R01_Pixel Continues to Shrink….Small Pixels for Novel CMOS Image Sensors

R47 Pixel continues to shrink….Small Pixels for Novel CMOS Image Sensors

G. Agranov, S. Smith, R. Mauritzson, S, Chieh, U. Boettiger, X. Li, X. Fan,

A. Dokoutchaev,

B. Gravelle, H. Lee. W. Qian, R. Johnson,

Aptina LLC, 3080 N 1st St, San Jose, California 95134

Tel: 408-660-2476, Fax: 408-660-2343, gagranov@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bb6234934.html,

Abstract

This paper presents recent results of small pixel development for different applications and discusses optical and electrical charac-teristics of small pixels along with their respective images. Presented are basic optical and electrical characteristics of pixels with sizes in the range from 2.2μm to 1.1μm,. The paper provides a comparison of front side illumination (FSI) with back side illumina-tion (BSI) technology and considers tradeoffs and applicability of each technology for different pixel sizes. Additional functionali-ties that can be added to pixel arrays with small pixel, in particular high dynamic range capabilities are also discussed.

1.FSI and BSI technology development

Pixel shrinking is the common trend in image sensors for all areas of consumer electronics, including mobile imaging, digi-tal still and video cameras, PC cameras, automotive, surveil-lance, and other applications. In mobile and digital still camera (DSC) applications, 1.75μm and 1.4μm pixels are widely used in production. Designers of image sensors are actively work-ing on super-small 1.1μm and 0.9um pixels. In high-end DSC cameras with interchangeable lenses, pixel size reduces from the range of 5 –6 μm to 3 –4 μm, and even smaller. With very high requirements for angular pixel performance, this results in similar or even bigger challenges as for sub 1.4μm pixels. Altogether, pixel size reduction in all imaging areas has been the most powerful driving force for new technologies and innovations in pixel development.

Aptina continues t o develop FSI Aptina? A-Pix? technol o-gy for pixel sizes of 1.4μm and bigger. Figures 1a and 1b illu-strate a comparison of a regular pixel for a CMOS imager with Aptina’s A-Pix technology. Adding a light guide (LG) and extending the depth of the photodiode (PD) allow significant reduction of both optical and electrical crosstalk, thus signifi-cantly boosting pixel performance [1]. A-Pix technology has become a mature manufacturing process that provides high pixel performance with lower wafer cost compared to BSI technology. The latest efforts in developing A-Pix technology were focused on improving symmetry of the pixel, which re-sulted in extremely low optical cross-talk, reduced green im-balance and color shading. Improvements stem from im-provements in the design and manufacturing of LG, along with the structure of Si PD. LG allows one to compensate for pixel asymmetry (at least its optical part) thus providing both optimal utilization of Si area, and minimal green imbalance / color shading. Figure 2 shows an example of green imbalance for 5Mpix sensors with 1.4μm pixels size designed for 27degree max CRA of the lens. Improvement of the LG de-sign reduces green imbalance by more than 7x.

BSI technology allows further reduction of pixel size to ex-tremely small 1.1μm and 0.9μm, and more symmetrical pixel design for larger pixel nodes. Similar to A-Pix, the use of back side illumination in pixel design allows significant reduction of optical and electrical crosstalk, as illustrated in Figure 1c. Both BSI and Aptina Apix technology use the 90nm gate and 65nm pixel manufacturing process.

Aptina’s BSI technology uses cost-effective P-EPI on P+ bulk silicon as starting wafers. The wafers receive normal FSI CMOS process with skipping some FSI p modules. Front side alignment marks are added for later backside alignments. The device wafers are bonded to BSI carrier wafers, and are thinned down to a few microns thick through wafer back side grinding, selective wet etch, and chemical-mechanical planari-zation process. The wafer thickness is matched to front side PD depth to reduce cross-talk. Finally, anti-reflective coatings are applied to backside silicon surface and micro-lens to in-crease pixel QE.

Figure 3 shows normalized quantum efficiency spectral cha-racteristics of 1.1μm BSI pixels. Pixels exhibit high QE for all 3 colors and small crosstalk that benefit overall image quality. Figure 4 presents luminance SNR plots for 1.4μm FSI and BSI pixels and 1.1μm BSI pixel. Due to advances of A-Pix tech-nology, characteristics of FSI and BSI 1.4μm pixel are close, with the BSI pixel slightly outperforming FSI pixel, especially at very high CRA. However, the difference in performance is much smaller compared to conventional FSI pixel. For 1.1μm pixels, BSI technology definitely plays a key role in achieving high pixel performance. Major pixel photoelectrical characte-ristics are presented in Table 1.

2.Image quality of sensors with equal optical format Figure 5 presents SNR10 metrics for different pixel size in-versely normalized per pixel area - scene illumination at which luminance SNR is equal to 10x for specified lens conditions, integration time, and color correction matrix. As can be seen from the plot, the latest generation of pixels provides SNR10 performance that is scaled to the area, and as a result, provides the same image quality at the same optical format for the mid level of exposures.

The latest generation of pixels with the size of (1.1μm –2.2μm) in Figure 5 uses advances of A-pix technology to boost pixel performance. Many products for mobile and DSC applications use 1.4μm pixel; the latest generations of 1.75μm, 1.9μm, and 2.2μm are in mass production both for still shot and video-centric 2D and 3D applications. Bringing the latest technology to the large 5.6μm pixel has allowed us to signifi-cantly boost performance of that pixel (shown as a second bar of Figure 5 for 5.6μm pixel) for automotive applications.

As was mentioned earlier, BSI technology furthers the exten-sion of array size for the optical formats. The latest addition to the mainstream mobile cameras w ith ?‖ optical format is 8Mpix image sensor with 1.1μm pixels size. Figure 6 com-pares images from the previous 5Mpix sensor with ?‖ optical format with 1.4μm pixel size with images from the new 8Mpix sensor wit h 1.1μm pixel that fits into the same 1/4‖ optical format. Images were taken from the scene with ~100 lux illumination at 67ms integration time and typical f/2.8 lens for mobile applications. Zoomed fragments of the images with

100% zoom for 5Mpix sensor show very comparable quality of the images and confirm that similar image quality for a giv-en optical format results when pixel performance that is scaled to the area continues to be the same.

Figure 4 shows also the lowest achievable SNR10 for 1.4μm pixel at similar conditions for the ideal case of QE equal to 100% for all colors and no optical or electrical crosstalk –color overlaps are defined only by color filters. The shape of color filters is taken from large pixel sensor for high-end DSC application and assumes very good color reproduction. It is interesting to see that current 1.4μm pixel has only 40% lower SNR at conditions close to first acceptable image, SNR10 [2].

3.Additional functionality for arrays with small pixels With the diffraction limits of imaging lenses, the minimum resolvable feature size (green light, Rayleigh limit) for an f-number 2.8 lens is around 1.8 microns [3]. As pixel sizes con-tinue to shrink below 1.8 microns, the image field produced from the optics is oversampled and system MTF does not con-tinue to show scaled improvement based on increased fre-quency pixel sampling. How can we take advantage of in-creased frequency pixel sampling then?

High Dynamic Range. Humans have the ability to gaze upon a fixed scene and clearly see very bright and dark objects simul-taneously. The typical maximum brightness range visible by humans within a fixed scene is about 10,000 to 1 or 80dB [4]. Mobile and digital still cameras often struggle to match the intra-scene dynamic range of the human visual system and can’t capture high range scenes (50-80dB) primarily because the pixels in the camera’s sensors have a linear response and limited well capacities. HDR image capture technology can address the problem of limited dynamic range in today’s ca m-era. However, a low cost technique that provides adequate performance for still and video applications is needed. Frame Multi-exposure HDR. The frame multi-exposure tech-nique, otherwise known as exposure bracketing, is widely used in the industry to capture several photos of a scene and combine them into an HDR photo. Although this technique is simple, effective, and available to anyone with a camera with exposure control, the drawbacks relegate this technique to still scene photography and frame buffer-based post processing. If an HDR camera system is desired that doesn’t require frame memory and can reduce motion artifacts to a level where vid-eo capture is possible, the common image sensor architecture used in most cameras today must be changed. Can we use smaller pixels to provide multi-exposure HDR that doesn’t require frame memory for photos and reduces motion artifacts and allows video capture?

Interleaved HDR Capture. With pixel size reduction there is an opportunity to take advantage of the diffraction limits of camera optical systems by spatially interleaving pixels with differing exposure time controls to achieve multi-exposure capture. Figure 7 shows an example of a dual exposure capture system using interleaved exposures within a standard Bayer pattern.

This form of intra-frame multi-exposure HDR capture can be easily incorporated into standard CMOS sensors and doesn’t require the additional readout speed or large memories. The tradeoff of interleaving the exposures is that fewer pixels are available for each exposure image and can affect the overall captured image resolution. This is where the advantage of small pixels comes into play: as pixels shrink below the dif-fraction limit, the system approaches being oversampled such that the MTF doesn’t improve proportionally to pixel size. We propose that greater gain in overall image quality may be achieved by spatially sampling different exposures to capture higher scene quality rather than oversampling the image.

In Figure 7, pairs of rows are used for each exposure to ensure there are R, G, and B signals recorded for both T1 (long) and T2 (short) exposures. Since the T1 and T2 exposures are inter-leaved, the readout of the pixels can be performed the same as a standard sensor without requiring large memory buffers for readout alignment. The exposures are also overlapped in time such that there is less than one half of a frame time difference on average between the longest and shortest exposures provid-ing less motion artifacts. This technique may be extended to non-standard CFA patterns to improve compactness of the interleaved pattern and/or increase the number of exposures to 3 or 4 to further increase dynamic range.

HDR with 1.1μm and smaller pixels. 1.1μm and 0.9μm pixels provide typical maximum SNR = 34dB and 32.5dB based on projected full wells of 3000 and 2000 electrons, respectively. SNR generally limits the maximum exposure ratios that may be used between adjacent exposures in an HDR system. An SNR discontinuity occurs as the image transitions from a long T1 to a short T2 exposure and the magnitude of the disconti-nuity must be controlled by limiting the maximum ratio be-tween exposures.

For a typical 1.1μm pixel, a ratio of 8x between exposures provides an SNR at the exposure transition of around 25dB and may be boosted at least an additional 6dB through noise processing and provides sufficient image quality. The plot in Figure 8 shows the SNR vs. relative light level for a 1.1μm pixel with no noise reduction processing. An 8x exposure ratio increases the overall dynamic range by 8x, leading to 78dB DR for a 1.1μm pixel sensor. The image in Figure 9 shows an interleaved HDR capture vs. a standard single exposure image using an 8M 1.1μm pixel sensor.

Reducing pixel size below 1.1μm to 0.9um, 0.7um, will allow more interleaving functions to be implemented without scaled loss of resolution and open up new opportunities for extended functionality.

4.Conclusion

By introducing BSI technology, Aptina has extended its port-folio of small pixels and products based on them to 1.1μm and 1.4μm BSI pixels. Performance of 1.4μm BSI pixel is slightly better than that of FSI pixel. However the difference is not that big due to advances of A-Pix technology. New pixels exhibit scale to the area performance and provide similar image quali-ty for the sensors with the same optical format. Adding HDR capabilities to the arrays with small pixels allows improving image quality and extending dynamic range without noticeable reduction of spatial resolution.

5.Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge Alfonso D’Anna and the Micron Italy technology development team for process devel-opment and manufacturing support. The authors would like to thank also their colleagues at Aptina Imaging for the characte-

rization / software support, especially Stephen Beveridge, Feng Li, Douglas Fettig, Igor Karasev, and Peng Lin. References

[1] G. Agranov, et al., IISW-2009 Proceeding, Bergen, Norway. [2]

ISO 12232:2006(E). Photography — Digital still cameras

[3]

J. Nakamura., ―Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras‖, CRS Press, 2006 [4]

Erik Reinhard, et al.―High Dynamic Range Imaging: Acquis i-tion, Display and Image-based Lighting‖, ISBN -10: 0-12-585263-0, Morgan Koffman Publishers, 2006.

Figure 1. Illustration of pixel technology improvement: Table 1. Major pixel characteristics

a – conventional pixel,

b – FSI A-pix technology,

c – BSI technology

Figure 2. Improving green imbalance and color shading in 1.4μm FSI pixel Figure 3. Normalized Quantum Efficiency Left –5Mpix sensor previous design, Right – 5Mpix sensor new design Spectral characteristic of 1.1μm BSI pixel

Figure 4. Luminance SNR plot for 1.4um FSI Figure 5. Luminance SNR10 inversely normalized to the pixel area

and BSI pixels and 1.1um pixel

Pixel size, μm 1.1 1.4 1.4T echnology BSI FSI BSI QE max, %606065 / 70Crosstalk aver, %

12

10.5

13 / 17

Linear Full Well, ke- 2.7 4.2 -4.5 4.2 -4.5Dark Current

@ 60C, e-/s 201515PRNU, %

< 1.2

0.8

< 1.0

Horizontal (% of Image Height) V e r t i c a l (% o f I m a g e H e i g h t )

G r e e n I m b a l a n c e , %

Horizontal (% of Image Height)

V e r t i c a l (% o f I m a g e H e i g h t )

G r e e n I m b a l a n c e , %

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Normalized Scene Light Level for Luminance SNR10

Figure 6. Image comparison between 5Mpix-1.4μm pixel (left) and 8Mpix-1.1um (right) pixel at 100 lux scene

illumination and 67ms integration time. Similar noise with sharper Image from 8Mpix-1.1μm sensor.

Figure 7. Spatially interleaved dual exposure HDR Figure 8. SNR vs. relative light input for 1.1um pixel readout with dual exposure

Figure 9. Image Comparison of Single (left) VS Interleaved Dual Exposure With 1.1μm Pixel (right)

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高中外研社英语选修六Module5课文Frankenstein's Monster

Frankenstein's Monster Part 1 The story of Frankenstein Frankenstein is a young scientist/ from Geneva, in Switzerland. While studying at university, he discovers the secret of how to give life/ to lifeless matter. Using bones from dead bodies, he creates a creature/ that resembles a human being/ and gives it life. The creature, which is unusually large/ and strong, is extremely ugly, and terrifies all those/ who see it. However, the monster, who has learnt to speak, is intelligent/ and has human emotions. Lonely and unhappy, he begins to hate his creator, Frankenstein. When Frankenstein refuses to create a wife/ for him, the monster murders Frankenstein's brother, his best friend Clerval, and finally, Frankenstein's wife Elizabeth. The scientist chases the creature/ to the Arctic/ in order to destroy him, but he dies there. At the end of the story, the monster disappears into the ice/ and snow/ to end his own life. Part 2 Extract from Frankenstein It was on a cold November night/ that I saw my creation/ for the first time. Feeling very anxious, I prepared the equipment/ that would give life/ to the thing/ that lay at my feet. It was already one/ in the morning/ and the rain/ fell against the window. My candle was almost burnt out when, by its tiny light，I saw the yellow eye of the creature open. It breathed hard, and moved its arms and legs. How can I describe my emotions/ when I saw this happen? How can I describe the monster who I had worked/ so hard/ to create? I had tried to make him beautiful. Beautiful! He was the ugliest thing/ I had ever seen! You could see the veins/ beneath his yellow skin. His hair was black/ and his teeth were white. But these things contrasted horribly with his yellow eyes, his wrinkled yellow skin and black lips. I had worked/ for nearly two years/ with one aim only, to give life to a lifeless body. For this/ I had not slept, I had destroyed my health. I had wanted it more than anything/ in the world. But now/ I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and horror and disgust/ filled my heart. Now/ my only thoughts were, "I wish I had not created this creature, I wish I was on the other side of the world, I wish I could disappear!” When he turned to look at me, I felt unable to stay in the same room as him. I rushed out, and /for a long time/ I walked up and down my bedroom. At last/ I threw myself on the bed/ in my clothes, trying to find a few moments of sleep. But although I slept, I had terrible dreams. I dreamt I saw my fiancée/ walking in the streets of our town. She looked well/ and happy/ but as I kissed her lips，they became pale, as if she were dead. Her face changed and I thought/ I held the body of my dead mother/ in my arms. I woke, shaking with fear. At that same moment，I saw the creature/ that I had created. He was standing/by my bed/ and watching me. His

人教版高中语文必修必背课文精编WORD版

人教版高中语文必修必背课文精编W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】

必修1 沁园春·长沙（全文）毛泽东 独立寒秋， 湘江北去， 橘子洲头。 看万山红遍， 层林尽染， 漫江碧透， 百舸争流。 鹰击长空， 鱼翔浅底， 万类霜天竞自由。 怅寥廓， 问苍茫大地， 谁主沉浮。 携来百侣曾游， 忆往昔峥嵘岁月稠。

恰同学少年， 风华正茂， 书生意气， 挥斥方遒。 指点江山， 激扬文字， 粪土当年万户侯。 曾记否， 到中流击水， 浪遏飞舟。 雨巷（全文）戴望舒撑着油纸伞，独自 彷徨在悠长、悠长 又寂寥的雨巷， 我希望逢着 一个丁香一样地

结着愁怨的姑娘。 她是有 丁香一样的颜色， 丁香一样的芬芳， 丁香一样的忧愁， 在雨中哀怨， 哀怨又彷徨； 她彷徨在这寂寥的雨巷，撑着油纸伞 像我一样， 像我一样地 默默彳亍着 冷漠、凄清，又惆怅。她默默地走近， 走近，又投出 太息一般的眼光

她飘过 像梦一般地， 像梦一般地凄婉迷茫。像梦中飘过 一枝丁香地， 我身旁飘过这个女郎；她默默地远了，远了，到了颓圮的篱墙， 走尽这雨巷。 在雨的哀曲里， 消了她的颜色， 散了她的芬芳， 消散了，甚至她的 太息般的眼光 丁香般的惆怅。 撑着油纸伞，独自

彷徨在悠长、悠长 又寂寥的雨巷， 我希望飘过 一个丁香一样地 结着愁怨的姑娘。 再别康桥（全文）徐志摩 轻轻的我走了，正如我轻轻的来； 我轻轻的招手，作别西天的云彩。 那河畔的金柳，是夕阳中的新娘； 波光里的艳影，在我的心头荡漾。 软泥上的青荇，油油的在水底招摇； 在康河的柔波里，我甘心做一条水草！ 那榆荫下的一潭，不是清泉， 是天上虹揉碎在浮藻间，沉淀着彩虹似的梦。寻梦？撑一支长篙，向青草更青处漫溯， 满载一船星辉，在星辉斑斓里放歌。

EXCEL表格数据比对说明

E X C E L表格数据比对说 明 This model paper was revised by the Standardization Office on December 10, 2020

Excel数据比对说明 一、数据比对 数据比对，主要方式是通过源数据与新数据进行比对，其目的是找出新数据中没有源数据中有的，也就是新数据中减少的。 二、比对步骤 （一）整理数据。 要求源数据与新数据的Excel表格所对应列显示的是同一项内容，比如A列都是姓名，B列都是身份证号码等等。 （二）建立数据比对表格 上述数据处理好后，将新数据粘贴到源数据的后面，另存为【数据比对表】。 （三）数据比对 在【数据比对表】单元格最后面新建两列，取名为姓名核对、身份证号码核对，插入下面所述公式进行数据比对。 1.“姓名”比对公式： =COUNTIF(A$609:A$4759,A2&"*") 说明：A是“姓名”所在的列； 609：4759为新数据的开始和结束单元格； A2是源数据“姓名”单元格； &"*"的作用是防止单元格后面有其他字符或空格。 2.“身份证号码”比对公式：

=COUNTIF(B$609:B$4795,B2&"*") 说明：B是“身份证号码”所在的列； 609：4759为新数据的开始和结束单元格； B2是源数据“身份证号码”单元格； &"*"的作用同上。 3. 比对结果说明： 三、其他说明 若将源数据粘贴到新数据的后面，可以找出新数据中有源数据中没有的，也就是新数据中新增的。 比对结果说明：

其实其本质就是以后面的数据位基准，把前面的数据一个个拿去与后面的数据作比对的结果。 若要将姓名和身份证两列数据合并，可以用A2&B2，A2是“姓名”单元格；B2是“身份证”单元格。

(完整版)Unit7TheMonster课文翻译综合教程四

Unit 7 The Monster Deems Taylor 1He was an undersized little man, with a head too big for his body ― a sickly little man. His nerves were bad. He had skin trouble. It was agony for him to wear anything next to his skin coarser than silk. And he had delusions of grandeur. 2He was a monster of conceit. Never for one minute did he look at the world or at people, except in relation to himself. He believed himself to be one of the greatest dramatists in the world, one of the greatest thinkers, and one of the greatest composers. To hear him talk, he was Shakespeare, and Beethoven, and Plato, rolled into one. He was one of the most exhausting conversationalists that ever lived. Sometimes he was brilliant; sometimes he was maddeningly tiresome. But whether he was being brilliant or dull, he had one sole topic of conversation: himself. What he thought and what he did. 3He had a mania for being in the right. The slightest hint of disagreement, from anyone, on the most trivial point, was enough to set him off on a harangue that might last for hours, in which he proved himself right in so many ways, and with such exhausting volubility, that in the end his hearer, stunned and deafened, would agree with him, for the sake of peace. 4It never occurred to him that he and his doing were not of the most intense and fascinating interest to anyone with whom he came in contact. He had theories about almost any subject under the sun, including vegetarianism, the drama, politics, and music; and in support of these theories he wrote pamphlets, letters, books ... thousands upon thousands of words, hundreds and hundreds of pages. He not only wrote these things, and published them ― usually at somebody else’s expense ― but he would sit and read them aloud, for hours, to his friends, and his family. 5He had the emotional stability of a six-year-old child. When he felt out of sorts, he would rave and stamp, or sink into suicidal gloom and talk darkly of going to the East to end his days as a Buddhist monk. Ten minutes later, when something pleased him he would rush out of doors and run around the garden, or jump up and down off the sofa, or stand on his head. He could be grief-stricken over the death of a pet dog, and could be callous and heartless to a degree that would have made a Roman emperor shudder. 6He was almost innocent of any sense of responsibility. He was convinced that

人教版高中语文必修一背诵篇目

高中语文必修一背诵篇目 1、《沁园春长沙》毛泽东 独立寒秋，湘江北去，橘子洲头。 看万山红遍，层林尽染；漫江碧透，百舸争流。 鹰击长空，鱼翔浅底，万类霜天竞自由。 怅寥廓，问苍茫大地，谁主沉浮？ 携来百侣曾游，忆往昔峥嵘岁月稠。 恰同学少年，风华正茂；书生意气，挥斥方遒。 指点江山，激扬文字，粪土当年万户侯。 曾记否，到中流击水，浪遏飞舟？ 2、《诗两首》 （1）、《雨巷》戴望舒 撑着油纸伞，独自 /彷徨在悠长、悠长/又寂寥的雨巷， 我希望逢着 /一个丁香一样的 /结着愁怨的姑娘。 她是有 /丁香一样的颜色，/丁香一样的芬芳， /丁香一样的忧愁， 在雨中哀怨， /哀怨又彷徨； /她彷徨在这寂寥的雨巷， 撑着油纸伞 /像我一样， /像我一样地 /默默彳亍着 冷漠、凄清，又惆怅。 /她静默地走近/走近，又投出 太息一般的眼光，/她飘过 /像梦一般地， /像梦一般地凄婉迷茫。 像梦中飘过 /一枝丁香的， /我身旁飘过这女郎； 她静默地远了，远了，/到了颓圮的篱墙， /走尽这雨巷。 在雨的哀曲里， /消了她的颜色， /散了她的芬芳， /消散了，甚至她的 太息般的眼光， /丁香般的惆怅/撑着油纸伞，独自 /彷徨在悠长，悠长 又寂寥的雨巷， /我希望飘过 /一个丁香一样的 /结着愁怨的姑娘。 （2）、《再别康桥》徐志摩 轻轻的我走了， /正如我轻轻的来； /我轻轻的招手， /作别西天的云彩。 那河畔的金柳， /是夕阳中的新娘； /波光里的艳影， /在我的心头荡漾。 软泥上的青荇， /油油的在水底招摇； /在康河的柔波里， /我甘心做一条水草！那榆阴下的一潭， /不是清泉，是天上虹 /揉碎在浮藻间， /沉淀着彩虹似的梦。寻梦？撑一支长篙， /向青草更青处漫溯， /满载一船星辉， /在星辉斑斓里放歌。但我不能放歌， /悄悄是别离的笙箫； /夏虫也为我沉默， / 沉默是今晚的康桥！悄悄的我走了， /正如我悄悄的来；/我挥一挥衣袖， /不带走一片云彩。 4、《荆轲刺秦王》 太子及宾客知其事者，皆白衣冠以送之。至易水上，既祖，取道。高渐离击筑，荆轲和而歌，为变徵之声，士皆垂泪涕泣。又前而为歌曰：“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复还！”复为慷慨羽声，士皆瞋目，发尽上指冠。于是荆轲遂就车而去，终已不顾。 5、《记念刘和珍君》鲁迅 （1）、真的猛士，敢于直面惨淡的人生，敢于正视淋漓的鲜血。这是怎样的哀痛者和幸福者？然而造化又常常为庸人设计，以时间的流驶，来洗涤旧迹，仅使留下淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀。在这淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀中，又给人暂得偷生，维持着这似人非人的世界。我不知道这样的世界何时是一个尽头！

人教版高中语文必修必背课文

必修1 沁园春·长沙（全文）毛泽东 独立寒秋， 湘江北去， 橘子洲头。 看万山红遍， 层林尽染， 漫江碧透， 百舸争流。 鹰击长空， 鱼翔浅底， 万类霜天竞自由。 怅寥廓， 问苍茫大地， 谁主沉浮。 携来百侣曾游， 忆往昔峥嵘岁月稠。 恰同学少年， 风华正茂， 书生意气， 挥斥方遒。 指点江山， 激扬文字， 粪土当年万户侯。 曾记否， 到中流击水， 浪遏飞舟。 雨巷（全文）戴望舒 撑着油纸伞，独自 彷徨在悠长、悠长 又寂寥的雨巷， 我希望逢着 一个丁香一样地 结着愁怨的姑娘。 她是有 丁香一样的颜色， 丁香一样的芬芳， 丁香一样的忧愁， 在雨中哀怨， 哀怨又彷徨；

她彷徨在这寂寥的雨巷， 撑着油纸伞 像我一样， 像我一样地 默默彳亍着 冷漠、凄清，又惆怅。 她默默地走近， 走近，又投出 太息一般的眼光 她飘过 像梦一般地， 像梦一般地凄婉迷茫。 像梦中飘过 一枝丁香地， 我身旁飘过这个女郎； 她默默地远了，远了， 到了颓圮的篱墙， 走尽这雨巷。 在雨的哀曲里， 消了她的颜色， 散了她的芬芳， 消散了，甚至她的 太息般的眼光 丁香般的惆怅。 撑着油纸伞，独自 彷徨在悠长、悠长 又寂寥的雨巷， 我希望飘过 一个丁香一样地 结着愁怨的姑娘。 再别康桥（全文）徐志摩 轻轻的我走了，正如我轻轻的来；我轻轻的招手，作别西天的云彩。 那河畔的金柳，是夕阳中的新娘；波光里的艳影，在我的心头荡漾。 软泥上的青荇，油油的在水底招摇；

在康河的柔波里，我甘心做一条水草！ 那榆荫下的一潭，不是清泉， 是天上虹揉碎在浮藻间，沉淀着彩虹似的梦。 寻梦？撑一支长篙，向青草更青处漫溯， 满载一船星辉，在星辉斑斓里放歌。 但我不能放歌，悄悄是别离的笙箫； 夏虫也为我沉默，沉默是今晚的康桥。 悄悄的我走了，正如我悄悄的来； 我挥一挥衣袖，不带走一片云彩。 记念刘和珍君（二、四节）鲁迅 二 真的猛士，敢于直面惨淡的人生，敢于正视淋漓的鲜血。这是怎样的哀痛者和幸福者？然而造化又常常为庸人设计，以时间的流驶，来洗涤旧迹，仅使留下淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀。在这淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀中，又给人暂得偷生，维持着这似人非人的世界。我不知道这样的世界何时是一个尽头！ 我们还在这样的世上活着；我也早觉得有写一点东西的必要了。离三月十八日也已有两星期，忘却的救主快要降临了罢，我正有写一点东西的必要了。 四 我在十八日早晨，才知道上午有群众向执政府请愿的事；下午便得到噩耗，说卫队居然开枪，死伤至数百人，而刘和珍君即在遇害者之列。但我对于这些传说，竟至于颇为怀疑。我向来是不惮以最坏的恶意，来推测中国人的，然而我还不料，也不信竟会下劣凶残到这地步。况且始终微笑着的和蔼的刘和珍君，更何至于无端在府门前喋血呢？ 然而即日证明是事实了，作证的便是她自己的尸骸。还有一具，是杨德群君的。而且又证明着这不但是杀害，简直是虐杀，因为身体上还有棍棒的伤痕。 但段政府就有令，说她们是“暴徒”！ 但接着就有流言，说她们是受人利用的。 惨象，已使我目不忍视了；流言，尤使我耳不忍闻。我还有什么话可说呢？我懂得衰亡民族之所以默无声息的缘由了。沉默啊，沉默啊！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。

比较两个excel表中的相同列

两个excel电子表格单列比较，双列比较，多列比较 单列比较 =VLOOKUP(C4,Sheet3!$C$2:$C$127,1,0) 语法规则 该函数的语法规则如下： VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,range_lookup) 参数简单说明输入数据类型lookup_value要查找的值数值、引用或文本字符串table_array要查找的区域数据表区域col_index_num返回数据在区域的第几列数正整数range_lookup精确匹配TRUE（或不填） /FALSE Lookup_value参数说明 Lookup_value为需要在数据表第一列中进行查找的数值。Lookup_value 可以为数值、引用或文本字符串。 Table_array参数说明 Table_array为需要在其中查找数据的数据表。使用对区域或区域名称的引用。 col_index_num参数说明 col_index_num为table_array 中待返回的匹配值的列序号。 col_index_num 为 1 时，返回 table_array 第一列的数值，col_index_num 为2 时，返回 table_array 第二列的数值，以此类推。如果 col_index_num 小于1，函数 VLOOKUP 返回错误值 #VALUE!；如果 col_index_num 大于 table_array 的列数，函数 VLOOKUP 返回错误值#REF!。 Range_lookup参数说明 Range_lookup为一逻辑值，指明函数 VLOOKUP 查找时是精确匹配，还是近似匹配。如果为true或省略，则返回近似匹配值。也就是说，如果找不到精确匹配值，则返回小于 lookup_value 的最大数值。如果 range_lookup 为 false，函数 VLOOKUP 将查找精确匹配值，如果找不到，则返回错误值 #N/A。 双列比较 注意：两列以上比较中必须以ctrl+shift+enter键结束；

Unit5THEMONSTER课文翻译大学英语六

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