英国海军之歌(汉英)

英国海军军歌

英国海军军歌Rule, Britannia!出自巴洛克时代的英国作曲家托马斯·阿恩（Thomas Arne）的歌剧Alfred，1745年在伦敦首演，为剧终的独唱加合唱。词作者James Thomson其实却是个苏格兰人，但是他显然想寻求整个不列颠岛的一种统一的形象。

The British navy warsong Rule, Britannia! From the baroque era British composer Thomas Arne (Thomas Arne) opera Alfred, premiered in London in 1745, for the end of solo and chorus. Lyricist James Thomson is actually a Scottish, but he obviously want to seek a unified image of the whole Britain.

这首歌曲日后成为英帝国对外扩张形象的象征，从19世纪到20世纪初，通过殖民扩张而迅速发展的英国皇家海军成为世界头号海军，也正是印证了其中Britannia rule the waves一句。英国海军舰艇时常在出港作战时会悬挂拼写作Rule Britannia的信号旗。二战后，英帝国瓦解，皇家海军迅速衰落，但直到今日，这首歌依然作为维系不列颠岛各个角落的重要纽带而受景仰。

This song has become a symbol of the British empire image expansion in the future, from the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, through colonial expansion and the rapid development of the British royal navy as the world's leading Marine,

it was also proved the Britannia rule the waves. The British navy ships in port operations they often flag hanging spell writing Rule, Britannia. After the second world war, the royal navy rapid decline, the disintegration of the British empire, but until now, this song is still as an important link of every corner to maintain Britain and admired.

这个曲调历来曾被众多作曲家所引用，比较出名的例子如贝多芬的《惠灵顿的胜利》，还有瓦格纳据此主题所作的一首早期的序曲，他还曾说“这个旋律的前八个音归纳了不列颠人的全部性格”。

The tune was quoted by many composers, better known examples, such as Beethoven's victory of Wellington, and Wagner, on the basis of the theme of a prelude to early, he also said "this melody first eight sound British sums up all the character".

歌词：When Britain first, at heaven’s command,

Arose from out the azure main,

Arose, arose, arose from out the azure main.

This was the charter, the charter of the land,

And guardian angels sang the strain.

Rule Britannia!

Britannia rule the waves.

Britons never, never, never shall be slaves.

The nations not so blest as thee,

Must in their turn to tyrants fall,

Must in their turn, must in their turn,

To tyrants fall,

While thou shall flourish,

Shall flourish great and free,

The dread and envy of them all.

Rule Britannia!

Britannia rule the waves.

Britons never, never, never shall be slaves. Still more majestic shalt thou rise,

More dreadful from each foreign stroke. More dreadful, more dreadful

From each foreign stroke.

As the loud blast that tears the skies, Serves but to root thy native oak.

Rule Britannia!

Britannia rule the waves.

Britons never, never, never shall be slaves. Thee haughty tyrants ne’er shall tame,

All their attempts to bend thee down,

All their attempts, all their attempts

To bend thee down,

Will but arouse thy generous flame.

But work their woe and thy renown.

Rule Britannia!

Britannia rule the waves.

Britons never, never, never shall be slaves. To thee belongs the rural reign,

Thy cities shall with commerce shine,

Thy cities shall, thy cities shall

With commerce shine.

All thine shall be the subject main,

And every shore it circles thine.

Rule Britannia!

Britannia rule the waves.

Britons never, never, never shall be slaves. The muses still, with freedom found,

Shall to thy happy coast repair,

Shall to thy happy coast,

Thy happy coasts repair,

Best isle of beauty,

With matchless beauty crowned,

And manly hearts to guard the fair.

Rule Britannia!

Britannia rule the waves.

Britons never, never, never shall be slaves.

英国政体总介绍(中英文)

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The United Kingdom 英国介绍_中英文

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英语的发展史(中英文版)

一种民族语言（包括词汇）的发展与民族的历史密切可关。要了解英语语汇的发展史，不 可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，乃至英国的历史密不可分。 不列颠群岛的最早居民是凯尔特人，又称不列颠人。公元前55年，罗马人在凯萨大帝的 率领下侵入不列颠群岛，凯尔特人被罗马人赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。直到公元 410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。随后，来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落盎格鲁人， 撒克森人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居。英语就是盎格鲁—撒克森人的语言。 语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：1、古英语时期，2、中古英语时期，3、现 代英语时期。 1、古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年） 日尔曼部落在不列颠定居后，名自占领一些地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰 的大部分地区和苏格兰的低地，朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区，撒克森人占领了泰晤士河 以南的大部分地区。各个部落建立了一些小王国，出现了英国历史上的七国时代。直到公 元830年，阿尔弗雷德大王才统一了整个英格兰地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以古英语时期存在着多种方言，主要方言有四种：西萨克森语，肯特语，莫西亚语和北恩布里亚语。这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。西撒克森语保存下来的手搞最多。其它方言在形成 英语的过程中也起过很重要的作用。 古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日尔曼语族的特点。这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法。复 合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。有些复合词中不重读部分，渐渐失去了独立地位，而演变成了词缀，如 for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀，-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵(alliteration)，由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。 古英语时期有两个重要的历史事件，给英语词汇带来较大的影响。第一件事是基督教传入 英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来到英国传教。罗马文化随着基督教传入了英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词进入了英语。 第二件事是北欧人入侵英国。从公元790年开始，大批斯堪的那维亚人在英国定居。丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的那维亚人和英国人频繁交往，所以有许多斯堪 的那维亚各国的词语进入了英语。 2、中古英语时期（公元1100—1500年） 公元1066年，诺曼人在征服王威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎 格鲁-萨克森军队，英王哈路德战死，英国被征服。这在历史上被称为诺曼征服。从此，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建统治之下。谨曼征服是英国历史上的重要转折点，对英语的发展有巨大的影响。 诺曼征服之后，谨曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年里，谨曼法 语成为英国的官方语言。普通人仍然讲英语，但英语的文字记载却几乎中断。中古英语一 般右以分为两个时期，1204年后，英语逐渐恢复主导地位。1362年英王爱德华三世首次 用英语向议会致词。十五世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。1476年，卡克斯顿把印刷术传入英国，

英国名胜介绍(英文版)

London introduction London,the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Europe's largest city, one of the world's two major（主要）center city, is one of the most prosperous（繁荣的）global city. London is the center of economic（经济的）financial（财务的）and trade （贸易）in Europe and the United States of New York, tied for the world's most important financial center. The Big Ben, Tower Bridge Big Ben is Elizabeth Tower. London's famous ancient（报时）bell, the palace of Westminster clock. The British Parliament （英国国会）meeting hall clock tower, built in 1859. Tower bridge is the Tower Bridge of London. Tower Bridge of London is the first bridge the river Thames from where it begins, is a symbol （象征）of London, "London front gate", was built in 1886. The London Eye The London Eye, The London Eye, British Airways, also known as the Millennium（千禧）Wheel, is located（位于）the banks of the river Thames in London, is the world's fourth largest Ferris wheel, is one of the landmarks（标志）of London, is one of the most attractive（具有吸引力的）tourist attractions（旅游景点）in London. Thames River Thames River is a famous British mother river, rising in southwest Coates Ward Hills（科茨沃特丘陵）of England, 338 kilometers in length. Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace is the Royal Palace（王宫）, built in 1703 and named for the Duke of Buckingham（以白金汉公爵命名）. Westminster Cathedral Westminster Cathedral（威斯敏斯特大教堂）is located in the North Bank of the Thames River, was a Benedictine monastery（修道院）, founded（成立）in the year 960 ad（公元960年）, was expanded（扩建）in 1045, built in 1065. Tate Museum of Contemporary Art The Tate Museum of Contemporary Art（泰特现代美术馆）is located in the South Bank of Thames River, face each other across the river and the St.Paul's Cathedral, connecting（连接）them is the Millennium Bridge across Thames River. St.Paul's Cathedral St.Paul's Cathedral located in London, a representative（代表）of Baroque style architecture （巴洛克风格的建筑）, is the world's second largest dome（圆顶）of the church, it imitated（模仿的）Papal Basilica（教皇的教堂）of Saint Peter in Rome（整体为罗马圣彼得大教堂）, is the representative of British classical architecture. University of Oxford The University of Oxford is a public university located in the city of Oxford, founded in 1167, is the oldest university in the English speaking world. Stratford Evan upon Avon Ford （埃文的斯特拉特福德）(Stratford) is located on the banks of the Evan River, a beautiful city is the greatest playwright（剧作家）of England, the hometown of Shakespeare（莎士比亚）.

英国历史简介

［英国］英国简史(英文) 2006-1-23 页面功能【字体：大中小】【打印】【关闭】History Until 1707, this section deals primarily with English history. England and Wales were formally united in 1536. In 1707, when Great Britain was created by the Act of Union between Scotland and England, English history became part of British history. For the early history of Scotland and Wales, see separate articles. See also Ireland; Ireland, Northern; and the tables entitled Rulers of England and Great Britain and Prime Ministers of Great Britain. Early Period to the Norman Conquest Little is known about the earliest inhabitants of Britain, but the remains of their dolmens and barrows and the great stone circles at Stonehenge and Avebury are evidence of the developed culture of the prehistoric Britons. They had developed a Bronze Age culture by the time the first Celtic invaders (early 5th cent. B.C.) brought their energetic Iron Age culture to Britain. It is believed that Julius Caesar's successful military campaign in Britain in 54 B.C. was aimed at preventing incursions into Gaul from the island. In A.D. 43 the emperor Claudius began the Roman conquest of Britain, establishing bases at present-day London and Colchester. By A.D. 85, Rome controlled Britain south of the Clyde River. There were a number of revolts in the early years of the conquest, the most famous being that of Boadicea. In the 2d cent. A.D., Hadrian's Wall was constructed as a northern defense line. Under the Roman occupation towns developed, and roads were built to ensure the success of the military occupation. These roads were the most lasting Roman achievement in Britain (see Watling Street), long serving as the basic arteries of overland transportation in England. Colchester, Lincoln, and Gloucester were founded by the Romans as colonia, settlements of ex-legionaries. Trade contributed to town prosperity; wine, olive oil, plate, and furnishings were imported, and lead, tin, iron, wheat, and wool were exported. This trade declined with the economic dislocation of the late Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops to meet barbarian threats elsewhere. The garrisons had been consumers of the products of local artisans as well as of imports; as they were disbanded, the towns decayed. Barbarian incursions became frequent. In 410 an appeal to Rome for military aid was refused, and Roman officials subsequently were withdrawn.

英国历史上的重大事件简介

英国历史上的重大事件简介 公元1840年 ·6月，英国对中国发动鸦片战争 ·英国在世界上首次发行邮票——“黑便士”实行邮资制 ·英国J.P.焦耳发现电热当量，并测试了热功当量，为能量守恒和转换定律作出贡献 公元1840～1842年 ·英国宪章运动第二阶段 公元1841年 ·英国W.菲利肯斯提出第一个地层系统表 公元1842年 ·中英签订《南京条约》 ·英国J.B.劳斯建成第一个过磷酸钙厂生产氮肥 公元1843年 ·10月，中英签订《虎门条约》 ·英国A.拜恩发明了可以传送文字和图形的自动化记录电报装置 公元1845年 ·英国R.W.汤姆森获充气轮胎专利。数十年后用于自行车和汽车车胎 公元1846年 ·英国议会废除谷物法，标志着英国自由贸易政策的确立,两年后废除航海条例,自由贸易替代了保护贸易 公元1848年 ·英国开尔文提出热力学温标和绝对零度是温度的下限 公元1849～1851年 ·英国考古学家A.H.莱亚德在伊拉克摩苏尔发掘古代新亚述帝国都城尼尼微遗址时，发现大批艺术珍品和新 亚述国王“阿苏尔巴尼帕图书馆”中的大量楔形文字，轰动欧洲 公元1850年 英国伦敦用漂白粉消毒饮用水 ·英国E.福布斯编成第一幅海产生物分布图 公元1851年 ·英国建成水晶宫，为现代建筑先驱工程之一 ·首届世界博览会在英国伦敦举行 公元1852年 英国社会学家、哲学家H.斯宾塞的论文《进化的假说》发表，首次提出社会进化论思想公元1853年 ·英国同俄国的克里木战争发生 ·英国W.汤姆森给出电路振荡方程，并导出振荡频率,为电振荡理论的开端 公元1854年 ·英国J.斯诺调查伦敦霍乱大流行，证明霍乱与水源卫生的关系，促进城市公共卫生运动·英国F.南丁格尔率护士赴克里木战场，返英后于1860年创办世界第一所护校 公元1856年 ·英国H.贝塞麦发明转炉炼钢

英国文学史--最全总结中英

盎格鲁撒克逊时代426—1066 盎格鲁诺曼时代1066—1350 Chaucder乔叟时代 1350—1485 莎士比亚时代1564—1636 清教徒时代 Puritan 1636—1660 古典主义时代 1660—1744 约翰逊时代 1744—1785 浪漫主义时代1786—1832 维多利亚时代 1832—1900 现代 第一章Anglo-Saxon （426—1066） 旧约：上帝创世纪 新约：耶稣 古英语诗歌分为的 世俗的 1.Beowulf 史诗（三千行的长诗，关于英雄战绩的故事） 2.文字来源于日耳曼系 3.基督教的文学：瑞特文的故事Caedmon 第二章Angol-Norman（1066—1350） 中世纪英语：基督教义，自我拯救 1.传奇文学---传奇的兴起Romances 1）容：传奇好像现在的长篇，有诗，有散文唯一的描写古代的高贵的英雄所经历的冒险生活和恋爱故事。 2）产生：传奇文学完全是由中世纪的“骑士制度”(Chivalry)所产生的，骑士制度的精神产物就是传奇文学所以他们和平民丝毫没有关系，且平民也绝写不出这一类的文字。 3）分类：不列颠的事迹 the matter of Britain 法国的事迹 罗马的事迹 第三章：乔叟的时代（1350—1458） 背景：百年战争（The Hundred’s War） 1.Geoffrey Chaucer：文艺复兴以前，英国文学界最伟大的人物。 The Canterbury Tales 1）三个阶段：第一时期--早年—模仿法国简短的情歌和寓言 第二时期—研究意大利文艺的时期 第三时期—在文学上成功的时期，为他自己以国文写作的时期

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第一部分英国 第一章国土与人民 1、地理名称：大不列颠群岛、大不列颠和英格兰 2官方名称、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 3、大不列颠群岛是有两个达到和成百上千个小岛组成的。两个大岛分别是大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛 4大不列颠岛上有3个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士 第二章英国的起源 1、有记载的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵 2、罗马人把基督教这一新宗教带到不列颠 3爱德华国王因其对宗教的虔诚被封为“忏悔者”，并且他对过时的关心苏护远不及他对修建威斯敏斯特大教堂的关心 4、1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上最著名的事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有的土地，并将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强大的诺曼政府取代了软弱的撒克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全确立。它开放了英国与欧走大陆的联系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼-法国文化、语言、习俗和建筑。教会与罗马联系更为密切，教会法庭与吗，民事法庭分离 第三章英国的形成 1、在未立案通知下，英国的封建制度完全确立了。根据此制度，国王个人拥有全国所有的土地。威廉把英国的大片土地分封给贵族，条件是贵族保证服军役和交租

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01_historical-note 英国谢菲尔德大学历史背景官方简介(英文)

HISTORICAL NOTE The University of Sheffield developed from three local institutions: the Sheffield School of Medicine, Firth College and the Sheffield Technical School. The School of Medicine, founded 1828, was by far the oldest. Its early history was very insecure and it was saved from collapse by the opening of Firth College, which took over the teaching of all basic science subjects to medical students. Firth College was one of a group of university colleges founded in the later 19th century. It developed out of the Cambridge University Extension Movement, a scheme designed to bring university teaching to the large towns and cities of England, most of which lacked any university provision. The success of these courses in Sheffield led Mark Firth, a local steel manufacturer, to establish the College in 1879 as a centre for teaching Arts and Science subjects. The Sheffield Technical School The Sheffield Technical School was the product of local concern about the need for better technical training of the men responsible for running the great industries of Sheffield, particularly steelmaking. A movement was started within Firth College to collect funds to create a technical department, which was established in 1884 as the Sheffield Technical School. In 1886 the School moved to new premises on the site of the old Grammar School at St George’s Square. In 1897, the three institutions were amalgamated by Royal Charter to form the University College of Sheffield. This step was part of the plan to link up with the Victoria University, a federation of the University Colleges at Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds. By 1900, however, the Federal University was disintegrating and within a few years independent universities were formed from the three University Colleges. On 31 May 1905 the University of Sheffield was granted its Royal Charter, and in July the new Firth Court Building on Western Bank was opened by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra. St George’s Square remained the centre of Applied Science departments, with Arts, Medicine and Science being housed at Western Bank. The University in 1905 At the time of the University’s foundation in 1905 there were 114 full-time students reading for degrees in Arts, Pure Science, Medicine and Applied Science. In 1919 when returning ex-servicemen were admitted in large numbers, the full-time student figure rose to a short-lived peak of about 1,000. By then the Faculty of Applied Science had split into Engineering and Metallurgy; the University’s first Hall of Residence (the original Stephenson Hall) had been established; and the Edgar Allen library had opened (1909). At that time the University was as committed to non-degree teaching as to teaching full-time students. Courses covered not only many conventional academic subjects but also topics as diverse as cow-keeping, railway economics, mining and razor-grinding. During the First World War some of these were replaced by teaching of (and participation in) munitions making, medical appliances design and production, translation and politics. Between the two wars full-time student numbers stabilised at about 750 and expansion into new areas of specialist teaching and research continued slowly. The Second World War brought with it new areas of specialist research and training - in, for example, radar, dietary and vitamin studies, production of anaesthetics and chemicals (as substitutes for materials previously imported from Europe), magnetism, fuel production and economy, naval cartography, glass manufacture and English language teaching. Since the Second World War Since the Second World War, many older houses have been brought into academic use and major new buildings have been constructed - the Main Library in 1959, and the Arts Tower, Hicks Building, Alfred Denny Building, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Chemical Engineering Building, University House, five Halls of Residence and the Union of Students in the 1960s. New buildings for Geography and Psychology followed in the 1970s, along with the Crookesmoor Building (for Law and Management), the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, and purpose-built student flats. The next decade saw the opening of the Octagon Centre, the Sir Henry Stephenson Building (for engineering), and major extensions at the Northern General Hospital. In the 1990s, new premises for the School of Clinical Dentistry, the Management School, the School of Education, St George’s Library (incorporating Blackwell’s University Bookshop) and St George’s Flats and Lecture Theatre were opened, together with extensions to Stephenson, Halifax, and Tapton Halls of Residence, and three new blocks of student flats. The Regent Court building, which houses the Departments of Computer Science and the Information School and the Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, were also completed. The Union of Students underwent a ￡5 million development programme, improving welfare, social and meetings facilities. Following the University’s integration with the Sheffield and North Trent College of Nursing and Midwifery in 1995, a building programme provided new facilities for nursing and midwifery teaching and research. This includes the extension and conversion of the St George’s Hospital site on Winter Street, and the construction of a new building at the Northern General Hospital.