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文体学复习资料

文体学复习资料
文体学复习资料

文体学复习资料!

1.EST: The English of science and technology.

2.Pitch: Some sounds or groups of sounds in one's speech to be relatively higher or

lower than others. This relative height of speech sounds as perceived by a listener is called "pitch".

3.Euphemism: substituting an inoffensive or pleasant word or expression for a more

offensive one.

4.Point of view: the position of the author in relation to his subject.

5.Tempo: the speed of speaking.

6.Tenor of discours e: the participants, their education, social status, the role-

relationship between the addresser and the addressee, the degree of intimacy, the degree of social distance.

7.RP: Received Pronunciation

8.Stress: the prominence of sounds

9.Graphology: the writing forms, and the signs used in a text

10.Associative meaning: the meanings that a word has beyond or in addition to its

conceptual meaning.

11.Inverted pyramid method: the lead offers the most essential elements, telling who,

what, when, where, and why (how) of the story; the second paragraph has less important information; the latter paragraphs contain still less important information. 1.What does general stylistics study?

Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.

2.What is a text? Explain the aspects of textual analysis.

A text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that forms a unified

whole. A text is then a semantic unit, a unit not only of form, but also of meaning.

Textual analysis includes the following aspects: text layout, reference, substitution, ellipsis, logical connectors, collocation, inter-sentence relationship.

3.What is the difference in the effect between the use of Latinate words and that of

native words?

Latinate words often help to create the effect of coolness, dignity, formality and intellectual distance. Anglo-Saxon words are close to their hearts and emotionally charged and quite common informal.

4. Say something about the differences in pronunciation between standard British

and American English.

RP differs from GA in many ways. For example, where the phoneme/?/ is used in RP, it would be /ɑ:/in GA, as in hot /hɑ:t/. In RP, there is no /r/ sound before a consonant, while in GA, we usually find it as in farm /fɑ?rm/, lark /[lɑ?rk]/, etc.

Most Americans pronounce either and neither with the vowel of teeth or beneath, while in Britain an alternate pronunciation has developed since the American colonies were established and the more usual pronunciation is now with an initial diphthong [ai].

5. What are the main stylistic features of E-English?

Lexically it is characterized by the economy of language which are reflected in the use of abbreviations, clippings, blendings, numbers, emoticons, smileys

Syntactically it tends to be simple and direct, which is reflected in its tendency of

using short sentences, simple sentences, minor sentences, elliptical sentences, active voice, present and present continuous tenses

6. Make some sentences of your own indicating the five degrees of formality.

The frozen style (有点长P64 大家有好的例子请提供!)

The formal style: Your silence is requested.

The consultative style: Would you be so good?

The casual style: Quiet, please!

The intimate style: Do shut up!

7. What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the lexical level?

PPT版:

The use of informal, monosyllabic, Anglo-Saxon words;

Frequent use of phrasal verbs;

Use of slang and jargon words among close friends, family members or people with shared knowledge;

Use of slang words among people with shared knowledge;

General and vague words are frequently used;

Pronouns, esp. first and second person pronouns, often occur in conversation.

②The use of informal, monosyllabic, Anglo-Saxon words;

The use of colloquial words;

The use of slang and jargon words in casual conversation;

The use of general words;

The use of pronouns, especially first and second person pronouns

8. Say something about the types of public speeches.

The informative speech, the persuasive speech, the entertaining speech, the stimulating speech

9. What are the general stylistic features of newspaper headlines?

The main features of headlines are as follows:

(a)The omission of articles and the link verb

(b)Frequent use of abbreviations

(c)Present tense is often used

(d)short, powerful words are often employed

(e)The use of pre-modification

(f)Frequent use of figures of speech

10. How many parts does an advertisement usually consist of?

A complete advertisement usually consists of the headline, the illustrations, the body copy, the slogan(or tag-line), the trade-mark, and the standing details(supplementary items).

11.Why the present tense and passive voice are often used in EST?

简化版:The present tense is often used to show a general truth.

The passive voice is often used because it is more concise and more objective in tone.

课本版:The present tense reason: because scientific writings often contain information about scientific knowledge with no specific time reference. Since the simple present tense is often used to show a genera truth, or to indicate a state, or regular action or process.

The passive voice reasons: a) Scientists are more interested in the action or facts rather than the doers. b) passive sentences are usually shorter and more concise than active ones c) passive sentences sound more objective in tone.

从文体学的角度看翻译标准

从文体学的角度看翻译标准 万正发 (11湖南人文科技学院,湖南娄底 417000;21湖南工业大学,湖南株洲 412008)3 摘 要:翻译标准是翻译理论的核心,文体再现又是翻译标准的核心。对翻译标准文体理论的系统再认识,有利于再现原文的文体特征,从而明确文体学对翻译标准确立的意义。 关键词:翻译标准;文体特征;文体再现 On Tran sl a ti on St andards from the Angle of Stylisti cs Abstract:Regarding translati on standards,the key point of translati on theory,the p resent article syste m ically analyzes the theory of translati on standards in style.It points out rep r oducti on motivati on of stylistic characteristics in target language,and the significance of sty2 listic study t o translati on standards. Key words:translati on standards;stylistic characteristics;style rep r oducti on 中图分类号:H059 文献标志码:A 文章编号:100025757(2008)0920053202 1.引言 翻译标准和原则,在翻译界可谓众说纷纭,其中很多翻译标准都提到了对文体的要求。Tytler在Princi p les of Translati on中提出译文的风格和表达方式应与原文具有相同的特征;奈达在Translati on Theory and Practice中也提出:翻译要从语义到文体,用最贴近的自然对等语在接受语言中再现源语信息[1];我国学者严复的“信、达、雅”、鲁迅“要保留原文的风姿”等理论也表达了对翻译标准文体论的探讨。 2.文体探微 文体对我们来说可能是个比较模糊的概念,英语style 一词源于拉丁语的stilus,原指古人在蜡板上写字用的一种用金属或骨头制作的“笔”。随着时间的推移,style一词的词义不断扩大,以至《牛津英语词典》曾在该词下面列出26个义项。[2] 现英文Style既可指某一时代的文风,又可指某一作家使用语言的习惯;既可指某种体裁的语言特点,又可指某一作品的语言特色。它包含文体、语体和风格等方面的意思。因此stylistics这个词便译为“文体学”、“语体学”或“风格学”。 随着文体学的发展和完善,它已经成为研究翻译理论和翻译标准的重要理念。一些学者曾指出运用文体学确立翻译标准的意义,并作出了一些精辟论述,集中在语体、语言常规与变异以及语言结构与功能等方面。但笔者认为这些论述对文体所蕴涵的意义不够系统和全面。根据泰特勒、奈达等学者翻译标准中的要求,文体style至少应包括语体、文类体裁、功能文体、修辞与篇章等多个层面。 3.文体多层面对翻译的要求 3.1语体(f or mality) 语体表现人与人之间的交际距离,与语域即使用语言的主体、场合和情景相关。语体在作品中起着相当重要的作用。它可以描写话语环境、展示人物身份、反映社会文化、体现原作的文体风格等。译者应了解作者的语体使用意图,在译文中设法去再现这些方面的效果,以求获得语用等值。如:[3] a.H is bel oved parent has j oined the heavenly choice. b.H is dear father has passed a way. c.H is father died yesterday. d.H is old man has kicked the bucket. 根据所表达的拘谨、正式、商议及随意等不同文体,宜分别译为: 他慈父已登仙界。 他亲父已去世。 他父亲昨天过世了。 他的老家伙已经翘辫子了。 对语体的翻译须辨析词汇所归属的语体等级,以做到选词准确。词汇的语体色彩除了可以在相关词典中查找外,还可以根据语言环境推断,注意不同的情景和不同的语体使用相应的语言,完成不同语体之间的对应翻译。翻译标准文体理论体现在语体上贵在“信”,即保持原语与译语在语体上的一致性。 3.2.翻译与文类题材(types of writing or genre) 35 第24卷 第9期Vol.24 四川教育学院学报 JOURNAL OF SI CHUAN C OLLEGE OF E DUCATI O N 2008年9月 Sep.2008 3收稿日期:2008205211  作者简介:万正发(1982—),男,湖北监利人,助教,硕士研究生,研究方向:翻译理论与实践。

文体学的发展史

文体学发展史 文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学,来自于亚里斯多德的修辞论。现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利(索绪尔的学生),文体学的性质是一门结合文学和语言学的交叉学科,适宜于对文学和语言学很感兴趣的学生学习的一门课程。简单地说,文体学就是运用语言学的理论去阐释文学内容和写作风格的一门学科。帮助学生理解作品的深刻内涵和写作技巧。同时,激发学生开展批评性阅读,尝试建立自己的见解。 发展历程 西方文体学的研究可上溯到古希腊、罗马的修辞学研究,早在公元100年就出现了德米特里厄斯的《论文体》这样集中探讨文体问题的论著。但在20世纪之前,对文体地讨论一般不外乎主观印象式的评论,而且通常出现在修辞学研究、文学研究或语法分析之中,文体研究没有自己相对的地位。20世纪初以来,在采用现代语言方法之后,文体分析方法摆脱了传统印象式直觉分析的局限,逐渐深入和系统化、科学化。欧洲历史语言学和普通语言学在20世纪初发展成为较有影响的独立学科,与语言学相结合的文体学也逐渐成为一门具有一定独立地位的交叉学科。

现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利(Bally,1865-1974)(索绪尔的学生),他借用索绪尔的结构主义语言学反思传统修辞学,力图将文体学作为语言学的一个分支建立起来,使文体分析更为科学化和系统化。巴依的研究对象是口语体的文体。他认为一个人说话时除了客观地表达思想外,还常常带有各种感情色彩。文体学的任务是探讨表达这些感情特征的种种语言手段,以及它们之间的相互关系,并由此入手,分析语言的整个表达方式系统。虽然巴依没有特别关注文学文本,但他们的普通文体学对于文学文体学的形成有直接的推动作用。稍晚于巴利的德国文体学家斯皮泽(Spitzer, 1887-1960)被普遍尊为文学文体学之父,斯皮泽的研究对象不是口语,而是文学作品。斯皮泽认为文学作品的价值主要体现在语言上,因此他详细分析具体语言细节所产生的效果,从而有别于传统印象式批评。此外,他提出了一种适用于分析长篇小说的被称为“语文圈”的研究方法,即寻找作品中频繁出现的偏离常规的语言特征。然后,对其作出作者心理根源上的解释,接着再回到作品细节中,通过考察相关因素予以证实或修正。受到德国学术思想的影响,斯皮泽将文体学视为连接语言学与文学史的桥梁,旨在通过文体特征的研究来考察作者心灵以及民族文化和思想澶变的历史。 学科历史 50年代末以前

最新英语文体学知识重点

Chapter 1 Introduction ·What is the English Stylistics? It is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language. ·What are language functions? a) To deliver some infor to other people b) To communicate with each other in society ·How do we express ourselves in a proper way? Several factors do work. a)Phonetics b)Vocabulary c)Grammar d)Some knowledge concerning English stylistics ·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. Why? Four examples: a) “ Hello ” and “ Hi ” b) “ Assist me! Assist me! ” and “ Aid! Aid! ” c) “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s O.K..” d) See next page d) “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ” ·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to some non-linguistic factors. a) Sex ------ “ Oh, my God! ” b) Age ------ “ Cheers! ” and “ Bye for now. ” c) Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ” d) Received education ------ “ go to W.C. ” e) Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job? ” ·Why should we learn and study English stylistics? a) It will help us to express ourselves in English properly. b) It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles. c) It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes. d) It will help us to go at literary criticism. e) It will help us to do the translation work well. Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis ·There are 4 phonetic means in English: 1) stress 2) Intonation 3) pause 4) voice quality. ·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions. (1) The first function is for emphasis. (2) The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both. (3) The third function is to differ some English words (4) The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics: (1) The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness. (2) The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness. (3) The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning. (4) The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock. (5) The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past. ·Pause can be divided into two. 精品文档

12年12月新闻文体学作业及答案

12年12月新闻文体学作业 及答案 -标准化文件发布号:(9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

《新闻文体学》作业 本课程作业由两部分组成。第一部分为“客观题部分”,由15个选择题组成,每题1分,共15分。第二部分为“主观题部分”,由简答题和论述题组成,共15分。作业总分30分,将作为平时成绩记入课程总成绩。 客观题部分: 一、选择题(每题1 分,共15题) 1. 选择下面说法正确的() A、狭义的新闻,是指未在报刊上发表的新闻。 B、狭义的新闻,是指不包括新闻评论的新闻报道。 C、狭义的新闻,即等于消息这一文体。 2. 选择下面说法正确的() A、简讯,是不大重要的简单的新闻消息。 B、简讯,是与消息、通讯等同的新闻报道的典型体裁。 C、简讯不是新闻报道的典型体裁。 3. 选择下面说法正确的() A、运用某些属性相同的例子,推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法,叫例证法。 B、运用某些属性不同的例子,推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法,叫对比法。 C、运用某些属性相同的例子,推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法,叫类比法。 4.以下正确的是() A、新闻标题是在一篇文章前,将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独出的简短文字。 B、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻本文前面,将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。

C、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻的较前面,将新闻的内容加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。 5.以下正确的是() A、新闻,是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的事实。 B、新闻,是新近发生的事实的报道。 C、新闻,是报道或评述最新的重要事实以影响舆论的特殊行为。 6.以下正确的是 ( ) A、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”,是目的关系 B、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”,是后续关系。 C、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”,是因果关系。 7.以下正确的是() A、消息写作滞后的原因是没有向散文学习。 B、消息写作滞后的原因是消息不真实、不典型、审美性差。 C、消息写作滞后的原因是消息写得不及时、不够真实、不客观。 8.大众传播应具备的三要素不包括的是() A、传者(信息源) B、媒介(通道) C、受者(发布者) 9.以下正确的是() A、解释性报道,就是揭丑性或揭漏性报道。 B、解释性报道,就是分析性报道,回答为什么,关心“为何”。 C、解释性报道,就是大量提供背景材料,作者不带倾向,让受众自己去思考并得出结论。 10.选择下面说法正确的() A.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台,1958年9月2日开播。 B.我国最早的电视台叫中央电视台,1958年9月2日开播。 C.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台,1958年10月1日开播。 11. 选择下面说法正确的() A.新闻主体的人文修养,包括政治觉悟、道德水准、忧患意识。 B.新闻主体的人文修养,包括政治觉悟、道德水准、广博知识。

文体学第二章翻译总结

文体学第二章翻译总结 一五五零七一二〇八 第二章文体分析的步骤 文体分析通常按照语言描写、文本分析、语境因素分析的顺序进行。 一、语言描写 语言描写是指:对给定文本的语言特征进行的研究和分类。语言特征通过在文本中出现的相对频度表现出来。通常来说,当我们说一篇文章有特定的语言特征,就指这些特征在文章中出现的很多,这就意味着,我们应当对一篇文章中特定语言特征的出现频次进行统计。另外,在一篇文章中,局部特征和主导特征的安排可能暗示着写作人的态度意图。这就是文体学的关注点。并不是说出现频次最少的就不值得关注,有可能也是文章的一个特殊之处。 文章风格的塑造者用最常出现或最少出现的语言特征代表一种特定的文风文体。利奇和肖特在阐述问题分析的方法时,列出了四个语言学和文体学目录,分别是:词汇学种类、语法种类、修辞以及衔接和语境。 在本书中,我们提供一个从五方面进行语言描写分析的目录:音韵学、笔迹学、词汇学、语法学和语义学。 语言描写分析目录:

【音韵】这里的音韵学指一种语言的发音系统,包含以下方面: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 音的省略语音象征组音押韵节奏 6. 7. 8. 9. 停顿重音速度语调 10. 头韵 11. 谐音 12. 尾韵 13. 拟声 14. 音高 【笔迹学】这里的笔迹学指书写形式,在文章中表现在以下方面: 1. 2. 3. 标点符号的使用字母大写段落划分 4. 5. 6. 7. 【词汇】词汇的选择包含以下角度: 斜体印刷布局图解标志拼写 一五五零七一二〇八 1. 词汇选择 2. 高级或低级 式 词源是古英 准 6. 正式或非正9. 直白或委婉

10. 讨喜与否 7. 标准或非标 词 8. 动态或静态 12. 常用词还是稀有词 13. 抽象或具体 11. 新词还是旧 语还是拉丁语 3. 生 4. 5. 音节的多少描述或评价本义还是衍 【语法】句中连接和排列词汇的方式。 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 句子类型句子长度句子的复杂程度名词短语从句类型 6. 7. 8. 9. 短语类型语法结构词语顺序时态 10. 主被动 11. 是否符合语法性 【语义】主要讨论修辞手法,可分为八种类型。 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

文体学概述

Chapter One: Brief Introduction to Stylistics Part 1: What is Stylistics about? 1.A Glance at Style Sample 1: The Year's at the Spring ! 一年之计在于春 ~Robert Browning The year's at the spring 正值一年之春, And day's at the morn; 又逢一日之晨; Morning's at seven; 晨光走到了七点; The hill-side's dew-pearled; 山腰挂着露珠; The lark's on the wing; 云雀展翅高飞; The snail's on the thorn: 蜗牛爬上了荆棘: God's in his Heaven -- 上帝在自己的天堂里—— All's right with the world! 尘世间一派井然! Sample 2: The Regulation is enacted in accordance with pertinent laws and regulations and in light of the concrete conditions of this Municipality, with the purpose of strengthening the administration of cityscape and environmental sanitation, creating and maintaining a clean, beautiful cityscape and environment, protecting people's health, promoting economic growth, civilization and progress of society. 为了加强市容和环境卫生的管理,保持干净美观的市容环境,保护人民群众的健康,推动经济发展和社会文明进步,根据相关法规和本市的具体情况特此制定本规定。 Sample 3: Hi-Fi, Hi-Fun, Hi-Fashion, only from Sony (alliteration) (高保真,高乐趣,高时尚,只来自索尼)

文体学作业

Title: The Stylistic Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe?s The Raven Abstract: The Raven written by Edgar Allan Poe is a famous romantic poem in American history, which has remained one of Poe?s most enduring works and it is a good illustration of Poe?s rhythmica l creation of beauty. The poem weaves its structure, rhythm, refined words, sentence structure and rhetorical devices into a brilliant tapestry that confers on Poe?s everlasting fame. This paper tends to explore The Raven from a stylistic point of view and the stylistic features on phonological level, lexical level, syntactic level and rhetorical features would be studied respectively. Through the analysis of these aspects, the greatness of the beauty and the sense of melancholy pervaded between the lines in the poem can be all well appreciated. Key words: stylistic analysis; phonological level; lexical level; syntactic level; rhetorical features

英语文体学教程

Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter? Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style . 2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations. 3, what factors can result in differences in style ? Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the following terms 1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded. 2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation. 3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence. 4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc 5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations . 6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. 2,question for discussion 2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture. Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series

文体学第一章概论翻译及总结

第一章:文体和文体学 1.绪论 首先由一个故事引入:一个年轻的姑娘在外学习归乡,姑娘和姥姥交谈的言语中充满了所谓的“大词”“正式词”以至于老人难以理解她的讲述。人们常认为正式的语体会显得更优雅,彰显自己的知识储备,但是在任何场合都使用这么正式的语体好吗?答案显然是否定的,在家里显而易见是一个轻松的环境氛围,姥姥又是一个并没有接受过多教育的老人,姑娘理应使用非正式的语体,会更容易让老人理解。如何在合适的场合使用合适的言语是我们在学习语言过程中需要特别注意的,这就和我们要讨论的“文体”有关了。 另一个例子: 1.彼得他爸死了之后,他得换个活儿了。 2.他父亲去世后,彼得必须更换工作。 3.他父亲辞世之后,布朗先生必须另谋职业。 以上几个句子含义大致相同,但是出现在不同的场合。正式程度依次递增。我们需要把正确的语言使用在相应的场合中。文体学是对文体进行系统且科学地研究的学科,它可以帮助我们正确使用语言。 文体学的作用:1.文体学可以让我们习得的第二语言更加符合语言习惯。2.帮助理解语言的多种变化,以便更好使用。3.让习得的语言更加贴近母语人士,流畅且优雅。4.帮助我们对文学进行鉴赏和批判。5.帮助提升词汇、笔迹学形式、修辞、语法句法的理解。 2.文体的定义 由于“文体”有多重含义,所以想要给它一个确切的定义是很难的。但是透过各种定义,我们也能发现一些共性的存在:1.传统修辞角度2.结构语言学角度3.转换生成语言学4.功能系统语言学。 本书中的定义采用了语言学派的定义:(不知该怎么翻译才好,那就试试吧) 文本中显著的语言特征,写作手法和写作模式,以及出现的语言变体。 3.文体学的定义 透纳和《劳特利奇语言和语言学字典》都对文体学下了定义。教材中对文体学的定义是:文体

_好人难寻_的功能文体学分析_杜丽霞

语 言理论研究 odern chineseM 2007.12 一、引言 功能文体学是以韩礼德的系统功能语法理论为基础的文体学理论(韩礼德,2005:9)。韩礼德的功能文体学理论强调语言功能与文学研究文体之间的相关性问题。他主张利用三大元功能——概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能在语言中的体现来剖析文本。1969年,韩礼德在意大利召开的“文学文体讨论会”(Symposium on Literary Style)上宣读了《语言功能与文学文体》(Language Functions and LiteraryStyle)(Halliday,1973)一文,至此功能文体学诞生。在这篇文章中,韩礼德利用体现概念功能的及物性系统对戈尔丁(Golding)的小说《继承者》(The Inheritors)进行了文体分析,并成为典范。在三大系统中,人际功能中的语气和情态系统、语篇功能中的主位结构在文本分析中也同样起了很大作用。国内学者任绍曾对密勒(N.Mailer)《夜幕下的军队》(The Armies of the Night)和毛姆(S.Mangham)《午餐》(The Luncheon)等文学著作做过研究。翻阅近年来有关功能文体学的论文我们发现,从上世纪末至今,功能文体学研究的成就显著,但有一个问题不容忽视,即盲目注重语言形式三大功能的分析而忽略了文学作品本身在主题层面的社会意义,把语篇中的语言特征与风格看作是孤立的现象。本文在借鉴前人研究的基础上,尝试利用功能文体学的理论分析20世纪美国著名小说家奥康纳(Flannery o’connor)的代表作《好人难寻》(A Good Man Is Hard to Find),希望再次验证功能文体学在文学分析中的重要贡献,同时也希望换一个新角度,重新解读这部经典短篇小说。 二、功能文体学的三大元功能 “功能思想”是韩礼德文体学理论的核心。正是功能思想把语言形式和情境语境联系起来,并通过分析三大功能来解释语言结构。功能语言学把语言的功能归纳为三大元功能:概念功能(Ideational Function)、人际功能(Interpersonal Function)和语篇功能(Textual Function)。三大元功能分别由以下三大系统体现:及物性系统、语气和情态系统及主位结构和信息结构。与语言的三大元功能相对应,韩礼德概括出情景语境的三个组成部分:语场(field ofdiscourse)、语旨(tenor of discourse)和语式(mode ofdiscourse)。受情景语境的三个组成部分制约,语篇被看作是由概念意义、人际意义和语篇意义组成的语义单位。本文主要从语境及三大意义的角度来分析小说《好人难寻》。 (一)小说的情景语境 语场:对话发生在一个刚从美国联邦监狱中越狱的歹徒和一位南方普通祖母之间,祖母希望通过对话挽救一家人。 语旨:对话的双方社会地位悬殊:一个是高贵优雅的老妇人;一个是处在社会下层的逃犯。但老妇人的生命掌握在逃犯手中。歹徒并没有明确的交谈目的,而祖母希望唤起歹徒的良知,不要杀人灭口。 语式:对话以口语形式进行,并随着形势的变化而发展。(二)概念意义中的经验意义及其表现形式—及物性系统在功能语言学中,韩礼德认为及物性(Transitivity)由六大过程组成,分别是物质过程(Material Process)、心理过程(Mental Process)、行为过程(Behavioral Process)、关系过程(Relational Process)、言语过程(Verbal Process)和存在过程(Existential Process)。为了便于分析,笔者把祖母和The Misfit之间的情节发展分为三个阶段,各阶段的物质过程、心理过程、行为过程的句子数量参见下表。其中六大过程中的言语过程描写最多,其分析将放在人际意义中详细讨论,另外关系过程和存在过程并没有出现,笔者暂不予以考虑。 物质过程 行为过程心理过程祖母 2 7 7The Misfit 6 4 0 从总体上看,The Misfit手里有枪,在整个事件中占主动,他可以在他的两个帮凶的配合下为所欲为。The Misfit非常明白自己占据主宰的地位。因此,即使拿着枪,他也可以非常随意地做其他动作,这就使得及物性系统中的物质过程占大多数,而行为过程是在不经意间流露出来的内心世界的体现。与The Misfit 相反,作者在描写祖母的表现时主要用了心理过程,其次才是行为过程,她很少做出带有目的性并对别人产生影响的动作。具体来说,祖母和The Misfit之间的情节发展可分为以下三个部分:第一部分是偶遇到她的儿子和孙子被带到树林里杀掉;第二部分是她的儿媳和另外两个孩子被枪杀;最后一部分是祖母被杀。 第一部分:祖母在回忆起The Misfit 的真实身份之后,She scrambled to her feet and stood staring。这一个本能行为表现了祖母的震惊,而这个歹徒似乎并不在意被人认出:The man said smiling lightly as if he were pleasedin spite of himself to be known。从这一行为过程中,可以看出歹徒在逍遥法外之后,仍旧蔑视法律、胆大妄为的内心世界。同时也嘲弄了美国的法律制度,我们不禁要问,在这样一个自恃法律制度非常完备的社会,法律制度在美国人心目中到底占多重地位?在The Misfit向祖母一家摊牌之后,祖母在这一部分中的唯一一个物质过程的动作,充分体现了她的无助:The grandmother said and removed a cleanhandkerchief from her cuff and began to slap at hereyes with it。手无缚鸡之力的祖母只能拿出手绢来拭眼泪。 《好人难寻》的功能文体学分析 □杜丽霞

叙述学与小说文体学研究

《叙述学与小说文体学研究》阅读笔记 中文系97级黄海涛指导老师:艾晓明教授 叙述学与小说文体学是当代小说批评理论中的重要学说。二者均采用语言学模式来研究文学作品,着重在形式技巧层面上对小说的结构规律、叙述机制和文体技巧进行研究和探讨。二者运用于小说批评实践,有利于突破小说传统批评仅偏重于作品的思想内容和社会功能的局限,使小说结构和形式技巧的分析更趋科学化和系统化,从而开拓了文学批评的广度和深度。在叙述学与文体学研究的发展过程中,产生了不同的派别和理论。这些理论各具侧重点和长处,也均有其盲点和排斥面。北京大学申丹教授新近出版的《叙述学与小说文体学研究》一书,有别于国内早先出版的一些西方叙事学理论的介绍性论著,将叙述学与文体学相结合,对二者的主要观点进行系统评析,补充修正有关理论和分析模式。特别对两个学派之间的关系进行了梳理和探讨。 全书约30万字,分为上中下三篇。上、中篇幅分别对叙述学和小说文体学理论进行了系统评析,下篇讨论了叙述学与文体学的辩证关系,对二者的重合面:“叙事视角”、“表达人物话语的不同方式”作了重点论述,是一部对叙述学与文体学理论同时展开研究的学术专著。一 在前言里,作者首先从学术背景和基本立场两方面探讨了叙述学与文体学之间的关系。以此作为全书的逻辑起点。一般来说,索绪尔的结构主义语言学和俄国形式主义被认为是二者的共同源头。结构主义将文学视为一个具有内在规律、自成一体的自足的符号系统,注重其内部各组成成分之间的关系。叙述学与文体学或受结构主义影响,或直接采用结构主义方法来研究叙事作品。与传统批评理论形成鲜明对照,结构主义叙述学与文体学将注意力文本的外部转向文本的内部,二者同属形式批评范畴。 与此同时,作者也指出了叙述学与小说文体学之间的一些本质差异:叙述学的目的不在于诠释作品,而是找出叙事文学的普遍框架和特性。叙述学家注重理论模式的建立,注重探研叙事文本的共有构成成分、结构原则和动作规律,忽视创作主体的作用。小说文体学家旨在探讨具体作品中语言特征的主题意义和美学价值,因而关注作者所作的特定的语言选择。作者还借助美国叙述学家普林斯(G.Prince)对叙述学家的分类,以说明在叙述学研究中,也有部分叙述学家关注具体作品在“话语”层次上表达事件的各种方法,从而与文体学在“文体”层面上发生重合,这是人们经常把属于文体学的理论和分析模式归于叙述学范畴而产生各种错误的原因。阐明了二者同中存异,又互为补充的关系,作者在下面的论述中才好将叙述学与文体学相结合进行研究,发现以往研究中出现的各种谬误与疏露,引出自己的观点和思考。这一特色始终贯穿全书,在本书的正文部分读者可较为明显地感觉到这一点。 二 著名的法国结构主义批评家罗朗·巴特(R.Bothes)在其《叙事作品结构分析导论》(见《西方文艺理论名著选编》下卷北京大学出版社1987年版)一文中,建议把叙事作品分为三个描述层:“功能”层、“行动”层和“叙述”层。前二个层次均属于故事范畴,后一层次大体相当”话语“层。透过巴特的三分法可以看到叙述学通常涉及的三个对象:(故事范畴内的)情节、人物和(与故事相对照的)叙述话语。本书上篇“叙述学理论评析”,作者沿用巴特这一思路,首先对叙述学有关“故事”与“话语”区分的相关理论进行了回顾,然后对叙述学所关注的属于“故事”范畴的人物、情节进行了探讨。 故事·话语 叙事作品的意义很大程度上源于“故事”与“话语”两个层次之间的相互作用。西方传统文学批评中,对叙事作品层次的划分均采用两分法,即用“故事”与“话语”这两个概念来区分叙事作

文体学答案

文体学答案 集团文件版本号:(M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988)

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