Parliament. All ministers are responsible to Parliament for the affairs of their own departments.
（政府体制是以英国模式为基础的）
Australian system of government is based on the British model
宪法中，参议院的作用是保护各州。
Under the constitutiong, functions of the Senate was to protect the rights of the States.
在澳大利亚，宪法照字面的解释和责任政府按惯例行事之间有时有冲突。
In Australia, there is sometimes a conflict between the literal interpretation approach to the Constitution and the conventional/responsible
government approach to the Constitution.
Ⅱ.议会 Parliament
澳大利亚联邦议会是仿照威斯敏斯特制(英国制)。议会是立法机关，也就是说，它有权制定和修改法律。
The Australian Federal Parliament is modeled on the Westminster system. It is the Legislature. That is, it has the power to make and change laws.
它由女王(由联邦总督代表)和议会的两院组成:众议院(下院)和参议院(上院)。
It consists of the Queen (represented by the Governor-General) and two Houses of Parliament: the House of Representatives (the Lower House) and the Senate (the Upper House).
除了参议院不能首先提出"财政"法案外(财政法案只能由众议院首先提出)，两院的权力是平等的。
The two Houses have equal powers except that the Senate cannot originate "money bills", which may be initiated only in the House of Representatives.
1．联邦总督 The Governor-General
联邦总督由女王根据澳大利亚总理的建议任命。
The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen under advice from the Prime Minister of Australia.
联邦总督以女王的名义批准两院通过的法律提案。
The Governor-General assents in the Queen's name to proposed laws passed by both Houses.
1975年事件把注意力引到了责任政府和联邦制的紧关系上，除非宪法被修改，
The events of 1975 drew attention to the tension between responsible government and federalism. Unless the Constitution is changed
2.众议院 The House of Representatives
众议院的每一位成员都代表一个选区，
Each member of the House of Representatives represents an electorate,
3.行政部门 The Executive
行政部门是当时的政府，它由一党组成或由数党联合组成，这一党或数党在众议院占有多数席位。
The Executive is the government of the day. It is formed by the party or coalition of parties, which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives,
部长们被分在"圈部"和"外圈部"。圈部组成阁，它由最高级和最有经验的部长组成。
The ministers are divided into an "inner" ministry and an "outer" ministry. The "inner ministry" becomes the Cabinet. It consists of the most senior and experienced ministers.
阁很有影响力，在整个政府系统中，它是主要的决策机构。
The Cabinet is very influential. It is the major decision-making body in the whole system of government.
4．参议院 The Senate
参议员是直接由选民投票选出来的。
senators are elected directly by the voters.
澳大利亚参议院是审查院，对立法进行审查并提出修改建议。它还建立一个委员会制度，对各种问题进行审查。
The Senate in Australia has functioned as a house of review where the legislation is examined and amendments suggested. It has also set up a committee system to review policy on a range of matters.
各州选的参议员人数相等，不管州大州小。
The Constitution provided for equal numbers of senators for each State, regardless of size.
参议院几乎和众议院权力一样大。宪法规定了解决两院之间僵局的办法:包括双重解散。
The Senate is almost as powerful as the House of Representatives. The Constitution provides means for resolving a deadlock between the two houses, including a double dissolution.
双重解散就是联邦总督根据总理的要求解散议会两院。
A double dissolution is the dissolving of both Houses of Parliament by the Governor-General at the request of the Prime Minister.
5.州议会 State Parliaments
这五个上院每一个都叫立法议会，
Each of the five Upper Houses is known as the Legislative Council, Ⅲ.政党Political Parties
政党制一直是联邦议会制的核心。
the party system has been the core of the federal parliamentary system.
一个政党的权力顶峰是在联邦选举后控制政府。
The pinnacle of power for a political party is to gain government after a federal election.
对政党的选择仍一直是在澳大利亚工党和自由党之间。
For most Australians the party choice has remained between the ALP and a Liberal party
我们可以说澳大利亚有"两个半党"制度，一边是澳大利亚工党，另一边是自由党和国民党。
we can say that Australia has a two-and-a-half party system of the ALP on
one aide and the Liberal and National parties on the other.
1．澳大利亚工党 The Australian Labor Party
澳大利亚工党是澳大利亚党派中历史最长的党。它是在1901年联邦成立时建立的，The ALP is the oldest of the Australian parties. It was formed at the time of Federation (1901)
澳大利亚工党的组成有一部分是工会。
The ALP is partly composed of trade unions.
近几年来又一个进展是正式承认党存在的各个派别。
Another development of recent years has been the formal recognition of factions within the party.
2.澳大利亚的自由党 The Liberal Party of Australia
澳大利亚自由党的目前形式是在1945年由罗伯特·孟吉斯爵士重新建的。自那以来，它一直是澳大利亚主要党派之一，并且很长一段时间是执政党
The present form of the Liberal Party of Australia was refounded in 1945 by Sir Robert Menzies. Since then it has remained one of Australia's major parties and has enjoyed a long period of success.
尽管它的名称叫自由党，它有很多其它保守党的特色。
Despite its title, the Liberal Party of Australia has many of the characteristics of conservative parties elsewhere.
它支持市场经济的资本主义制度。强调个人权利和公民自由，支持联邦主义原则。
it supports the capitalist system with a market economy. It emphasizes individual rights and civil liberties. It supports the principle of federalism.
自由党和工党的差异明显地变得越来越小了。
the Liberal Patty and the ALP have tended to become less and less clear.
3.澳大利亚国民党 The National Party of Australia
澳大利亚国民党起初叫乡村党, 传统上代表澳大利亚人乡村的利益。
The National Party of Australia was first called the Country Party, it has traditionally represented the interests of rural Australians.
它是第三大党。虽然它在众议院从未赢得过多数席位，
It is the third-largest party in Australian federal politics. Although it has never won a majority of seats in the House of Representatives, 它对许多社会问题的态度，可以说它比自由党更保守。
On a variety of social issues it can be said to be more conservative than the Liberal Party.
4.澳大利亚党 The Australian Democrats
澳大利亚党与自由党和国民党相比，其中立态度更甚。
The Australian Democrats is more neutralist than the ALP and even more so than the Liberal and National parties.
Ⅳ.司法部门 The Judiciary
澳大利亚联邦政体由三部分组成。它们分别是立法、行政和司法。
The federal political system in Australia consists of three components. They are the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary.
司法部是政治体制的司法职能部门--法庭和法官体制。
The Judiciary is the judicial arm of the political system--the system of courts and judges.
最高法院主要受理上诉案件，但它也有初审权，特别是涉及宪法解释案件。最高法院的裁决对澳大利亚所有法院都有约束力。
Most of the cases heard by the High Court are appeals but it also has original jurisdiction, most notably over interpretation of the Constitution. Decisions of the High Court are binding on all other Australian courts.
联邦法院建于1977年。它依据一些联邦法案，对诸如产业诉讼、破产、限制贸易的行为等行使司法权。
The Federal Court of Australia exercises jurisdiction under several federal acts,
家庭法院建于1976年。与其它法院相比，显得不那么正规。
The Family Court is a more informal court than other courts.
每一个州都有一个最高法院，在它下面是中级法院(一般称地区法院或郡法院)再下面是地方行政官法庭，地方法庭或初级法庭。
In each State there is a Supreme Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly called District or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts, Local Courts or Courts of Petty Sessions.
第三十二章澳大利亚社会和文化 Chapter 32 Society and Culture
Ⅰ.土著人与澳大利亚社会 Aborigines and Australian Society
今天，土著人和托雷斯海峡岛上居民仍是澳大利亚社会中最贫穷的一个阶层。
Today, Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders are still the most impoverished group in Australian society.
近年来，土著人土地权的问题一直是个有争议的问题。
The Aboriginal land rights issue has been a controversial one in recent years.
马博裁决被赞喻为一个里程碑，因为它承认，从法律上讲，在欧洲人移民进来时澳大利亚并不是无人居住。
The Mabo Judgment has been hailed as a landmark one because it recognizes that Australia was not, in law, unoccupied at the time of European settlement.
根据马博裁决，对于政府没有依法征用或土著人仍与其有传统联系的土地、土著人和
托雷斯海峡岛上居民仍享有所有权。
According to the Mabo Judgment, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples may still hold native title to land where it has not been lost by valid acts of government or the loss of traditional connection with the land.
近些年以来，土著人的社会和经济地位有所提高。
In recent years there has been some improvement in the social and economic position of the Aboriginal people,
Ⅱ.澳大利亚向多元文化社会的过渡 Australia's Transition to a Multicultural Society
根据多元文化主义，流动的群体可以讲他们自己的语言，保持他们自己的风俗习惯。
Under multiculturalism migrant groups are able to speak their own language and maintain their own customs.
当澳大利亚的各个殖民地在1901年联合起来建立联邦时，"白人澳大利亚"政策(1901
年移民限制法)是这个新国家各种政策的基本原则。
When the Australian colonies joined together as a Commonwealth in 1901 the "White Australia" policy (the Immigration Restriction Act 1901) was a cornerstone of the new nation's policies.
这些法律都建立在下述信条的基础上:These laws were based on the following beliefs:
(1)移民必须加强澳大利亚人口的英国特性;
Immigration must strengthen the largely British nature of Australia's population.
(2)人口应保持白色人种。The population should remain "white".
"白人澳大利亚"政策被取代的主要原因:
why the "White Australia" policy was replaced:
(1)1945年之后许多年里，澳大利亚无法招募到具有急需技能的移民。澳大利亚不得
不从更多国家寻求移民。
In most years after 1945 Australia was unable to recruit those with much-needed skills, as it wanted. Australia had to look to a wider range of countries for immigration.
(2)人道主义问题和国际压力，也促使了近期的澳大利亚政府接纳了大量的难民。
Humanitarian concerns, and international pressures, have encouraged recent
Australian government to accept substantial numbers of refugees.
(3)公众舆论变得更能容忍来自欧洲之外的移民。澳大利亚经济和安全与亚洲，尤其是
东南亚是紧密相联的.
Public opinion has become more tolerant of non-European immigration. Australia's economy and security are linked to Asia, especially Southeast Asia, 多元文化意味着接受这些文化的差异。这些差异不但没有削弱澳大利亚社会的凝聚力，而且还被认为增强和丰富了澳大利亚社会的机体。
Multiculturalism involves the acceptance of these cultural differences. Rather than undermining the cohesiveness of Australian society, the differences are seen as strengthening and enriching its fabric.
Ⅲ.妇女在社会中的作用 Women's Role in Society
第二次世界大战期间，妇女们接替了男人们去打仗而空下的工作岗位。
During World War II, women took over the jobs left vacant by men who were engaged in the war effort.
到了20世纪60年代晚期，更多的妇女参加工作，走出家门去工作越来越被看作是人
们共同的责任。
By the late 1960s，more women have joined the 'work force, Going out to work is seen more and more as a joint responsibility.
这些变化的理由包括下面几点:
Reasons for these changes include the following：
(1)战后繁荣的结束导致了失业人数的增加和生活水平迅速改善的停止，许多家庭发现，一个人的收入不够维持他们想要的生活水平;
The end of the post-war boom resulted in increasing unemployment and a halt to the rapid improvements in standard of living. Many families found that one income was not enough to support the standard of living they wanted.
(2)20世纪70年代澳大利亚妇女解放运动产生的影响，促使许多妇女寻求自己的事业
和较好的教育。
The influence of the women's liberation movement in Australia during the 1970s prompted many women to seek careers and better education.
可以说澳大利亚今天仍然是男性占统治地位的社会，以劳动就业为例，性别的不平等
仍能在下面几个方面看到:
Australia is still a male-dominated society. Take participation in the work force for example. Gender inequality can still be found in the
following respects.
(1)大约三分之二的女工是在五种职业群里:销售和店员、职员、教师、护士和社区工
作人员。这些职业一般被认为是妇女在家庭中的传统作用的延伸；
About two-thirds of female workers work in five occupational groups:
sales and shop assistants, clerical workers, teachers, nurses, and community
workers. These occupations are generally considered to be extensions of the
traditional women's role in the home.
(2)因为妇女大多从事上述职业，她们的平均工资比男性低；
As women tend to be drawn into the above-mentioned occupations, they
receive lower pay on average than men.
(3)妇女在部分时间从事工作的工人中起着支配作用，占所有部分工时工人的78%。
Women have a dominant role in the part-time work force, making up 78% of
all part-time workers.
Ⅳ.澳大利亚文化 Australian Culture
澳大利亚的历史可分为几个主要阶段:
the history of Australia can be divided into several major phases:
第一阶段(1778 年以前):土著人的土著文化;
Phase one (Pre-1778)：The original culture of Aboriginal people.
第二阶段:英国以武力建立移民定居点之后，占支配地位的文化出现和确立;
Phase two：The emergence and establishment of a dominant culture after
British settlement. Established by force.
第三阶段: 由移民建立的少数民族文化得到发展; Phase three ：The growth of minority cultures. Established by migration.
第四阶段:多元文化社会出现; Phase four：The emergence of a multicultural
society.
第五阶段(1990 年以后):多元文化社会的建立。
Phase five (Post-1990)：The establishment of a multicultural society.
多元文化社会的建立是由于: multicultural society established by:
(1)立法; legislation;
(2)代表权; representation;
(3)承认土著文化的价值和所有后来移民文化的贡献; recognition of value of original culture and contributions and all
subsequent migrating cultures;
(4)容忍和接受澳大利亚的文化差异及这种差异与澳大利亚社会的关系;
tolerance and acceptance of Australia's cultural diversity and its relationship
to Australia's social context.
1．土著文化 Aboriginal culture
他们的历书是分季节的和循环的; 土著人信奉梦幻时代。这里的大部分的传统文化到
20世纪中期都已失去了。
Their calendar was seasonal and cyclical: The Aboriginal people believed in the Dreamtime. the traditional culture had
been lost by the mid-twentieth century.
2.现代澳大利亚文化 Modern Australian culture
现代澳大利亚文化是许多传统和多种影响的重叠与混合物:英国的、美国的、欧洲的和
亚洲的。
Modern Australian culture is a mixture of many traditions and influences
which overlap: British, American, European and Asian.
(1)1788年后，是英国传统首先塑造澳大利亚的文化生活。
After 1788 it was British traditions which initially shaped the cultural life
of Australia.
(2)澳大利亚文化越来越多地受美国大众文化和美国巨大娱乐业的影响:
Australian culture has come more and more under the influence of American mass
culture and America's giant entertainment industry:
(3)欧亚移民和亚洲移民的文化曾长时间不允许发展，因而对澳大利亚文化没有很大影
响。
The culture of European and Asian immigrants was for a long time not allowed
to develop and did not greatly affect Australian culture.
(4)只是在最近，澳大利亚人才开始认识到，来自英国之外的澳大利亚人也有他们自
己的文化和精神生活，也有他们自己的传统和风俗习惯，这些都应受到尊重。
Only recently have Australians begun to realize that migrants from non-Anglo-
Australian backgrounds also have their own cultural and intellectual life,
their own traditions and customs which need to be respected.
Ⅴ.澳大利亚:2001 年成为一个国，可能吗? V. Australia: a Republic in 20017
主义辩论：在澳大利亚有一个持续不断的大辩论，是关于澳大利亚应该保持君主政体
还是成为国。
republicanism debate：There is a continuing debate in Australia about whether
Australia should remain a monarchy or become a republic.
1．主义对君主政体的辩论简史 A brief history of the republicanism versus
monarchy debate
激进的民族主义者们想要澳大利亚成为一个国，这一要求被1901年建立的联邦制阻
止。
The radical nationalists wanted Australia to be a republic. This was
forestalled by Federation in 1901,
和英国的联系。The links with Britain
(1)英国女王是澳大利亚女王，在昆士兰，新南威尔士等由总督和六个州的总督来代表女
王。
The Queen of Britain is Queen of Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and so on represented by a Governor-General and six State Governors.
(2)澳大利亚国旗角上有英国国旗，还有南十字星座和代表联邦的星。
The Australian flag has the British flag in its corner, along with the Southern Cross and the star of federation.
(3)直到 1968 年上诉案件才可以通过澳大利亚高级法院呈交英国枢密院
Until 1968 an appeal could be made past the High Court of Australia to the Privy Council in England.
(4)国歌的更改。 The change of national anthem
(5)直到 1993 年，一个人取得公民资格时所作的效忠宣誓，仍是宣誓效忠女王。Up until 1993 an oath of allegiance when taking out citizenship meant pledging allegiance to the Queen.
(6)皇家的盾形纹章上端的饰章邮政局一直使用到20 世纪 70 年代。
The postal services used a royal crest until the 1970s.
(7)在澳大利亚有"皇家"学会。There are "royal" societies in Australia.
(8)澳大利亚政府体制是仿照英国威斯敏斯特体制。
The Australian system of government is modeled on the British Westminster system.
2.对政体的见解 Views on the republic
各种各样的组织鼓吹制，最积极的一个叫澳大利亚运动，
there are various organizations in Australia which advocate republicanism. The most active one is called the Australian Republican Movement.
对待问题有两种方式。那些想以尽量小的动作把澳大利亚变成国体制的人被叫做最低纲领主义者。他们只想用首相取代女王，要么指派要么选举。
There are two ways of dealing with the republic issue. Those who want to take as little action as possible to turn Australia into a republic are called minimalists. They only want to have the Queen replaced by some version of a president, either appointed or elected.
想用另一种方法改变宪法的人被叫做最高纲领主义者。他们的要求不只是用总统取代女王。他们想改革宪法，以便把权利法案写进宪法。他们鼓吹建立对多元文化敏感的政体。
Those who want to change the Constitution in other ways are called maximalists, They want to go further than replacing the Queen with a president. They want to reform the Constitution so that a Bill of Rights could be written into it. They advocate a republic sensitive to multiculturalism.
主制的主要论点如下: The main arguments for republicanism are as follows:
(1)为了澳大利亚的自尊和实现完全独立，由澳大利亚人任国家元首是必不可少的。
An Australian head of state is essential for Australia's self-respect and the achievement of full independence.
(2)建立国符合澳大利亚的人人平等和传统。
Becoming a republic is consistent with Australia's egalitarian and democratic traditions.
(3)建立国将有助于改进澳大利亚在亚洲的形象。Becoming a republic will help Australia's image in Asia.
3.谁想要政体? Who wants a republic?
79%的支持者赞成建立国。年龄在38岁以下的支持政体的占71%，
79% of ALP supporters favor a republic。71% of those aged under 38 support a republic
第五部分澳大利亚 Part Five Australia
第二十七章国土与人民Chapter 27 Land and People
澳大利亚在南半球，换句话说，它处于赤道以南。
Australia is in the southern hemisphere. In other words it lies south of the equator.
澳大利亚是世界上最小的一个。但澳大利亚是世界上第六大国。澳大利亚是唯一的只
包含有一个国家的。
Australia is the world's smallest continent ，But Australia is the world's sixth largest country，Australia is the only continent that contains one country.
澳大利亚是世界上最老的大陆之一。3亿年历史。在世界上几个中，它是最平坦、最低
的并且是唯一的一个人们能开着汽车到达最高山顶的。
Australia is one of the oldest land masses in the world. It is the flatest and lowest of the continents and the only continent where people can get to the top of the highest mountain by car.
澳大利亚没有很高的山，最高的山峰是科修斯科山，海拔2255米。
So Australia has no high mountains. The highest point is Mount Kosciusko at 2,255 meters above sea level.
Ⅰ.地理结构 The Geographical Structure
它一般按地形被划为三个地理区，西部大高原，东部山地，以及被称为中东部低地的
大低地带。
It is generally divided into three geographical regions--the Great Western Plateau, the Eastern Highlands and the great lowland belt known as the Central Eastern Lowlands.
1.西部大高原The Great Western Plateau
西部大高原几乎占了整个的三分之二，这里的土地非常平坦，河流很少，大部分地区只有在雨季才有水。
The Great Western Plateau covers almost two thirds of the continent. The land is rather flat，There are few rivers and most of them have water only during the rainy season.
2.东部山地 The Eastern Highlands
东部山地更为人所知的名称叫大分水岭，大分水岭是澳大利亚的主要分水岭。这些山地把东海岸与澳大利亚的其他地方分隔开来。
The Eastern Highlands, better known as the Great Dividing Range, The Great Dividing Range is Australia's main watershed. These highlands divide the eastern coast from the rest of the country.
墨累河是澳大利亚最长的河流(2520公里)
The Murray, Australia's longest river(2,520 kin), f
3.中东部低地 The Central Eastern Lowlands
埃尔湖被认为是澳大利亚最大的湖，但它被称为间歇湖泊，因为大部分时间它根本没有水。
Lake Eyre is regarded as Australia's largest lake, but it is known as a part-time lake. Most of the time it has no water at all.
这个低地地区有澳大利亚最富饶的农田和最好的牧场。
This lowland area has the country's richest farmland and best grazing land.
Ⅱ.气候 Climate
大多数澳大利亚人不很了解他们的大陆，因为他们居住在凉爽、湿润、树木丛生的东南沿海地区。这里是全国最令人愉快的地方，
Most Australians do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool wet, forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country
1.炎热的大陆 A hot continent
地球最热的地方是热带，澳大利亚39%的国土位于热带地区，
The hottest parts of the planet are the tropical latitudes, 39% of Australia lies in the tropics.
在热带，一年到头都是温暖或炎热，没有冬季。
In the tropics it is warm to hot all year and there is no winter.
2.干燥的大陆 A dry continent
澳大利亚是干旱的土地。因此澳大利亚的大片地区属干旱地区。年降雨量最低的地方是在南澳大利亚的埃尔湖，只有100毫米。
Australia is a dry land. So large areas of the continent are covered by
dry lands. The lowest annual rainfall occurs at Lake Eyre in South Australia, which has only 100 mm.
旱灾在澳大利亚是生活的事实。
Drought is a fact of life in Australia.
3.炎热干燥气候的原因及影响 Causes and effects of the hot and dry climate
澳大利亚气候的炎热干燥是由下列原因造成的:
Australia is hot and dry because of the following factors:
1）澳大利亚大部分地区是世界上的炎热和干燥地区;
most of Australia is a hot, dry area of the world.
2）澳大利亚山脉很少。
Australia has few mountains.
3）几乎全年影响澳大利亚的空气因是干燥的、日照强烈的高压槽;
the air masses that affect Australia for most of the year are dry, sunny, high pressure cells.
4）澳大利亚大部分地区离海洋很远。
Most of Australia is far from the oceans.
影响：这种炎热干燥的情况只适合于草之类的小植物和灌木生长，而不合适森林的生长。
The hot dry conditions are suitable for small plants such as grasses and shrubs rather than forests.
Ⅲ.动植物 Plants and Animals
桉树和金合欢树抗旱防火并且能生长在贫瘠的土壤中。
Eucalypts and wattles are drought and fire resistant and grow in poor soils.
袋鼠和鸸鹋是当地最大的沙漠动物，在炎热的条件下能生存。Kangaroos and emus, the largest native desert animals, can survive in hot conditions, 虎皮鹦鹉是世界各地都喂养的一种宠物，可以在沙漠地区没有水的情况下生存长达一
个月。 The budgerigar, which is kept as a pet all over the world, can live in desert areas for up to 30 days without water.
在澳大利亚，大约一半的当地动物是有袋动物。
In Australia about half of the native animals are marsupials.
Ⅳ.人民 People
近年来，澳大利亚政府鼓励具有不同民族背景的人们保持他们自己的文化。这种政策
被称为多元文化主义。
In recent years Australian governments have encouraged people with different ethnic backgrounds to keep their own cultures. This policy is called multiculturalism.
虽然澳大利亚人是许多民族的后裔，但英国的影响最大，因为澳大利亚是英国的殖民
地定居点，澳大利亚人口现在仍主要是英国人的后裔。澳大利亚的生活方式在许多方面都
是来自英国:
Although Australians are the descendants of many nations, Great Britain has had the greatest influence because Australia was settled as a British colony. The Australian population is still mainly of British descent. There are many aspects of Australian way of life that are British
澳大利亚的政府首脑仍不是首相(总理)，而是英国的女王。
the head of the Australian government is not their Prime Minister, but the Queen of England.
其他国家不断增长的影响也很明显。美国就是这些国家中的一个，日本是另一个。
the increasing influence of other countries is obvious. The United States of America is one such country and Japan is another.
2.人口密度及其分布 Population density and distribution
澳大利亚是世界上最城市化的国家之一。
Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world.
为什么澳大利亚人口这样少?为什么很多人喜欢居住在沿海城镇?主要原因是环境问题。这块大陆的大部分地区炎热干燥，没有什么水和食物，所以它只能养活很少的人。
Why are there so few people in Australia? Why do so many people prefer to live in a coastal city or town? The main reason is an environmental one. The hot, dry environment of most of the continent contains little water and food, so it could support only small numbers of people.
Ⅴ.澳大利亚的人造环境 Australia's Built Environment
1.不断延伸的城市 1. Sprawling cities
从它们所占的土地面积来看，澳大利亚的城市很大
Australian cities are large if we look at the area of land they occupy.
今天仍有72%的澳大利亚人拥有自己的住宅。大多数住房都是一层，有三个或四个房间，带有一个前花团和一个小后院
But today there are still 72 % of Australians who own homes. Most houses have one story of three or four rooms with a front garden and a small backyard. 2.农村地区 Rural areas
大约60%的土地用作放牧牛羊的大牧场，大牧场被称为"站"。
About 60% of the land is used for sheep and cattle grazing on large properties called stations.
澳大利亚的羊毛出口居世界第一
Australia has ranked first in the world export of wool.
Ⅵ.政治区划 Political Divisions
澳大利亚从政治上分为六个州和两个区。
Australia is politically divided into six states and two territories.
每一个州和每一个区都有一个独立的出，甚至澳大利亚首都直辖区在杰维斯湾也有一个出。
Each of the six states and two territories has an independent access to the sea. Even the Australian Capital Territory has a sea access on Jervis Bay.
1.新南威尔士 New South Wales
因为它是1778年英国人建立的第一个殖民地，所以它是澳大利亚最古老的州，这也是为什么它被称为第一州。
As the first colony established by Britain in 1788 it is the oldest of the Australian states. That is why it is called the premier state.
新南威尔士的首府悉尼，是澳大利亚最大的城市，
Sydney, its capital, is the largest city in Australia
2.维多利亚州 Victoria
虽然是大陆上最小的州，维多利亚州的经济以农业和畜牧业为基础，生产大约澳大利亚四分之一的农产品。
Though the smallest mainland state, Its economy is based on agricultural and pastoral industries. It produces about a quarter of Australia's rural output.
墨尔本是维多利亚州的首府，也是澳大利亚第二大城市，也被称为花园州。Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, is Australia's second largest city. It is also known as the garden state.
3. 昆士 Queensland
昆士兰是第二大州，也是最年轻的一个州，
The second largest and youngest state, Queensland,
昆士兰也被叫做州，因为它每天有七个半小时的光照时间。
Queensland is also called the sunshine state because it has 7.5 hours of sunshine daily.
4.南澳大利亚州 South Australia
南澳大利亚还有贵重的矿藏，世界上一半的蛋白石是在那里发现的。
最新中国政府部门英文翻译
中国共产党，其他政党及政协相关名称 中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC 中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC 中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC 中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC 中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC 中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC 中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC 中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC 中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC 中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC 中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC 中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC 中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC 中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC 中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC 中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC 中央党校Party School of the CPC 中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC 中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC 中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC 中央外文出版发行事业局 China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration 中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC 《中国人民政治协商会议及其机构》 The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会 Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅 General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee 专门委员会Special Committee 提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals 经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs 人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment 教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports
英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译
第三十章澳大利亚经济 Chapter 30 The Economy Ⅰ.工业 Manufacturing Industry 澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。86%的制造业为小企业。 Manufacturing in Australia began with the making of bricks. It is estimated that 86% of all manufacturing firms are small businesses. 在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。它的特点包括下面几点: In a world context Australian manufacturing is unique. Its features include the following: 1)效率低Inefficiency 澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚工业效率的几个因素。 Australia's limited local market, its geographical isolation and high levels of tariff protection are the factors that affect the efficiency of Australian manufacturing. 效率最低并且最受保护的工业是汽车、纺织、服装和制鞋工业。 The industries that are most inefficient and most highly protected are automobile, textiles, clothing and footwear industries. 2)高度集中Concentration 在过去20年里，大的联合企业在澳大利亚经济中一直起中心作用。 Over the last 20 years large conglomerates have been given a central role in the Australian economy. 整个钢铁工业由一个公司控制，这就是布洛肯·希尔专卖有限公司。 The entire steel industry is in the hands of one company, the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP). 3)外国投资Foreign investment 澳大利亚的制造业在很大程度上依靠外国投资。外资公司比他们的澳大利亚同行获利多。 Australian manufacturing relies heavily on foreign investment. Companies that are foreign-owned tend to be more profitable than their Australian counterparts. Ⅱ.农业 Agriculture 200年前，澳大利亚是一个没有农业的大陆。今天，农业却是这个国家的最大的和最多样化的行业。澳大利亚是世界上粮食和天然纤维的主要生产国之一。 200 years ago Australia was a land without agriculture. Today, agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry. Australia is one of the world's leading
高级英语下lesson13课文翻译
Lesson Thirteen Work 工作 究竟工作是幸福还是痛苦的源泉，这可能是一个难以回答的问题。 Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. 毫无疑问有许多工作是非常令人厌烦的，而且过多的工作总是十分痛苦的事。 There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome, and an excess of work is always very painful. 然而我认为，只要不过量，对多数人来说即使是最枯燥的工作也比终日无所事事要好些。 I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. 工作给人的愉快的程度多种多样，从仅仅是消烦解闷到产生巨大的快乐，这会随工作的性质和工 作者的能力而异。 There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. 大多数人不得不从事的工作本身大都无乐趣可言，但即使是这样的工作也有一些很大的好处。Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. 首先，工作可将一天的许多时间占满，人们不必再费神来决定应干些什么，大多数人在可以自由地按自己的愿望打发时间时，常常会不知所措，想不起有什么令人愉快的事值得去做。 To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. 而他们的决定又总是受到干扰，觉得干别的什么事也许会更令人愉快。 And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. 能够有意义地利用闲暇时间是文明发展到最高阶段的结果，而目前很少有人能达到这一层次。To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. 何况作出选择本身就是件令人厌烦的事。 Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. 除了那些具有非凡主动性的人，其他的人肯定有人乐于被告诉一天中的每时每刻该做什么， 当然命令他们做的事不能太令人厌烦。 Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. 多数无所事事的阔佬免遭从事单调乏味工作之苦，但代价是莫名其妙的无聊。 Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from drudgery. 有时他们去非洲猎取巨兽或环绕世界飞行来解闷，但这类刺激的数量有限，尤其到了中年以后更 是如此。 At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. 因此较为明智的阔佬们工作起来几乎像穷人一样卖力，而有钱的女人则大多忙于她们自以为
英语汉译英翻译
Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
英语国家概况论文-政治体制 英文
Comparison of the Politics in Britain and United States Abstract: The system that British established in 19 century has a profound effect not only on its own country’s society developments of politics and history but also on other counties’ modern institution, politics and history. British is the mother of world capitalist constitutionalism. As a powerful capitalistic country, US’system is also based on the British’s system and set a prefect system after some reforms. Even so, the systems of the two countries still have many differences. Both of the two countries have powerful political systems in the world. Keywords: constitution, party systems, electoral system 1. Introduction: (political institution is superstructure, generally refers to the state power organs and the basic system which adapted with the social nature. "Political system, as same as the various systems of the human society, is the product of history development, branding with time and space.”) After the English bourgeois revolution, democratic politics was gradually established. The constitution was promulgated and constitutionalism was gradually be taken. Capitalism got a considerable development in Britain. Britain built the first set of the capitalist system, which is known as the source and model of Western political system. British and US political systems have the same theoretical basis: the principle of "separation of powers” and the theory of “human rights”; the concrete content includes the parliamentary system, the electoral system, the judicial system, and the political party system, etc; these are all considered to be the elements of "people's democracy", Regimes implemented the principles of separation of powers and check and balance and the "rule of law". And most fundamentally,as two typical representatives of capitalist countries’ political systems, Britain and USA have the same nature in the maintenance of bourgeois interests and the private capitalist system, the implementation of other aspects of bourgeois dictatorship. But in the specific political system level, they present different characteristics, the paper only compare British and American political system from three aspects of the Constitution, the party system, the electoral system. 2. Comparison of constitutions Britain is typical of countries with unwritten constitution, there is no unified, complete written form, and its constitutional system is extremely complex which is constituted by a variety of written and unwritten customary law, jurisprudence and constitutional practices constituted. British constitution can not be listed by one or several pieces of documents, nor strict distinct by the time, it lacks rigorous and explicit content, consistent and complete system。 The United States Constitution is the first written constitution in the world. In the course of its development, the United States Constitution formed the four main principles: the separation of powers and checks and balances, federalism, limited the powers of the government and judicial review. The US Constitution carried thorough the separation of powers which provide the separation of the legislative, judicial and administrative. Congress, the Federal Court and the President perform their respective duties, and the division of labor between federal, state and local governments is also very clear. Federal Court is an important weight in the separation of powers and checks and balances in the United States, in addition to the administrative function and legislative function, the most important function is the supervisory function and judicial function. Judges enjoy constitutional status and was appointed guardian to uphold the Constitution; the
自考高级英语上册11课课文翻译
Lesson Eleven On Getting off to Sleep谈睡眠 人真是充满矛盾啊! 毫无疑问，幽默是惟一帮助我们摆脱矛盾的办法，要是没有它，我们就会死于烦恼。 What a bundle of contradictions is a man! Surety, humour is the saving grace of us, for without it we should die of vexation. 在我看来，没有什么比睡眠更能说明事物间的矛盾。 With me, nothing illustrates the contrariness of things better than the matter of sleep. 比如，我打算写一篇文章，面前放好了笔、墨和几张白纸，准保没写几个字我就会困得要命，无论当时是几点都会那样。 If, for example, my intention is to write an essay, and 1 have before me ink and pens and several sheets of virgin paper, you may depend upon it that before I have gone very far I feel an overpowering desire for sleep, no matter what time of the day it is. 我瞪着那似乎在谴责我的白纸，直到眼前一片模糊，声音也难以辨清，只有靠意志力才能勉强坚持。 I stare at the reproachfully blank paper until sights and sounds become dim and confused, and it is only by an effort of will that I can continue at all. 即使这时，我也会迷迷糊糊地像在做梦一样继续坚持工作。 Even then, I proceed half-heartedly, in a kind of dream. 但是当深夜躺在床上，我什么事都能干，只有睡觉无法做到。 But let me be between the sheets at a late hour, and I can do any-thing but sleep. 随着时钟一遍一遍的报时，我可以完成大量的文章。 Between chime and chime of the clock I can write essays by the score. 极有吸引力的主题和崇高的思想纷纷出现在脑海，随之而来的还有恰如其分的意象和措辞。Fascinating subjects and noble ideas come pell-mell, each with its appropriate imagery and expression. 除了笔、墨和纸，什么也不能阻止我写出半打不朽的杰作。 Nothing stands between me and half-a-dozen imperishable masterpieces but pens, ink, and paper. 如果，我们的思想和主观意象对于来世的人来说真的就像我们的书本和图片一样是有形的、摸得着的，那么我在来世会比在今生获得更高的声誉。 If it be true that our thoughts and mental images are perfectly tangible things, like our books and pictures, to the inhabitants of the next world, then I am making for myself a better reputation there than I am in this place. 只要我躺在床上有一两个小时睡不着觉，我就能令自己满意地解决人类一切的疑虑。 Give me a restless hour or two in bed and I can solve, to my own satisfaction, all the doubts of humanity. 如果我有兴致的话，我可以谱写出宏伟的交响乐，描绘出壮丽的画卷。 When I am in the humour I can compose grand symphonies, and paint magnificent pictures. 我就是莎士比亚、贝多芬和米开朗基罗。但这一切仍无法令我满意，因为我还是无法入睡。
大学高级英语下册翻译.pdf
Lesson One 1.This picture brings back many pleasant memories of her Spanish holiday. 2.News and weather forecasts reports are staples of radio programmes. 3.By mere accident Tom met in a bar his long-lost brother who was thought to have been killed in action during the war. 4.Bill intuited something criminal in their plan. 5.They think that obsessive tidiness in factory is a bad sign . 6.Yesterday his mother sold several years’ worth of paper and magazines. 7.His heartening speech impelled us to (work with) greater efforts. 8.Those who enjoy pulling off a miracle often fail. 9.As language students we should have a sense of nuances of plain words and expressions. 10.The rude behavior of Mrs. Taylor’s ado pted son is driving her into a nervous breakdown. 11.I like to see films in general, and American Western and horrors in particular. 12.In some sense Mary saw in her aunt a surrogate of her mother. 13.My father never equivocated, and he always gave some brief but poignant opinions. 14.Though he disabled, he never tries of helping people. 15.In any country, those who are remiss in their duty must be severely punished. 16.Awareness of the fact that the child was in danger impelled the policeman to action. Lesson 2 1. A. The chances are that they will be held up by traffic on their way to the airport. B. the plane takes off at 6:35. It would be a pity if they couldn’t make it. 2.Another popular notion which is in fact a misconception is that expensive clothes invariably raise one’s status. 3.Can you imagine what kind of life a man has lived who aspires to excellence and abhors mediocrity? 4. A copy of our latest product catalogue will be sent free of charge if you will fill up the form on the reverse of this card and post it. 5.It will be an absurdity, if not a catastrophe. If half of the population of this city abandons their posts and goes in for business. 6.Because they want their kids to be somebodies, some well-intentioned parents exercise enormous pressures on their children and the results all too often prove the reverse. 7.The revered professor predicted that these brilliant young people would surely make their way in the scientific-technical realm in a few years. 8.Many writers have quitted writing stories because, as they say there is no market for them. Yet Lessing sticks and she would go on even if there really wasn’t any home for them but a private drawer. 9.Satire under his pen is only a means to an end, a form to expose social evils. 10.It seemed no body at the party, not even the reporters, made special note of the general’s absence which might have aroused the suspicion of his rivals.
中国小吃官方翻译(中英文对照)
中国小吃官方翻译 （中英文对照） A list of Chinese dainty snacks 中式早餐/午餐/晚餐 Chinese -Breakfast/lunch/supper 米饭类 Rice 1、竹筒饭 Bamboo rice 2、鸡粥 Chicken gruel 3、粽子 Chinese rice-pudding/Glutinous rice dumpling/ z ongzi 4、稀饭 Congee / millet gruel/ Rice porridge 5、蒸饭 Boiled rice/ Steamed rice 6、汤团 Boiled rice dumpling 7、卤肉饭 Braised pork rice/ Rice with red-cooked pork 8、炒米饭 Fried rice 9、蛋炒饭 Fried rice with egg 10、及第粥 Giblets Congee
11、糯米饭 Glutinous rice 12、油饭 Glutinous oil rice 13、腊八粥 Laba porridge (rice porridge with nuts and d ried fruit eaten on the eighth day of the twelfth luna r month) 14、白饭 Plain cooked rice /Plain white rice 15、紫米八宝饭 Purple rice with eight-treasures rice pu dding 16、饭团 Rice and vegetable roll/ Rice ball 17、红苕稀饭 Rice porridge with sweet potato 18、田鸡片粥 Sliced Frog Congee 19、地瓜粥 Sweet potato congee 20、稀粥 Thin gruel 21、稀饭 Congee / Millet gruel/ Rice porridge 22、蒸饭 Boiled rice/ Steamed rice 23、汤团 Boiled rice dumpling 24、卤肉饭 Braised pork rice/ Rice with red-cooked pork 25、蛋炒饭 Fried rice with egg 26、糯米饭 Glutinous rice
英语国家概况考试名词解释整理中文翻译
题型：选择，判断，名词解释，填空 名词解释重点整理如下： 英国经济的相对衰落：英国已经历了经济的下降，因为1945.But这是一个相对而不 是绝对的下降。英国是富裕和更富有成效的，比它在1945年，但由于其他国家的发展更为迅速，从第二大经济体，第六下滑。 私有化在1908s：英国经济在20世纪70年代经历了一个特别恶劣的时期，高通胀率和英镑贬值，因此，在20世纪80年代，当根据撒切尔夫人的保守党执政时期，一个广泛的方案。进行了私有化。许多国有企业（如钢铁，电信，天然气，航空航天）到了私人公司的私有化是在控制通货膨胀取得了成功，但同时失业率迅速上升。 英国经济的主要部门：主要行业，如农业，渔业和采矿，制造这些初级产品的复杂商品的第二产业;和大专（或服务）的产业，如：英国国家经济可以划分成三个主要领域银行，保险，旅游业和零售业。 综合学校：综合学校是在英国最流行的中学，这些学校承认不参考他们的学术能力的儿童提供普通教育的学生可以学习一切从喜欢文学，喜欢烹饪的实用科目的学科。 文法学校。文法学校在英国中学的类型选择通过一个名为“11 - PULS”考试在11 岁以下的儿童，这些儿童与最高分去文法学校，这些学校打好重点上先进的学科，而不是更普遍的综合学校的课程，并期望他们的学生去上大学。 俗称独立学校：独立学校是公立学校，这实际上是私人学校接收他们通过私营部门和学费率的资金，与一些政府援助的独立学校是不是国民教育体系的一部分，但教学的质量和标准。通过参观女王陛下的学校督察保持这些学校限制学生的父母都比较丰富。公开大学：。开放大学是在英国成立的1960年为人们谁可能不会得到经济和社会原因高等教育机会的它是对所有人开放，并并没有要求在同一个正式的其他大学教育资格大学其次通过电视，广播，通信，视频和Q研究中心的净工作课程，公开大学学业结束。成功的学生将被授予大学学位。 邦联条：独立战争胜利后，美国新的国家是一个虚弱的国民政府组织联合会章程协议下的所谓国会，每个国家都有自己的政府，其自身的规律。和处理其内部事务。国家没有与美国国会和相互合作。大会没有权力强迫任何国家出钱国家的政府和国会不能任何公民征税。因此，文章邦联失败。 一个联邦制度：一个联邦制度是其中的电源之间共享一个中央机关及其组成部分，保留给每个前来的权利，。 美国宪法的制定：联邦章程失败，大会决定举行制宪会议修改联合会章程12States （罗德岛州拒绝参加）的代表聚集在费城在1787and在写一个新的结束。宪法和联 邦制度与一个强大的中央政府。宪法规定，总统选举将被称为，联邦法律将只能由国会众议院众议院和参议院和S最高法院将成立，终于批准了新宪法，大多数市民在 9of 13States是在1787年正式生效。 。执行：行政长官是谁当选一个四年任期的总统根据在1951.The总统通过了一项修 正案，只有两个词可以选出一位总统可以向国会提出立法建议，他可以否决任何法案国会通过。否决权，可以通过在两院三分之二多数票覆盖。总统可以任命联邦法官空缺出现，他是军队的首席指挥官。布什总统在政府运作等广泛当局部门和处理外交关系。 人权：人权法案条例草案，其中在1791年宪法第10修正案，权利的条例草案获得 通过，以保证自由和个人权利，如言论自由，集会权在公共场所自己的武器等的权利。
(完整版)高级英语2第三版_张汉熙_课文翻译
Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit 这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。 当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。 那晚闲聊过后，第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”(Queen’s English)的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：