跨文化交际

Unit 1 —— An Introduction

1)Economic Globalization –the integration of national economies into

the international economy 经济全球化

2)Barter System –trade surplus produce in exchange for products and

services without the medium of money 物物交换

3)Global Village –all the different parts of the world form one

community linked together by electronic communications 地球村

4)Melting Pot –assimilation 民族同化

5)Cultural Diversity –the mix of people from various backgrounds in

the labor force with a full mix of cultures and co-cultures to which members belong 文化多样性

6)Intercultural Communication –communication between people whose

cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication 跨文化交际

7)Culture – a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,

values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people

8)Enculturation –all the activities of learning one’s culture 文

化习得

9)Acculturation –the process which adopts the changes brought about

by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures 文化适应

10)Ethnocentrism –the belief that your own culture backgrounds is

superior 民族中心主义

11)Communication –to share with or to make common, as in giving to

another a part of share of your thoughts and knowledge

12)Source –the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate

13)Encoding –the process of putting an idea into a symbol 编码

14)Message –the encoded thought 信息

15)Channel –the means by which the encoded message is transmitted

16)Noise –anything that distorts the message 干扰

17)Receiver –the person who attends to the message 信息接受者

18)Decoding –assign meaning to the symbol received 解码

19)Context –the environment in which the communication takes place 1)What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global

village?

Convenient transportation systems, Innovative communication systems, Economic globalization, Widespread migrations.

2)What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist? Verbal difference: language, thought patterns...

Non-verbal communication: body language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment...

Values: worldviews, beliefs, attitudes...

3)What are the three ingredients of culture?

Products, Behaving, Ideas(beliefs, values, world views...)

4)How to understand cultural iceberg?

Culture above waterline:

a tip of iceberg, visible, tangible, changeable

Culture below waterline:

majority of iceberg, invisible, intangible, resistible

5)What are the characteristics of culture?

Culture is shared, learned, dynamic and ethnocentric.

6)What are the characteristics of communication?

Communication is dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, transactional, systematic and contextual.

7)What are three basic aspects of communication? And on what aspect does

the intercultural communication greatly depend on?

Our individual personality, The culture we operate in, The physical environment that surrounds us.

Whether a communication is successful or not depends greatly on the circumstances.

Unit 2 —— Daily Verbal Communication(I)

1)Verbal Intercultural Communication –people from different cultural

backgrounds communicate with each other by using language

2)Pragmatics –the study of the effect that language has on human

perceptions and behavior 语用学

1)How is Chinese addressing different from English addressing? Addressing by names:

In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name, but in English this order is reversed.

English-speaking people address others by using the first name while Chinese use full names.

Addressing by relationship:

Chinese custom of addressing others with kinship terms should not be carried over into English.

Addressing by title office profession:

In English, only a few occupations or titles are used.

2)Who should be introduced first when people meet each other in the west? Senior, female, guest.

3)How is Chinese hospitality different from American hospitality?

In China, a guest usually observes the principle of avoiding bringing trouble to the host. In America, it is the host who tries to avoid interfering in guest’s freedom of action by leaving room for the guests to make choices.

Unit 3 —— Daily Verbal Communication(II)

1) A Cultural Assumption –we assume that a person has particular values

and attitudes based on their cultural backgrounds 文化假定

1)How would Americans misunderstand the Chinese responses to the

compliments?

English speakers tend to accept the compliments, at least in form, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves in words assigning to the others. It would be a mistake, however, to think that native English speakers never use self-effacing responses to compliments.

2)Why are the Chinese reluctant to pay a compliment?

Traditional Chinese customs don’t require people to express thanks for the small favors that others have done them.

3)How is the Chinese different from Americans in expressing gratitude? Chinese people don’t usually say “Thank you”to those who are very close and who are in a lower power. Saying “Thank you”is very common in America, even between parents and children, husband and wife.

4)What are the social functions of compliments?

Reinforcing solidarity, Greeting people, Expressing thanks, Getting over embarrassment, Congratulation, Encouraging people, Softening criticism, Starting a conversation.

Unit 4 —— Verbal Communication

1)Semantics –the study of the meaning of words 语义

2)Denotation –literal meaning or definition of a word本意

3)Connotation –suggestive meaning 隐含意

4)Taboo –some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a

particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons 禁忌语

5)Euphemism –the act of substituting a mild, indirect or vague term

for one considered harsh, blunt or offensive 委婉语

1)What are the four major verbal differences between Chinese and

English?

Culturally loaded words, Cultural reflections on proverbs, Taboos, Differences in cultural thought patterns.

2)How is the Chinese writing style different from the American style?

Unit 5 —— Nonverbal Communication

1)Chronemics –the study of how people perceive and use time 时间学

2)Monochronic Time –do one thing at a time一元时间，单向记时制

3)Polychronic Time –be involved in many things at once多元时间

4)Proxemics –the perception and use of space(body distance and body

touch) 空间学

5)Kinesics –the study of body language(posture, stance, gesture, etc)

身势学

6)Paralanguage –involving sounds but not words and lying between

verbal and nonverbal communication(speed, volume, pause, silence, etc) 副语言

1)What are the different features of M-Time and P-Time?

M-Time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness. It features one event at a time. M-Time cultures place great emphasis on schedules. P-Time practiced by most other people is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-Time cultures schedule several activities at the same time, and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered.

Unit 6 —— Cross-gender Communication

1)What are the differences between sex and gender?

Sex is biological, permanent and with an individual property. Gender is socially-constructed, varied over time and across cultures and with a social and relational quality.

2)What are the two primary influences on gender socialization?

The two primary influences are family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children. Girls tend to define self in relation to others, while boys typically define self independent of others. While girls are more likely to play house, play hide and seek, or jump rope, boys are inclined to play competitive team sports like football and baseball.

Unit 7 —— Cultural Variations in Negotiation Styles Unit 9 —— Intercultural Personhood

1) A Planetary Culture – integrates eastern mysticism with western

science and rationalism 星际文化

2)Intercultural person –represents someone whose cognitive, affective

and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture 跨文化人格

1)What contrasting world views can be drawn from Buddhism and

Christianity?

Christians sees each one was born with sins and therefore we should salvage ourselves. The salvation of the individual is achieved through hard work and piety. Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property.

Buddhists believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that the universe runs based on a dynamic balance. Buddhists don’t attach themselves to the impermanent objects and the pursuit of material

well-being. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.

2)What are the American cultural values like in terms of Value

Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?

Human nature is evil but perfectible. (生而有罪)

Relation to the nature is mastery with nature. (人定胜天)

Future orientation (将来导向型)

Doing leads to external achievements.

Individual: Self is more important than group.

3)What are the Chinese cultural values like in terms of Value

Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?

Human nature is good but corruptible. （人性本善）

Relation to the nature is harmony with nature. (和谐共处)

Past orientation (过去导向型)

Being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace. Group: In cultures with group values, people make decisions by consensus.

4)Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

and apply it in the case study?

Individualism VS Collectivism (个人主义 vs 集体主义)

High VS Low power distance (Hierarchy等级 vs Equality平等)

High VS Low uncertainty avoidance (Stability稳定 vs Risk-taking冒险) Masculinity VS Femininity (男性主义 vs 女性主义)

跨文化交际答案1

大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（一） I. Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points each) Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement. 1.In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants移民each year and has referred to as a melting-pot大熔炉society. This trend can reflect the theory of ___A__. A. macroculture B. microculture C. globalization D. modernization 2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. This case reflects the ___A____ characteristic of subgroup. A. deviant label B. temporality C. wanna-be behavior D. unexamined 3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ___B___ perspective. A. anthropological人类学 B. intellectual有才智的 C. social D. psychological心理 4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed __B_______. A. interracial communication B. interethnic communication C. international communication D. interpersonal communication 5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similar habits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that____C___. A. Human nature is evil but perfectible B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil C. Human nature is good but corruptible容易 堕落的 D. None of the above 6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called__C___. A. separation and segregation隔离 B. integration整合一体化 C. assimilation吸收同化 D. marginalization边缘化 7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S., he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in__A___ stage of culture shock. A. honeymoon蜜月 B. crisis危机 C. reintegration再整合 D. gradual adjustment逐渐适应 8. ___C__ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. A. Decoding B. Channel C. Encoding D. Source 9.___A__ refers to anything that distorts歪曲曲解the message the source encodes. A. Noise B. Message C. Source D. Context 10.___D__ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture

跨文化交际

【知识点归纳】 1.重点概念： （1）文化：culture，涉及内容十分广泛，不同研究者有不同定义。 广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。 狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式；自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。 总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。 其特性是：人类独有；来自后天习得；大部分存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动态，与一定历史时期相联系。 （2）交际：就是人与人之间的往来交际活动，文化在交际中得到发展与传播。跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。 （3）编码与解码 交际是一个编码和解码的过程；编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程，解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。 （4）言语交际与非言语交际言语交际是指使用语言作为交际媒介； 非言语交际是指使用除语言以外的交际工具作为交际媒介，例如：文字、盲文、手语、手势、旗语、号语等。 （5）跨文化交际 广义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动。 狭义：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的口语交际。 影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段；阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面。（6）文化模式分为特殊的文化模式和普遍的文化模式两类。 特殊的文化模式是指各民族或国家具有的独特的文化体系。 普遍的文化模式是指一切文化都是由各个不同的部分组成的，这种文化构造适用于任何一个民族的文化。美国人类学家C．威斯勒尔认为，普遍的文化模式包括：①语言；②物质特质；③美术；④神话与科学知识；⑤宗教习惯；⑥家庭与社会体制；⑦财产；⑧政府；⑨战争。 （7）文化深层结构 亦称为“文化潜意识”，相对于文化表层结构而言。指一个民族族体在历史的积淀中形成的固定心态，在一种文化中既不产生律动也不产生突变的心理层次。有些学者认为，西方文化的深层结构是“不断地追求变动，渴望不断地超越”；而中国文化，乃至东方文化则具有静态的目的性，寻求天下太平，维持整个结构的平稳和不变 （8）文化定势 “定势”的概念，最先是由美国政治评论家Lippmann 在1922 年出版的《公

《跨文化交际》_名词解释

1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。 2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。 3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities. 熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。 4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微观文化：文化中的文化 5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。 Chapter 1 6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。 7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。 8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。 9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亚群体:与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。 10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。 11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。 Chapter 2 12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。 13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view o f history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a pers istent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by sp ace, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about m any of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as globa l. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as w ell as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from si mple name-calling to isolationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it i mperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understan d people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with p eople who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only i n our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peac e. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from

跨文化交际中手势语的差异

题目：跨文化交际中手势语的差异 ——以“翘拇指”“竖中指”“V”手势“OK”为例 摘要 非言语行为具有鲜明的文化特征，不同国家、民族对非言语行为的社会规范区别很大，甚至所表示的意义恰好相反。日常生活中人们进行交谈、沟通时，除了语言这个交际工具还有手势。手势语几乎随时随地伴着语言进行交往，起着关键的作用，有时也会代替语言甚至超越语言。人类的有些手势语具有相同性，但更多的手势语被赋予了文化的内涵，不同的文化背景赋予了不同的交际意义，以、翘大拇指、竖中指、“V”字形“OK”等手势为例解释说明。 Abstract Nonverbal behavior has distinct cultural characteristics,Different countries, ethnic groups are very different from the social norms of nonverbal behavior,even the express meaning is On the contrary. When People to talk and communicate in daily life,in addition to the language of communication tools there have gestures。Gesture language almost anywhere with the language of communication,plays a key

role.Sometimes it can transcend the language and even take the place of the language. human gestures have the same nature，but more signs are given the connotation of culture.different cultural backgrounds give different communicative meanings,wave、vertical thumb、“V”Shape as example to explain. 关键词：跨文化交际非言语行为手势语 Key words: intercultural communication nonverbal behavior gesture 手势语（gesture?language）是体态语中最基本也是最重要的一种。 法国心理学家休乐热强调手势语的重要作用：“人们交谈时说话本身的份 量只占7%，语调占38%，面部表情和手势占55%，有时候说千万句好听的 作为铺垫引出一个重点，但是一个不经意的手势就可以推翻之前所说的一切。”但是，不同的国家、民族、地区的手势语既有其同一性，更有其特 殊性。手势语的使用有习俗的差异，所以在交际中必须要小心使用，不然 就会引起冲突。下面举出一些常见的手势语在不同文化中的含义： 1.翘大拇指（?thumb up?） 翘大拇指的意思几乎在世界公认表示好、干的不错，一切顺利、非常 出色等类似的信息。家长对孩子、老师对学生、上级对下级常常会做出这 个手势表示认同鼓励。但竖大拇指的这个手势也有许多例外：在美国和欧 洲部分地区，如果你看到有人在公路上对开过来的车竖大拇指他的意思并 不是夸赞司机车技好，而是竖大拇指用来表示请求搭车；篮球比赛中，裁

新编跨文化交际课后翻译中英对照

Translation1 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Translation 2 Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture：culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides

跨文化交际

1.Culture refers to the total way of living of particular groups of people. It includes everything that a group of people think, say, do, and make. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b99129868.html,munication generally refers to the process in which participants create and share information with one another as they move toward reaching mutual understanding. 3.Interculturalcommunication generally refers to the communication between culturally diverse people 4.Value represents a kind of principle or standard. That means it can serve as a kind of guide. It is applied in every aspect of our life, not just limited to a specific field or to a certain category of things. Value is normative: it sets norms. 5.Among the most influential and pioneering research has been work carried out by Harvard professors Kluckholn and Strodtbeck during the mid-twentieth century. They selected 5 communities in the Southwest and conducted a study of their differing values. The results of the study appeared in their book Variations in Value Orientations (1961). They suggested that members of all cultural groups must answer, consciously or unconsciously, the following important questions: What is human nature? What is the relationship between humans and nature? What is the relationship between humans? What is the preferred personality? What is the orientation toward time? According to Kluckholn and Strodtbeck, there are three possible responses to each question as they relate to shared values. (See Table 4.1) Range of Values Human nature Basically good Mixture of good and evil Basically evil Relationship between humans and nature Humans dominate Harmony Nature dominates Relationship between humans Individual Group oriented Collateral Preferred personality Doing Growing Being Time orientation Future oriented Present oriented Past oriented 6.Based on his survey of over 88000 employees of IBM, a large multinational business organization with branches in 66 countries, Dutch scientist Geert Hofstede identified four dimensions that drive cultural differences: individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity-femininity. 7.Stereotype, a perception process, is a form of generalization about some group of people. 8.Culture shock: Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture 9.Denotation: the direct, explicit meaning or reference of a word or term.