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Searches for exotica at LEP

Searches for exotica at LEP
Searches for exotica at LEP

a r X i v :h e p -e x /0411085v 1 28 N o v 2004

SEARCHES FOR EXOTICA AT LEP

F.-L.NAVARRIA

Dip.di Fisica,Univ.di Bologna,V.le Berti-Pichat 6/2,I-40127Bologna,Italy INFN,Sezione di Bologna,V.le Berti-Pichat 6/2,I-40127Bologna,Italy

The results of various searches for new physical phenomena beyond the Standard Model using data from the four LEP experiments are summarized.Topics presented include the search for ?avour-changing neutral currents with single top production,compositeness leading to the production of excited leptons,and manifestations of extra dimensions.

1Introduction

The Standard Model (SM)works extremely well so far,yet it is believed to be only a low-energy e?ective theory and new physics beyond the SM is expected to appear.Some of the motivations for looking beyond the SM are neutrino oscillations,the problems related to the uni?cation of forces (hierarchy problem),and the origin of the mass hierarchy.Theoretical prejudices vary a lot,but indicate,in some cases,that the new scale could be as low as 1TeV.New phenomena could therefore have been accessible with the Large Electron Positron Collider at CERN.LEP

was stopped at the end of 2000,after reaching

2Single top production

Flavor Changing Neutral Currents (FCNC)are absent in the SM at the tree level and severely suppressed even at the one-loop level.For example,at LEP2energies the production of a single top quark,e +e ?→tˉc +c.c.(tˉu +c.c.),is present at the one-loop level in the SM,but the cross-section is expected to be only O (10?9fb).The SM process is therefore totally invisible and single t production can be used as a probe for new physics.FCNC can also be searched for at HERA via single t production,ep →etX,and at the Tevatron via rare top decay,t →Z(γ)c(u),since the one-loop level BR[t →(Z,g,γ)+c(u)]is predicted to be <10?10in the SM.Several extensions of the SM predict enhancements of the single t production cross-sections or larger

BRs.FCNC t production and decay can be

expressed in terms of anomalous couplings κγand κZ ,2with a scale assumed to be equal to m t .Events of the type e +e ?→t[→b W(→qˉq ,lνl )]ˉc or ˉu )have been searched for using b-tag and kinematic variables.No excess was found over the SM background and exclusion limits were derived for the production cross-sections.All experiments have now produced ?nal results 3,4,5,6.Figure 1limits published recently by DELPHI 4:also shown are the limits and by CDF in Run I at the Tevatron.H1has produced limits ZEUS because it has observed an excess of leptonic events at high not observed in other channels (hadronic)or by ZEUS.The limits and on the BRs derived from the combined LEP data are shown (right):a BR[t →Zc(u)]>0.081is excluded at 95%CL for κγ=0

0.2

0.40.6

0.81

LEP Preliminary

κγ

κZ

BR(t →γu)+BR(t →γc)

B R (t →Z u )+B R (t →Z c )

Figure 1:Left:Search for single top production,95%CL area excluded by DELPHI in the κγ,κZ plane.Middle

and right:anomalous couplings and top BRs excluded by combined LEP data and by CDF.

3Excited leptons

The existence of three families of quarks and leptons is a strong motivation to look for sub-structure.In composite models 7,quarks,leptons and gauge bosons are composite with an associated energy scale,Λ.At s <<Λ2there could be manifestations of these subconstituents through anomalous decay modes,anomalous electric and magnetic multipoles,excited fermions,leptoquarks and contact terms.For example,excited leptons would decay promptly emitting a gauge boson,γ,W or Z,and an ordinary lepton of the same family.The possible processes are l ?→lγ,νW,l Z;ν?→νγ,l W,νZ.BR,topologies and e?ciencies depend on the relative

2di?erence in the Lagrangian used at LEP and HERA:the correct one,from the LEP point

of view,is the one in Fig.1left.

strengths,f and f′,of the weights multiplying the SM couplings.For instance,if f=f′,ν?→νγis forbidden;if f=-f′,l?→lγis forbidden.At LEP two classes of processes were investigated: pair production,e+e?→l?l?,ν?ν?,with a discovery limit m?~√

s.The single production cross-sections depend on

the ratios f,f′/Λand on m l?.For excited electrons a limit beyond

compacti?ed on a torus (?at ED),one has m 2P l ~R n M n +2D ,with M D the D-dimensional Planck

mass,and if M D is ~1TeV,thus eliminating the hierarchy problem,the compacti?cation radius would be R =0.3mm,10pm,30fm for n-dim =2,4,6,respectively.The bulk graviton is expanded in a Kaluza-Klein tower of massive states,with ?m ~1/R,forming almost a con-tinuous spectrum and being weakly coupled.At LEP one can look for i)graviton emission in e +e ?→γG,i.e.γ+missing energy,ii)graviton exchange in boson and fermion pair production,e +e ?→γγ,WW,ZZ,f ˉf.Experimentally,n=1is excluded by the behaviour of Newton’s law at solar system scales.Contrary to ew and strong forces,which have been tested down to ~(100GeV/c )?1~10?15mm,gravity so far has been tested down only to the 0.1mm scale,whilst improved experiments could decrease this limit by an order of

magnitude.Limits on ED for n =2can also be derived from astrophysical and cosmological arguments 14,but tend to be less constraining for larger n.

i)Graviton emission.The angular distribution for e +e ?→γG is peaked at small E γand θγ,and one of the principal SM backgrounds is e +e ?→νˉνγ.The combination of the DELPHI and L3single γenergy spectrum is shown in Fig.3(left).No deviation is observed with respect to the SM background.The exclusion limits for M D as a function of n are presented in Fig.3(right):the ALEPH data have been included reconstructing the likelihoods from the ?tted M D vs n.OPAL data at the highest energies have not been yet analysed.For n =2,3,4,5,6one has M D >1.60,1.20,0.94,0.77,0.66TeV.1The limits from CDF and D0at the Tevatron are also shown:E γ / E beam

E v e n t s / 0.05

Number of Extra Dimensions

Figure 3:Left:photon energy spectrum in single γevents.Right:the limits on M D as a function of the number

n of extra dimensions.

ii)Graviton exchange.The most sensitive channel is Bhabha scattering.The scale is not

the same as M D but one has to introduce a cut-o?,M S ,with M 4D =(2/πλ)M 4S ,|λ|~1.Three

terms contribute to the angular distribution,the SM term,G exchange and the interference term (~λ/M 4S ).No deviation from the SM predictions is observed and typical limits are M S >1.20(1.09)TeV for λ=+1(-1)at 95%CL combining the data from the four experiments.15Similarly,the combined LEP results from e +e ?→γγare M S >0.93(1.01)TeV for λ=+1(-1).84.2

Search for branons

If the brane is permitted to vibrate (instead of being rigid as in the ADD model),there will be brane ?uctuations along the ED,and associated new pseudoscalar particles (branons,?π)will appear.Branons could be dark matter candidates in low-tension brane worlds 16.The search at LEP was performed by L3,17complementing the search for G emission.In fact,if f (the brane tension)>>M F (the gravity scale),then G is accessible ?rst;if f ?M F ,then one should look

for?πproduced in pairs,e+e?→?π?πγor?π?πZ,looking at events with photons/jets and missing energy.Since no excess is observed above the SM background,L3sets a limit M>103GeV at 95%CL on the branon mass for an elastic brane(f→0),and f>180GeV(M=0)17.

4.3Search for the radion

In the Randall-Sundrum(RS)model18there are two branes:the SM is con?ned on one brane and gravity is concentrated on the other.One extra dimension with a“warped”geometry is allowed to?uctuate,resulting in a massive scalar,the radion,in addition to massless(gravitons) and massive(accessible at future colliders)spin-two excitations.Gravity in the RS model is weak because it is exponentially damped by the distance between the branes.The radion has the same quantum numbers as the Higgs(but the radion can couple directly to gluons),and Higgs-radion mixing is possible.OPAL19has looked at the“Higgs/radion-strahlung”process,e+e?→Z+ h/r,reusing three searches for the Higgs boson.The excluded RS parameter space is obtained by a parameter scan(m r,m h,ΛW~1TeV,mass scale on the SM brane,ξ,mixing parameter). Forξ=0the SM Higgs mass limit is reobtained,forξ=0the mass limit is generally lower and decreases with decreasingΛW.For allξ,m r,ΛW≥246GeV,OPAL obtains m h>58GeV at 95%CL,19the analyses losing their sensitivity forΛW?0.8TeV.

5Conclusions

No evidence for single top production,excited leptons,or extra dimensions was found at LEP2 and exclusion limits were set.In many cases these results,four years after the LEP shut down, are still competitive with the new analyses produced at HERA and at the Tevatron.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the colleagues who helped with the preparation of this talk:W.Adam, S.Ask,L.Bellagamba,V.Hedberg,G.Paztor and P.Wells.

References

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11.W.Adam et al.,DELPHI2004-024-CONF-699,submitted to ICHEP04

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14.S.Eidelman et al.,Review of Particle Properties,Phys.Lett.B592,1(2004)

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17.P.Achard et al.,L3Coll.,Phys.Lett.B597,145-154(2004)

18.L.Randall and R,Sundrum,Phys.Rev.Lett.83,3370(1999);ibidem,83,4690(1999)

19.G.Abbiendi et al.,OPAL Coll.,CERN-PH-EP-2004-041,submitted to Phys.Lett.B

Superkids2新灵通少儿英语二级-故事听力稿

The SuperKids are at Peter and Toni’s house. Toni is in bed. She’s sick. Her mother is angry. The dog ate the newspaper. The dog is sad. There’s Peter and his friend Beth. Peter is happy. Beth is hot. Donny and Chip are on the sofa. They see something strange in the yard. What is it? Look at Mojo the mouse. He’s sleepy. Joey AND Lisa are in the bedroom. Joey has a toy alligator. Lisa is looking at a bird. She’s cold. Peter, Beth, Donny and Chip are looking out of the door. What do they see? It’s a spaceship. Donny is scared. Look, Beth and Donny are in the yard. Beth is talking to Pluto. Donny is talking to Jupiter. Pluto and Jupiter are aliens. They have a blue spaceship. Point to the living room. Who’s in the living room? Mojo the mouse. Hello, Mojo. Lisa is in the hall. Lisa’s father is in the bedroom. Point to the closet. Joey’s in the dining room? Peter and his mother. Look at the kitchen. What color is the kitchen. It’s green. Jupiter is meeting Lisa. Where’s Chip? He’s by the window. It’s windy outside. Pluto is in the spaceship. She’s talking to her friends. One is in rainy and foggy place. One is in a sunny and warm place. One is in a cloudy and windy place. One is in a snowy and cool place. He’s not happy. He’s cold. Point to the cat. It’s in the chair. What color is the cat? It’s purple. Point to Donny and Mojo. Donny has a kite. Donny , Mojo and Pluto are going to the park. It’s a windy day. The SuperKids are having fun in the park. What’s the weather like? It’s windy and cloudy. There’s Pluto. She’s on the swing. She has a watch. Look at Donny. He has a kite. Chip and Toni are running. Toni is happy now. She’s not sick. Point to Beth and Mojo. They’re playing on the jungle gym. Look at the slide. It looks fun. Peter and Jupiter like the slide. What’s that under the slide? That’s Peter’s hat. Point to the clock. What color is it? It’s green. It’s 12 clock. Are you hungry? The SuperKids are in a toy store. It has great toys. Point to the rockets. Find Mojo. He’s flying on a balloon. How many balloons? Seven balloons. Look at Pluto. She wants a

介词in,on.at,for.with,by,of的基本用法

介词用法知多少 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一。同一个汉语词汇在英语中可译成不同的英语介词。例如汉语中的“用”可译成:(1)用英语(in English);(2)用小刀(with a knife);(3)用手工(by hand);(4)用墨水(in ink)等。所以,千万不要以为记住介词的一两种意思就掌握了这个介词的用法,其实介词的用法非常广泛,搭配能力很强,越是常用的介词,其含义越多。下面就简单介绍几组近义介词的用法及其搭配方法。 一. in, to, on和off在方位名词前的区别 1. in表示A地在B地范围之内。如: Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 2. to表示A地在B地范围之外,即二者之间有距离间隔。如: Japan lies to the east of China. 3. on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻。如: North Korea is on the east of China. 4. off表示“离……一些距离或离……不远的海上”。如: They arrived at a house off the main road. New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia. 二. at, in, on, by和through在表示时间上的区别 1. at指时间表示: (1)时间的一点、时刻等。如: They came home at sunrise (at noon, at midnight, at ten o’clock, at daybreak, at dawn). (2)较短暂的一段时间。可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。如: He went home at Christmas (at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night). 2. in指时间表示: (1)在某个较长的时间(如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等)内。如: in 2004, in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening, etc (2)在一段时间之后。一般情况下,用于将来时,谓语动词为瞬间动词,意为“在……以后”。如: He will arrive in two hours. 谓语动词为延续性动词时,in意为“在……以内”。如: These products will be produced in a month. 注意:after用于将来时间也指一段时间之后,但其后的时间是“一点”,而不是“一段”。如: He will arrive after two o’clock. 3. on指时间表示: (1)具体的时日和一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。如: On Christmas Day(On May 4th), there will be a celebration. (2)在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。如: He arrived at 10 o’clock on the night of the 5th. (3)准时,按时。如: If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark. 4. by指时间表示: (1)不迟于,在(某时)前。如:

初中英语介词用法归纳总结

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英语介词用法详解

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介词by用法归纳-九年级

页脚.

. . 教学过程 一、课堂导入 本堂知识是初中最常见的介词by的一个整理与总结,让学生对这个词的用法有一个系统的认识。页脚.

. . 二、复习预习 复习上一单元的知识点之后,以达到复习的效果。然后给学生一些相关的单选或其他类型题目,再老师没有讲解的情况下,让学生独立思考,给出答案与解释,促进学生发现问题,同时老师也能发现学生的盲点,并能有针对性地进行后面的讲课。 页脚.

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