Chapter 6 Long-Run Economic Growth
Chapter 6
Long-Run Economic Growth
T Multiple Choice Questions
1. Between 1870 and 1996, among the United States, Germany, Japan, and Australia, _____ grew at
the fastest rate and _____ grew at the slowest rate.
(a) the United States; Germany
(b) Germany; the United States
(c) Australia; J apan
(d) J apan; Australia
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.1
2. The elasticity of output with respect to capital
(a) is the increase in output resulting from an increase in the capital stock.
(b) is the percentage increase in output resulting from a 1% increase in the capital stock.
(c) is always greater than one.
(d) is the inverse of the elasticity of output with respect to labor.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
3. Suppose the current level of output is 5000 and the elasticity of output with respect to capital is 0.
4.
A 10% increase in capital would increase the current level of output to
(a) 5020.
(b) 5050.
(c) 5200.
(d) 5500.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.1
86 Abel/Bernanke ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
4. Suppose the current level of output is 5000. If the elasticities of output with respect to capital and
labor are 0.3 and 0.7, respectively, a 10% increase in capital combined with a 5% increase in labor and a 5% increase in productivity would increase the current level of output to
(a) 5015.
(b) 5325.
(c) 5575.
(d) 6000.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.1
5. Over the past year, productivity grew 2%, capital grew 1%, and labor grew 1%. If the elasticities of
output with respect to capital and labor are 0.2 and 0.8, respectively, how much did output grow?
(a) 1%
(b) 2%
(c) 3%
(d) 4%
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.1
6. Over the past year, productivity grew by 1%, capital grew by 0%, and labor grew by 5%. If the
elasticities of output with respect to capital and labor are 0.4 and 0.6, respectively, how much did output grow?
(a) 1%
(b) 2%
(c) 3%
(d) 4%
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.1
7. The growth accounting equation is
(a) Y=Aa
K K a
N
N
(b) Y=AF(K, N)
(c) ?Y/Y= ?A/A+a
K ?K/K+a
N
?N/N
(d) ?Y/Y= ?A/A – a
K ?K/K – a
N
?N/N
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 1 Section: 6.1
Chapter 6 Long-Run Economic Growth 87 8. If capital and labor each grows by 5% in a year, the elasticities of output with respect to capital and
labor sum to one, and productivity grows by 2% in the year, by how much does output grow during the year?
(a) 2%
(b) 3%
(c) 5%
(d) 7%
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 3
Section: 6.1
9. Total factor productivity growth is that part of economic growth due to
(a) capital growth plus labor growth.
(b) capital growth less labor growth.
(c) capital growth times labor growth.
(d) neither capital growth nor labor growth.
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
10. Over the past year, output grew by 4%, capital grew by 2%, and labor grew by 1%. If the elasticities
of output with respect to capital and labor are 0.3 and 0.7, respectively, by how much did
productivity grow?
(a) 2.0%
(b) 2.7%
(c) 3.0%
(d) 3.3%
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.1
11. Over the past year, output grew by 5%, capital grew by 5%, and labor grew by 1%. If the elasticities
of output with respect to capital and labor are 0.3 and 0.7, respectively, by how much did
productivity grow?
(a) 0.5%
(b) 1.0%
(c) 2.2%
(d) 2.8%
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.1
88 Abel/Bernanke ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
12. In the second half of the 1990s, U.S. average labor productivity grew by
(a) 0%.
(b) 5%.
(c) 8%.
(d) 13%.
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
13. The growth rate of average labor productivity averaged over 2% per year from _____ but less than
2% per year from _____.
(a) 1970 to 1975; 1975 to 2000
(b) 1970 to 1975 and 1995 to 2000; 1975 to 1995
(c) 1970 to 1980; 1980 to 2000
(d) 1990 to 2000; 1970 to 1990
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
14. Labor productivity increased so much in the second half of the 1990s because of
(a) improved information and communications technologies.
(b) higher levels of educational attainment by workers.
(c) cheaper foreign imports used in production.
(d) increased foreign competition.
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
15. Edward Denison found that labor’s contribution to output growth in the United States since 1929
was attributable to all the factors below EXCEPT
(a) rising population.
(b) an increase in the percentage of the population in the labor force.
(c) an increase in the number of hours worked per person.
(d) higher educational levels.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
16. Comparing the period from 1982 to 1997 with the earlier period from 1929 to 1982, productivity
growth has _____ and input growth has _____.
(a) risen; slowed
(b) risen; risen
(c) slowed; slowed
(d) slowed; risen
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.1
Chapter 6 Long-Run Economic Growth 89
17. All of the following are explanations of the post-1973 productivity slowdown EXCEPT
(a) problems in measuring productivity.
(b) changes in the legal and human environment.
(c) higher oil prices.
(d) greater competition from foreign imports.
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
18. The idea that measurement problems could explain the productivity slowdown since 1973 is based
on the fact that
(a) official output measures make no adjustment for quality.
(b) output can’t be measured.
(c) capital can’t be measured.
(d) quality improvements aren’t fully accounted for in the data.
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
19. Official statistics show that between 1967 and 1986, productivity in the construction industry
(a) rose by 40%.
(b) was unchanged.
(c) fell by 40%.
(d) fell by 100%.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
20. A new pollution law requires businesses to pay for inspections of their plants by independent
pollution-monitoring firms. What effect is this likely to have?
(a) Increase productivity
(b) Increase the capital stock
(c) Reduce productivity
(d) Increase the demand for labor in those firms
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
21. Why do some people think that the productivity slowdown since 1973 is just a return to normalcy
after fast productivity growth during the previous 25 years?
(a) Productivity growth of the previous 25 years was abnormally low.
(b) The Great Depression and World War II had prevented technological opportunities from being
exploited.
(c) The United States is the only country to face the slowdown, due to poor regulatory decisions.
(d) The United States has allowed countries like Japan to steal its technological breakthroughs.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
90 Abel/Bernanke ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
22. William Nordhaus’s idea that technological innovation has temporarily dried up rests on the
argument that
(a) greater competition from foreign countries has reduced the capital American firms have to
invest in research and development.
(b) government support of research and development has fallen, reducing the amount of
technological innovation that occurs in the United States.
(c) the backlog of technological opportunities not exploited during the Great Depression and World
War II has largely been used up.
(d) government “red tape” has prevented many innovations from coming to market.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
23. Greenwood and Yorukoglu view the post-1973 productivity slowdown as resulting from
(a) the information technology revolution.
(b) high oil prices.
(c) measurement errors.
(d) technological depletion.
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.1
24. The per-worker production function in the Solow model assumes
(a) constant returns to scale and increasing marginal productivity of capital.
(b) constant returns to scale and diminishing marginal productivity of capital.
(c) increasing returns to scale and diminishing marginal productivity of capital.
(d) decreasing returns to scale and diminishing marginal productivity of capital.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
25. The bowed shape of the per-worker production function is caused by
(a) wealth effects that reduce labor supply.
(b) diminishing marginal productivity of capital.
(c) increasing marginal productivity of labor.
(d) increasing marginal productivity of capital.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
26. In the Solow model, if productivity doesn’t change,
(a) the economy must eventually reach a steady state.
(b) the capital-labor ratio must decline.
(c) the capital-labor ratio must rise.
(d) there can be no saving.
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
Chapter 6 Long-Run Economic Growth 91
27. In a steady state
(a) both consumption per worker and the capital-labor ratio are constant.
(b) consumption per worker is constant, but the capital-labor ratio can change.
(c) capital and labor, by definition, are inversely related to one another.
(d) consumption per worker can change, but the capital-labor ratio is constant.
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
28. Steady-state investment per worker is positively related to the capital-labor ratio because the higher
the capital-labor ratio
(a) the lower the capital depreciation rate.
(b) the greater the amount of resources available for capital investment.
(c) the more investment per worker is required to replace depreciating capital.
(d) the less the economy needs to equip new workers with the same high level of capital.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
29. In the absence of productivity growth, in a steady-state economy
(a) output per worker and consumption per worker remain constant over time.
(b) output per worker remains constant over time, but consumption per worker grows over time.
(c) output per worker grows over time, but consumption per worker remains constant over time.
(d) output per worker and consumption per worker both grow over time.
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
30. The level of the capital-labor ratio that maximizes consumption per worker in the steady state is
known as the
(a) Solow residual capital-labor ratio.
(b) Golden Rule capital-labor ratio.
(c) q theory capital-labor ratio.
(d) dynamically efficient capital-labor ratio.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
31. The Golden Rule capital-labor ratio is the level of the capital-labor ratio that, in the steady state,
(a) maximizes output per worker.
(b) maximizes investment per worker.
(c) maximizes consumption per worker.
(d) maximizes capital per worker.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
92 Abel/Bernanke ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
32. If the capital-labor ratio is above the Golden Rule capital-labor ratio, then in the steady state,
(a) capital per worker is above its maximum.
(b) output per worker is less than it would be at the Golden Rule capital-labor ratio.
(c) investment per worker exceeds output per worker.
(d) consumption per worker is not at its maximum.
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
33. The idea that saving equals investment in the Solow model means that a steady state can be reached
only when
(a) s=k.
(b) s=n+d.
(c) sf(k) = (s+d)k.
(d) sf(k) = (n+d)k.
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
34. If f(k) = 2k0.5, s = 0.3, n= 0.05, and d= 0.15, what is the value of k at equilibrium?
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 6
(d) 9
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
35. If f(k) = 2k0.5, s = 0.1, n= 0.1, and d= 0.05, what is the value of f(k) at equilibrium?
(a) 2/3
(b) 4/3
(c) 2
(d) 8/3
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 3
Section: 6.2
36. If f(k) = 8k0.5, s = 0.2, n= 0.3, and d= 0.1, what is the value of k at equilibrium?
(a) 1
(b) 4
(c) 9
(d) 16
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
Chapter 6 Long-Run Economic Growth 93
37. If f(k) = 6k0.5, s = 0.1, n= 0.1, and d= 0.2, what is the value of c at equilibrium?
(a) 10
(b) 10.4
(c) 10.8
(d) 11.2
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 3
Section: 6.2
38. If k= 8, y= 20, and s= 0.2, what is c?
(a) 24
(b) 20
(c) 16
(d) 12
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 3
Section: 6.2
39. The Solow model demonstrates that
(a) in the absence of productivity growth, economic growth will turn negative in the long run.
(b) in the absence of productivity growth, economic growth will reach a steady state of zero per-
capita growth in the long run.
(c) productivity growth must exceed the rate of growth in the population to avoid a steady state in
the long run.
(d) productivity growth will inevitably decline due to diminishing marginal productivity.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
40. An earthquake destroys a good portion of the capital stock. How would you expect this to affect the
capital-labor ratio in the long run? There would be
(a) a rightward movement along the saving-per-worker curve and an increase in the capital-labor
ratio.
(b) no change in the long-run capital-labor ratio.
(c) a downward shift in the saving-per-worker curve and a decrease in the capital-labor ratio.
(d) a leftward movement along the saving-per-worker curve and a decrease in the capital-labor
ratio.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
94 Abel/Bernanke ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
41. Which of the following changes would lead, according to the Solow model, to a higher level of
long-run output per worker?
(a) A lower level of capital per worker.
(b) An increase in the saving rate.
(c) A rise in the rate of population growth.
(d) A decrease in productivity.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
42. An increase in the saving rate in a steady-state economy would cause
(a) a rightward movement along the saving-per-worker curve and an increase in the capital-labor
ratio.
(b) an upward shift in the saving-per-worker curve and an increase in the capital-labor ratio.
(c) a downward shift in the saving-per-worker curve and a decrease in the capital-labor ratio.
(d) a leftward movement along the saving-per-worker curve and a decrease in the capital-labor
ratio.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
43. In the long run, an increase in the saving rate in a steady-state economy will cause
(a) an increase in the capital-labor ratio and an increase in consumption per worker.
(b) an increase in the capital-labor ratio and a decrease in consumption per worker.
(c) a decrease in the capital-labor ratio and a decrease in consumption per worker.
(d) a decrease in the capital-labor ratio and an increase in consumption per worker.
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
44. All else being equal, a permanent decrease in the saving rate in a steady-state economy would cause
(a) an increase in the capital-labor ratio and an increase in consumption per worker.
(b) an increase in the capital-labor ratio and a decrease in consumption per worker.
(c) a decrease in the capital-labor ratio and a decrease in consumption per worker.
(d) a decrease in the capital-labor ratio and an increase in consumption per worker.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
45. An increase in the growth rate of population in a steady-state economy would cause
(a) a parallel shift upward in the investment line.
(b) a pivot up and to the left in the investment line.
(c) a pivot down and to the right in the investment line.
(d) a parallel shift downward in the investment line.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
Chapter 6 Long-Run Economic Growth 95 46. An increase in population growth will lead to a __________ in the steady-state capital-labor ratio
and a __________ in output per worker.
(a) fall; fall
(b) fall; rise
(c) rise; rise
(d) rise; fall
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
47. A productivity improvement will cause
(a) a rightward movement along the saving-per-worker curve and an increase in the capital-labor
ratio.
(b) an upward shift in the saving-per-worker curve and an increase in the capital-labor ratio.
(c) a downward shift in the saving-per-worker curve and a decrease in the capital-labor ratio.
(d) a leftward movement along the saving-per-worker curve and a decrease in the capital-labor
ratio.
Answer: B
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
48. In the long run, a reduction in productivity will cause
(a) an increase in the capital-labor ratio and an increase in consumption per worker.
(b) an increase in the capital-labor ratio and a decrease in consumption per worker.
(c) a decrease in the capital-labor ratio and a decrease in consumption per worker.
(d) a decrease in the capital-labor ratio and an increase in consumption per worker.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
49. In the very long run, the level of consumption per worker can grow continually if
(a) the saving rate continually falls.
(b) the population growth rate continually rises.
(c) productivity continually improves.
(d) the depreciation rate continually rises.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
50. Unconditional convergence means that in the long run,
(a) living standards converge only within groups of countries having similar characteristics.
(b) living standards converge only for countries that have the same initial capital-labor ratio.
(c) living standards around the world become the same.
(d) differences persist in living standards around the world.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
96 Abel/Bernanke ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
51. Conditional convergence means that in the long run,
(a) living standards converge only within groups of countries having similar characteristics.
(b) living standards converge only for countries that have the same initial capital-labor ratio.
(c) living standards around the world become the same.
(d) living standards converge even if countries have different population growth rates.
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
52. How does the possibility of international trade and finance affect the convergence conclusions of the
Solow model?
(a) Capital should flow from rich to poor countries.
(b) Capital should flow from poor to rich countries.
(c) Labor should flow from rich to poor countries.
(d) Capital will flow to countries with low tariffs.
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
53. If there is international trade and finance, output per worker will converge in rich and poor
countries. Will consumption per worker converge?
(a) Yes, with the same output, consumption must be the same.
(b) Yes, in equilibrium, consumption per worker must be the same around the world.
(c) No, because total output is different.
(d) No, because part of the output must be used to repay foreign investors.
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
54. The empirical evidence on convergence suggests that
(a) there is support for conditional convergence.
(b) there is support for unconditional convergence.
(c) there is no support for any type of convergence.
(d) there is support for unconditional convergence among all English-speaking countries.
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
55. Endogenous growth theory attempts to
(a) replace the Solow model with a model in which money growth plays a key role.
(b) explain how societies can more easily reach the “Golden Rule.”
(c) show how population growth reduces capital and output.
(d) explain why productivity changes.
Answer: D
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
Chapter 6 Long-Run Economic Growth 97
56. In the textbook model of endogenous growth, in equilibrium, output grows at the rate of
(a) sA – d.
(b) n+d.
(c) K.
(d) A.
Answer: A
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
57. In the textbook model of endogenous growth, long-run output growth would decline if there were
either a _____ in the saving rate or a _____ in the depreciation rate.
(a) rise; rise
(b) rise; fall
(c) fall; rise
(d) fall; fall
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
58. Government policies to raise the rate of productivity growth include all of the following EXCEPT
(a) improving infrastructure.
(b) encouraging research and development.
(c) reducing the government budget surplus.
(d) improving human capital development.
Answer: C
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.3
98 Abel/Bernanke ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
T Essay Questions
1.
From 2003 to 2004 a country’s output rose from 4000 to 4500, its capital stock rose from 10,000 to
12,000, and its labor force declined from 2000 to 1750. Suppose a K = 0.3 and a N = 0.7. (a) How much did capital contribute to economic growth over the year? (b) How much did labor contribute to economic growth over the year?
(c) How much did productivity contribute to economic growth over the year? Answers:
(a) a K ?K /K = 0.3(2000 / 10,000) = 6%. (b) a N ?N /N = 0.7 (–250 / 2000) = –8.75%. (c) ?Y /Y = 500/4000 = 12.5%. ?A /A = ?Y /Y – a K ?K /K – a N ?N /N
= 12.5% – 6% – (–8.75%) = 15.25%.
Level of difficulty: 3 Section: 6.1 2.
Describe the miracle of the East Asian “tigers.” What explains their growth, according to Alwyn Young’s research? What does his research imply about their chances for future growth?
Answers: The miracle is that they’ve all had growth rates averaging 7% or more for over 25 years.
According to Young, the rapid growth occurred because of increases in capital and labor, not increases in total factor productivity. This bodes ill for their chances of continued growth because diminishing marginal productivity makes it unlikely that continued increases in inputs will lead to continuing growth at such a rapid pace.
Level of difficulty: 1 Section: 6.1 3.
A country has the per-worker production function
y t = 5k t 0.5,
where
y t is output per worker and k t is the capital-labor ratio. The depreciation rate is 0.2 and the population growth rate is 0.05. The saving function is
S t = 0.2Y t ,
where
S t is total national saving and Y t is total output. (a) What is the steady-state value of the capital-labor ratio? (b) What is the steady-state value of output per worker?
(c) What is the steady-state value of consumption per worker?
Answers:
(a) sf (k ) = (n + d )k , so 0.2 × 5k 0.5 = 0.25k ; or k 0.5
= 4, so k = 16.
(b) y = 5k 0.5
= 20.
(c) c = (1 – s )y = 0.8y = 16. Level of difficulty: 3 Section: 6.2
Chapter 6 Long-Run Economic Growth 99
4. A country has the per-worker production function
y t = 6k t 2/3,
where
y t is output per worker and k t is the capital-labor ratio. The depreciation rate is 0.1 and the population growth rate is 0.1. The saving function is
S t = 0.1Y t ,
where
S t is total national saving and Y t is total output. (a) What is the steady-state value of capital-labor ratio? (b) What is the steady-state value of output per worker?
(c) What is the steady-state value of consumption per worker?
Answers:
(a) sf (k ) = (n + d )k , so 0.1 × 6k 2/3 = 0.2k ; or k 1/3
= 3, so k = 27.
(b) y = 6k 2/3
= 54.
(c) c = (1 – s )y = 0.9y = 48.6. Level of difficulty: 3 Section: 6.2 5.
What happens in the steady state to the capital-labor ratio, output per worker, and consumption per worker when each of the following events occur? You should assume that the steady-state capital-labor ratio is below the Golden Rule level. (a) Productivity falls.
(b) Population growth falls. (c) The saving rate falls.
(d) The depreciation rate falls. Answers:
(a)
k , y , and c all fall. (b)
k , y , and c all rise. (c)
k , y , and c all fall. (d) k , y , and c all rise. Level of difficulty: 2 Section: 6.2
100 Abel/Bernanke ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
6. Country A has a capital-labor ratio that is initially twice as big as that of country B, but neither is yet
in a steady state. Both countries have the same production function, f(k) = 6k1/2. Country A has a 10% saving rate, 10% population growth rate, and 5% depreciation rate, while country B has a 20% saving rate, 10% population growth rate, and 20% depreciation rate.
(a) Calculate the steady-state capital-labor ratio for each country. Does the initial capital-labor ratio
affect your results?
(b) Calculate output per worker and consumption per worker for each country. Which country has
the highest output per worker? The highest consumption per worker?
(c) In general, do all the fundamental characteristics of different countries need to be identical for
convergence of output per worker?
Answers:
(a) Using the formula sf(k) = (n+d)k, country A: 0.1 × 6k1/2= 0.15k, or k1/2= 4, so k= 16; country
B: 0.2 × 6k1/2= 0.3k, or k1/2= 4, so k= 16 also. The initial capital-labor ratios have no effect on
the steady-state capital-labor ratios.
(b) y= 6k1/2= 24 for both countries. c= (1 – s)y, so country A has c= 0.9y= 21.6, while country B
has c= 0.8y= 19.2. The two countries have the same capital-labor ratio and output per worker,
but different consumption per worker.
(c) Convergence can arise even if the fundamental characteristics of different countries are
different.
Level of difficulty: 3
Section: 6.2
7. How would each of the following changes affect the steady-state values of the capital-labor ratio,
output per worker, and consumption per worker?
(a) A change in the composition of the capital stock raises the depreciation rate.
(b) A change in social mores lowers the population growth rate.
(c) Government tax policies change to encourage a higher saving rate.
(d) A supply shock reduces productivity sharply.
Answers:
(a) The rise in d reduces the capital-labor ratio, as well as output per worker and consumption per
worker.
(b) The decline in n raises the capital-labor ratio, as well as output per worker and consumption per
worker.
(c) The rise in s raises the capital-labor ratio, as well as output per worker and consumption per
worker.
(d) The decline in productivity shifts the production function down, reducing the capital-labor ratio,
as well as output per worker and consumption per worker.
Level of difficulty: 2
Section: 6.2
8. What is the empirical evidence on whether or not rich and poor countries converge?
Answer: There is little evidence for unconditional convergence; indeed, in many cases, rich countries get richer and poor countries get poorer. But there is some evidence supporting
the idea of conditional convergence, as countries with similar fundamentals seem to end
up with about the same level of output per worker.
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.2
Chapter 6 Long-Run Economic Growth 101
9. What types of government policies can increase long-run living standards?
Answer: If, for some reason, the national saving rate were too low, the government could increase national saving by reducing its budget deficit. Government policies could also raise the
level of productivity and/or the rate of productivity growth by improving infrastructure,
building human capital, and encouraging research and development.
Level of difficulty: 1
Section: 6.3
化工制图-读工艺流程图、设备平面图、绘管道等
65 6-12 根据装配示意图查表拼画化工设备图 技术特性表 管 口 表 e 200 JB/T 81-1994 平面 排污口 d 200 JB/T 81-1994 平面 出料口 c 20 JB/T 81-1994 平面 排气口符号 公称尺寸 连接尺寸标准 连接面形式 用途或名称 a 450 HG21515-1995 人孔 b 200 JB/T 81-1994 平面 进料口设计温度 100 操作温度 40 物料名称 容器类别 I 1.5 腐蚀裕度/mm 焊缝系数 0.85 设计压力/MPa 常压工作压力/MPa 常压 作业指导书 一、 目的 （1） 掌握化工设备零部件的查表方法。（2） 掌握标准件的规定标记的书写方法。 （3） 熟悉化工设备图的包含的内容及表达方法。（4） 掌握化工设备图的作图步骤。二、 内容和要求 （1） 读懂装配示意图，了解所用化工设备标准件的类型， 在6-14、6-15中绘出标准零部件的图形，并标注尺寸，为 装配图的绘制作好准备。 （2） 由装配示意图，绘出储罐设备图。（3） A2图纸，横放，绘图比例自定。三、 注意事项 （1） 画图前看懂设备示意图及有关零部件图，了解设备的 工作情况及各零部件的装配连接关系。 （2） 综合运用化工设备图的表达方法确定表达方案。（3） 要合理布置视图及标题栏、明细栏、管口表、技术特 性表、技术要求。 （4） 参考书中焊缝图形，正确绘出焊缝图形。 姓名班级 学号
6-13 化工设备示意图 姓名学号
6-14 查表确定零件尺寸，作出图形并标注尺寸 姓名 班级 学号
6-15 查表确定零件尺寸，作出图形并标注尺寸 姓名学号
化工制图CAD教程与开发(8)---工艺流程图绘制_GAOQS
第8章工艺流程图绘制^_^ ?本章导引 ?工艺流程图基础知识 ?工艺流程图的绘制 ---
本章导引 本章目录 本章目录^_^ ---
化工工艺流程图是用来表达整个工厂或车间生产流程的图样。它既可用于设计开始时施工方案的讨论，亦是进一步设计施工流程图的主要依据。它通过图解的方式体现出如何由原料变成化工产品的全部过程。化工工艺流程图的设计过程可以分为如下三个阶段： ^_^ ①生产工艺流程示意图； ②生产工艺流程草图； ③生产工艺流程图。 生产工艺流程图的设计或绘制过程是随着化工工艺设计的展开而逐步进行的。化工工艺设计是化工工程设计的主体，它是整个工程设计成败优劣的关键。就工艺设计而言，首先要进行的是生产工艺流程的设计。工艺流程设计是设计方案中规定的原则和主导思想的具体体现，也是下一步工艺设计和其他各专业设计的基础，即决定了以后工艺设计和其他专业设计的内容和条件。 生产工艺流程设计就是如何从原料通过化工过程和设备，经过化学或物理变化逐步变成需要的产品，即化工产品。在复杂的化工生产过程中，原料不是直接变成产品的，与此同时还会产生副产品、废渣、废液和废气等，有的副产品还要经过一些加工步骤才成为合格的副产品，而生产的三废又必须经过合格处理后才能抛弃和排放。因此，生产工艺流程的设计是一项非常复杂而细致的工作，除了极少数工艺流程十分简单外，都要经过反复推敲，精心安排，不断修改和完善才能完成。随着生产工艺流程设计的不断展开，就需要绘制生产工艺流程示意图、生产工艺流程草图和生产工艺流程图等。 ---
一般在编制设计方案时，生产方法和生产规模确定后就可以考虑设计并绘制生产工艺流程示意图了。有了工艺流程示意图就可以进行物料衡算、能量衡算以及部分设备计算，然后才可以进行生产工艺流程草图的设计及绘制。待设备设计 ^_^ 全部完成后，再修改和补充工艺流程草图，由流程草图和设备设计进行车间布置 8-1是乙苯生产的工艺流程图。 本章在介绍工艺流程图基本知识的基础上，着重讲述工艺流程图的组成内容、各部件的绘制方法或标注要求，如生产工艺流程图中设备如何表示、物料管线如何绘制、仪器仪表如何表示等。最后通过绘制一个具体实例，来说明整个工艺流程图的绘制方法和思路。 点击察看图8-1 乙苯生产的工艺流程图 ---