语法_并列句和状语从句
第12讲并列句和状语从句两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子叫做并列句，其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有:and, but, or, so等。状语从句是在句子中起副词作用的句子。根据状语从句在句中不同的作用可分为：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步和比较状语从句。并列连词和从属连词是高考的重要考点之一，在语法填空常以无提示词的方式进行考查，在短文改错中主要考查并列连词和从属连词的误用。并列句和状语从句的考点如下：
核心考点01考查并列连词
并列连词是用来连接两个或多个并列的词、短语或句子的词,主要表示并列、选择、转折、因果等关系。并列连词在句子中位置比较固定,必须位于所连接的并列单位之间;两个并列连词不能并用。
1.表示并列关系的连词
表示并列关系的连词有and, both...and...,not only...but also...,neither...nor...等。
2.表示选择关系的连词
表示选择关系的连词有or, either...or...等。
3.表示转折关系的连词
表示转折关系的连词有but, yet, while等。
4.表示因果关系的连词
表示因果关系的连词有for，so。
We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
5.when作并列连词的用法
when除了作从属连词,引导时间状语从句外,还可作并列连词,其意义为“这时,那时”,相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式:
①sb. was doing sth. when...
②sb. was about to/going to do sth. when...
③sb. was on the point of doing sth. when...
④sb. had just done sth. when...。如:
We were having a meeting when someone broke in.
我们正在开会,这时有人闯了进来。
6.while作并列连词的用法
while除了作从属连词,引导时间状语从句外,也可作并列连词,意为“而, 却”,表示对比。如:
He likes pop music, while I am fond of folk music.
他喜欢流行音乐, 而我喜欢民间音乐。
I like playing the piano while my sister likes playing the violin.
我喜欢弹钢琴，而我妹妹喜欢拉小提琴。
典例分析1
(2017 卷)—Peter, please send us postcards_________ we’ll know where you have visited.
—No problem.
【解析】句意:——彼得, 请给我们邮寄明信片, 这样我们就能知道你参观过哪些地方。——没问题。根据句意可知，第一句中前后两个分句为因果关系, 所以填so。
【答案】so
典例分析2
He is a shy man, _________he is not afraid of anything or anyone.
【解析】句意:他是一个腼腆的人,但是他不惧怕任何人和任何事。根据前后句意可知,这里需要一个表示转折关系的连词。
【答案】but
典例分析3
You have to move out of the way_________ the truck cannot get past you.
【解析】句意:你得让让路,不然卡车过不去。根据句子结构和句意可知,空格处应该用or,表示一个否定的条件,意为“不然的话”。
【答案】or
典例分析4
Our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, _________for the week after.
【解析】句意: 我们的房间预订的不是那一周,而是后一周。根据前面的hadn’t判断, 本空填but; not...but...“不是……而是……”。
【答案】but
典例分析5
There were many people waiting at the bus stop,_________ some of them looked very anxious.
【解析】句意:很多人在公交车站那里等着,他们中一些人看上去很焦躁。空格前后是两个句子,而且表示两种并列的状况,所以要用and连接。
【答案】and
典例分析6
Give me a chance,_________ I’ll give you a wonderful surprise.
【解析】句意:如果你给我一个机会,我会给你一个惊喜。此处为“祈使句+and+简单句”结构。
【答案】and
状元提醒
祈使句加and, or引导的并列句表示条件。
Study hard, or you will fail the exam.好好学习，不然的话会考试不及格。
Stand up and you’ll see farther.如果站起来，你就会看得更远。
核心考点02考查时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由从属连词when，while，as，till/until，not... until...，since，before，whenever，after，as soon as，hardly…when…，no sooner…than…，once等引导。作答相关的试题时，一定要根据上下文所提到的动作或事件的先后关系来判断。
1. 名词词组引导时间状语从句
名词词组every time，the next time，the moment，the instant等，也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。
I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次见她就对她印象很好并认为她很诚实。
I found myself in an entirely new world the moment I arrived in Beijing.
我一到就感到耳目一新。
2. 副词用作连词引导的时间状语从句
instantly, immediately，instantly，directly, presently等也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句，表示"一……就……"的意思。
The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise.
那位年轻女士一听到响声就冲进房间。
Directly he came in, he knew something had happened.
他一进来，就知道出了什么事了。
3. when, while和as的区别
(1) when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。
Sorry, I was out when you called me. 对不起,你打时我刚好外出了.
Strike while the iron is hot．趁热打铁
The students took notes as they listened. 学生们边听课边做笔记.
(2) when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。
When he had finished his homework, he took a short rest.
当他完成作业后,他休息了一会儿。
When I got to the airport, the guests had left.
当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。
(3) 当主句、从句动作同时进行，从句主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时，只能用
as，意为“随着……”；“一边……,一边……”。
The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.
随着高度的增加,大气越来越稀薄。
(4) 如果主句表示的是短暂性的动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间正在进行的动作，when/while/as可换用。
When/While/As I walking in the street, I saw a friend of mine.
我在街上走的时候，看到了一位朋友。
4. till, until和not…until的用法
(1)till和until用于肯定句中，和延续性动词连用，意为“直到……为止”，表示该动作或状态的终止时间。(till和until作介词的用法相同)
She stood there until he had passed out of sight.
她站在那里直到他从视线里消失。
(2)till和until用在否定句中，常和非延续性动词连用，意为“直到……才……”，表示动作的开始时间。
The Olympic Games, first played in 776 B.C., did not include women players until it was held in 1912.
奥林匹克运动会第一次举办是在公元前776年，直到1912年才有女选手参赛。
注意：until可以用在句首，till不可以用在句首。
Until you told me, I knew nothing about it.
直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事情。
5. since和before的用法比较
(1)since引导的时间状语从句，从句谓语动词是延续性动词的时候，理解为某动作的终止，如果从句谓语动词是非延续性动词的时候理解为某个状态的开始。
It is three years since he became a teacher.
他当教师已经三年了。
It is three years since he was a teacher.
他不当教师已经三年了。
(2)before引导的时间状语从句它可翻译为：“还未……就……”，“……才……”，“还没来得及……就……”等。
He walked out of the room before I could say a word.
我还没来得及说一句话他就走出了房间。
③与before和since相关的句型
It is+一段时间+since…(过去时). 自从……以来……
It will be+一段时间+before…(一般现在时). 要过多长时间才……
It was+一段时间+before…(一般过去时). 过了……才……
It will be +not+一段时间+before…. 过不了多长时间……就……
It wasn’t+时间段+before…(一般过去时). 过……之后就……
It is 30 years since he joined the revolution. 他参加革命己三十年了。
It was three days before he came back. 他三天后才回来。
It will be a month before we graduate. 再过一个月我们就毕业了。
典例分析1
(2017卷)If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people _________ you figure it out.
【解析】句意:如果你不理解某个事物, 你可以去调查、研究、与他人交谈, 直到你把它弄明白为止。所填的词意为“直到”，所以用until/till引导时间状语从句,
【答案】until/till
典例分析2
the wedding ceremony began, the couple nervously repeated their vows “We promise to love each other for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health”.
【解析】句意:当婚礼开始时,那对新人紧地重复着他们的誓言“我们发誓彼此相爱,无论环境好坏、无论贫穷富足、无论疾病健康。”根据上下文逻辑可知设空处引导时间状语从句, 且从句谓语动词为瞬间动词, 故答案为When。
【答案】When
典例分析3
It was the middle of the night my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
【解析】句意:午夜时分,父亲叫醒我,告诉我看足球比赛。when“当……时候”,并且从句谓语动词wake是短暂性动词，所以填when。
【答案】when
典例分析4
The young couple who returned my lost wallet, left I could ask for their names.
【解析】句意:将钱包归还给我的那对年轻夫妇,在我问他们的之前就已经离开了。结合句意可知,此处填before引导时间状语从句,表示“在……之前”。
【答案】before
典例分析5
状元提醒
时间状语从句注意事项
1. 需注意各种从属连词，尤其是比较容易引起错误的搭配和不常使用的词。如：hardly…when…，no sooner…than…，the moment，every time，once，each time等。
2. 注意时态的呼应。
时间状语从句中用一般现在时态代替将来时态。此外，since引导的从句和主句
时态不一致，hardly…when…，no sooner…than…时态的搭配都是需要引起注意的。
3.主句后跟until/till引导的句子时，要注意主句动词的延续性和终止性的区别，还
要注意对until引导的容进行强调的用法。
核心考点03考查地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where，wherever和everywhere引导。作答时一定要根据下文的逻辑关系来判断所填的从属连词，并注意where引导的地点状语从句和定语从句的区别。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.
她所到之处都有成群的人等着见她。
典例分析
(2017卷) Located _________ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
【解析】句意:位于“一带”与“一路”的交汇处,将为“一带一路”建设作出更大贡献。根据句意可知，所填的词引导地点状语从句，所以填where。
【答案】where
状元提醒
where既可以引导定语从句，也可以引导地点状语从句。引导定语从句时，从
句前应该有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，where可以变为“介词+关系代词”形
式；而状语从句前则没有先行词。
Put the book at the place where you took it.(定语从句)
Put the book where you took it.(状语从句)
把书放回原来的地方。
核心考点04考查原因状语从句
原因状语从句由because，since，as，now that等连词引导。作答时可根据上下文的因果关系来判断。
典例分析
Hot as the night air was, we slept deeply ________ we were so tired after the long journey.
【解析】句意：夜晚的空气很热，我们睡得很深，因为长途旅行后我们太累了。根据句意可知，前面是结果，后面是原因，所以填because。
【答案】because
状元提醒
1. because，since，as，now that的区别
连词区别位置涵能否回答
why问句
能否被强调
because(因为)主句前或
后
直接原因能能
as(由于)主句前或
后双方都知道
的原因
否否
since/now that(既
然)
主句前
Now that you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
既然你有了机会，你要充分利用它。
We had better hurry as it's getting dark.因为天快要黑了，我们最好快点。
2. 另外，seeing (that)…(由于；鉴于)；considering (that)…(考虑到；鉴于)也可引导原因状语从句。
Seeing (that) the weather is bad, we’ll stay at home.
因为天气不好, 我们要呆在家里了。
Considering (that) it is handmade, the price seems reasonable.
考虑到它是手工制成的，价格还算合理。
核心考点05考查目的状语从句
常用引导词: so that, in order that。
特殊引导词: lest, in case, for fear that。如:
In order that every student might understand it, the teacher explained that passage again and again.
为了使每个学生都明白,老师反复讲解那一段。
We spoke in whispers for fear that we might wake the baby.
我们轻声说话,以免吵醒婴儿。
典例分析
He had his camera ready _______case he saw something that would make a good picture.
【解析】句意：他准备好了相机以防看到可以拍摄的景物。in case“以防；以免”，引导目的状语从句。
【答案】in
核心考点06考查结果状语从句
so…that…和such…that…引导结果状语从句，意思相同，意为“如此……，以至于……”。如：
He is such a kind person that we all like him.
=He is so kind a person that we all like him.
=He is so kind that we all like him.
他是一个非常善良的人,我们都喜欢他。
典例分析
It was _________ warm that the family had to have the electric fan on all day long.
【解析】天太热,一家人不得不全天开着电扇。分析句子结构可知，本题是so…that…引导的结果状语从句。空格后面是形容词，所以填so。
【答案】so
状元提醒
so…that…和such…that…各自所使用的句式如下:
so+形容词（副词）+that从句
so+many/few/much/little+名词+that从句
so+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词+that从句
such+a(an)+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句
such+形容词+复数名词(不可数名词)+that从句
such+a lot of /lots of +名词+that从句
I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.
我摔了好多次跤，周身青一块紫一块的。
This is such an interesting book that all the students in our class want to read it.
=This is so interesting a book that all the students in our class want to read it.
这本书如此有趣，我们班所有的学生都想读。
注意：
当so, such以及各自修饰部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。当such为代词在
主句中作表语时，such置于句首，主句用完全倒装。
Such was what he told me. 这就是他告诉我的。
核心考点07考查让步状语从句
让步状语从句通常由though，although，as，while, even if (though)，whether...or...，however，whatever，whoever，whenever，no matter +wh…等引导。
典例分析1
(2016卷) _______online shopping has changed our life , not all of its effects have been positive.
【解析】句意：尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但是不是所有的影响都是积极的。根据句意可知，所填的词引导让步状语从句，所以填while/though/although。
【答案】While/Though/Although
典例分析2
I don’t really like the author, _______ I have to admit his books are very exciting.
【解析】句意:我实在是不喜欢那位作家,尽管我不得不承认他的作品非常激动人心。根据句意判断,两句之间是让步关系,故可填连词(al)though“虽然,尽管”。
【答案】(al)though
状元提醒
1.while引导的让步状语从句，只能放在句首，意为“虽然；尽管”。
While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.
虽然他爱他的学生, 可是他对他们很严格。
2.as/though引导的让步状语从句常使用倒装语序。
Well-written as/though the book is, the author is not satisfied and prepared to revise
it.
尽管这本书写得很好，作者还是不满意并打算修改它。
3.“疑问词+ever”引导的让步状语从句
however，whatever，whoever，whenever等引导的让步状语从句相当于“no
matter+疑问词”，意为“无论……”。
No matter where (Wherever) you go, I would keep you company.
不管你到哪去，我都会陪着你。
Whatever you do and wherever you go, you can encounter pain.
你无论做什么，也无论你去往何处，都会遭受苦恼。
核心考点08考查条件状语从句
常用引导词:if, unless。
特殊引导词: as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that。如:
As long as you can keep away from them, you’re safe.
只要你离他们远一点, 你就会安全。
Provided that you have the money in your account, you can withdraw up to $100 a day.
只要账户存款足够,你每天对多可提取100美元。
典例分析1
(2016卷)I learned that ________ you fall in love with something and do it all the time，you will get better at it.
【答案】if
【解析】句意：我了解到如果你喜欢上什么事情而且一直做，你会越来越擅长。that后为宾语从句，宾语从句又含有一个从句，前后为假设关系，所以用if引导条件状语从句。
典例分析2
________ I visit every bookstore in town, I shall not know whether I can get what I want.
【解析】句意：如果我不到城里每一家书店去看看，我就不知道是否能买到我想要的书。根据句意可知，空格处填unless引导条件状语从句。
【答案】Unless
核心考点09考查方式状语从句和比较状语从句
方式状语从句一般由as，as if/as though, the way等引导；比较状语从句由as…as…，not as/so…as，than, the more…, the more…引导。
典例分析
They completely ignore these facts as ________ they never existed.
【解析】句意：他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它们不存在似的。根据句意可知，本
句为方式状语从句。所以填if/though。
【答案】if/though
达标诊断以状元的方式，诊断纠错
单句语法填空
结合语境，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号单词的正确形式。
1. I was frightened on my first day, _____ I was also excited that I was going to attend my first real physics class.
【答案】but
【解析】句意：第一天我很害怕，但是我也很兴奋，我要第一次上真正的物理课。根据句意可知，上下文是转折关系，所以填but。
2. The photo was taken _______ stood the famous statue, a landmark of the city he paid a visit last July.
【答案】where
【解析】句意：照片是在著名雕塑那个地方照的，是去年七月他参观的城市地标。分析句子结构可知，所填的词引导地点状语从句，所以填where。
3. I really enjoy listening to music ______ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
【答案】because
【解析】句意：我非常喜欢听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想其它的事情。前后是因果关系，所以填because。
4. More and more people are willing to shop online to get what they want, and I am one of them. I just can’t help buying things I need them or not.
【答案】whether
【解析】句意:越来越多的人愿意在网上买自己想要的东西,我就是其中之一。无论我需不需要,我都会情不自禁地买东西。根据语境可以推断出此处考查让步状语从句,whether...or not “无论……还是……”。
5. In some parts of Europe, incomes are high, ________ in other parts they are much lower.
【答案】while
【解析】句意：在欧洲的一些地区收入很高，而在其他地方则非常低。根据句意可知，
上下文是对比关系，所以填while。
6. You never really understand a person ________ you consider things from his point of view.
【答案】until/till
【解析】句意：直到你能从他的观点角度上思考问题你才能真正了解一个人。
7. ______ the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for.
【答案】As
【解析】句意：随着人口的增长，越来越多的老人需要照顾。根据句意可知，要填as，意为“随着……”。
8. Find ways to praise your children often, _______ you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.
【答案】and
【解析】句意：寻找方法经常表扬孩子，你就会发现他们会对你敞开心扉。根据句意可知，前后句是条件或假设关系，而且本句是“祈使句+and+简单句”结构，所以填and。9. You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason _______ you reach any decision.
【答案】before
【解析】句意：你要学会在做任何决定之前都必须兼顾好情感与理智。对比reach any decision 和consult your feelings and your reason之间的关系，不难看出，兼顾好情感与理智在前，做任何决定在后，所以填before。
10. As we can see, developing a good habit is so important I would like to introduce one kind of good learning habit—keep a learning diary every day.
【答案】that
【解析】句意:正如我们看到的那样,养成一个好的习惯如此重要,以至于我想介绍一种好的学习习惯, 即每天都要记学习笔记。根据语境可知此处考查so...that...引导的结果状语从句。
11. I believe you will have a wonderful time here you get to know everyone else. 【答案】once
【解析】句意:我相信,一旦你慢慢认识了其他人,你就会在这儿玩得很开心。once引导条件状语从句,表示“一旦”,符合语境。
12. We should go by bus in order _______ we can get there earlier.
【答案】that
【解析】句意：我们应该坐公交车去为的是能早点到。根据前面的in order可知填that。
in order that“为了……”，引导目的状语从句。
13. Some people believe that _______ an egg is balanced on its end at exactly 12:00 noon, it means that the coming year will be good.
【答案】if
【解析】句意：一些人认为如果一个鸡蛋在正午12点能够立住，就意味着来年好运。此处表示条件，所以填if。
14. Jim is in good shape physically even _____ he doesn’t get much exercise.
【答案】though/if
【解析】句意：即使没有得到多少锻炼，吉姆仍保持着良好的体型。even though/if引导让步状语从句，意思是“即使”。
15. Now, regular price of admission is 370 yuan, ________ peak pricing for holidays and weekends is set at 499 yuan.
【答案】while/ but/ though/although
【解析】句意：现在普通门票是370元，而在假期和周末的高峰时期是499元。空格前后之间是对比关系，所以填while。也可填but, though或although，看作是转折关系或让步状语从句。
16. Scientists have discovered that bees learn to fly the shortest possible route between flowers even _____ they are in a different order.
【答案】though/if
【解析】句意：科学家发现，即使改变花的位置，蜜蜂也可以在花朵间找到飞行的最短路径。even if（即使）引导让步状语从句。
17. Mary’s mother doesn’t allow her to go anywhere outside the town ________ another member of the family is along.
【答案】unless
【解析】句意：玛丽的母亲不允许她去镇外的地方，除非有家里其他人跟着一起。unless 除非，引导条件状语从句。
18. When you smile, not only do you feel happy, ________you also bring a ray of light into the lives of others.
【答案】but
【解析】句意：当你微笑时，你不仅感到幸福，而且还给他人的生活带来光明。本句为
not only…but also…结构。
19. To my great disappointment, my best friend left the city ________I could have a word with her.
【答案】before
【解析】句意：令我失望的是，我还没有来得及和我最好的朋友说句话，她就离开了这个城市。空格处表示“还没来得及”，所以填before。
20. No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage ________ the audience broke into thunderous applause.
【答案】than
【解析】句意：莫言一走上台，观众就爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。分析句子结构(主句的谓语动词用过去完成时且主谓为部分倒装)可知，此处是no sooner...than...(一……就……)的固定句式，故填than。