《美国文学史及选读》考试题型及复习要点2017
2017年英语双学位《美国文学史及选读》期末考试题型及复习要点
期末考试题型及分值：
1．作家、作品配对题（10*1分= 10分）
2．作品选读题（填空题、简答题5*5分= 25分）
3. 文学术语、文学人物解释题（4*5分= 20分）
4. 论述题（3*15分= 45分）
●认真阅读教材的中文版的《序言》
●熟悉教材中以下复习要点中各位作家的选文
Benjamin Franklin:
?Remember Benjamin Franklin as inventor, statesman and writer.
?Remember him as …father of the United States?.
?Writing features The Autobiography: It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The narrative is lucid, the structure is simple, the imagery is homely.
?本杰明·富兰克林：
?本杰明·富兰克林是发明家、政治家和作家。
?他是“美国之父”。
?写作特点自传：这是清教徒的简单、直接和简洁的方式。叙事清晰，结构简单，意象朴实。
Edgar Allan Poe
●Remember Poe as father of modern short story and father of detective story.
●Remember his important works.
●Remember his critical works: The Poetic Principle and The Philosophy of Composition.
●Be able to list some of his famous short stories and some of his famous poems such as
The Raven, Annabel Lee, To Helen.
?Tell the story The Cask of Amontillado in your own words.
What is the theme of this short story?
Be familiar with his poem To Helen.
埃德加爱伦坡
Poe是现代短篇小说之父和侦探小说之父。
他的重要著作。
他的批评作品：诗歌原则和写作哲学。
能够列出一些他著名的短篇小说和一些著名的诗歌，如《乌鸦》、《Annabel Lee》、《海伦》等。
?讲述一桶白葡萄酒用你自己的话。
这个短篇小说的主题是什么？
对海伦熟悉他的诗。
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Know something about transcendentalism. Remember Emerson as the leader of this philosophy: Transcendentalism refers to a kind of attitude that believes in the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.Major concepts
1) Power of intuition.
2) Spirit first, matter second.
3) Nature as symbolic of spirit or God.
4) Individual as the most important element in society/ self-reliant
5) Religion as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the
universal “oversoul”
6) Commerce as degrading/ pay less attention to the material world
The “over-soul” as called by Emerson was an all-pervading unitary spiritual power of goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which everyone was a part. Generally, the over-soul referred to spirit of God as the most important thing in the universe.
Emerson?s Nature is called …manifesto of transcendentalism?.
The American Scholar(1837) is regarded as “America?s Second Declaration of Independence / Declaration of Intellectual (Cultural) Independence”
Be familiar with the essay …Self-reliance?.
拉尔夫瓦尔多爱默生
?知道一些关于超验主义。记得爱默生作为这一哲学的领袖：超验主义指的是一种态度，相信人的直觉认识真理的能力的识别，或实现知识超越感官。主要概念 ?1）直觉的力量。
2）?精神第一，物质二。
?3）自然象征精神或上帝。
?4）个体在社会/自立的最重要的元素
?5）宗教作为一种情感交流个人灵魂和宇宙的“超灵”
6）商务?降级/较少关注物质世界
?“结束”艾默生称作是一种无孔不入的整体精神力量的善良的灵魂，无所不在，无所不能，这一切来的都是一部分。一般来说，过度的灵魂提到上帝的灵魂是宇宙中最重要的东西。
?爱默生的自然是被称为“超验主义”宣言。
?美国学者（1837）被誉为“美国的第二次申报知识/独立宣言（文化）独立”
?熟悉文章“自力更生”。
Henry David Thoreau
?Remember Thoreau? masterpiece.
?Tell the main contents of Walden in your own words.
?亨利戴维梭罗
? 记得梭罗的杰作。
? 告诉瓦尔登湖的主要内容用自己的话。
Nathaniel Hawthorne
?Introduce The Scarlet Letter in your own words.
?The influence of Puritanism on The Scarlet Letter.
?Analyze the main characters.
?Tell the symbolic meanings of the letter …A?.
?List Hawthorne?s m ajor works.
?纳撒尼尔霍桑
? 介绍红字用你自己的话。
? 清教对红字的影响。
? 分析主要人物。
? 告诉字母A的象征意义”。
? 霍桑主要作品列表。
Herman Melville
?Be able to list Melville?s major works.
?Be able to retell the story of Moby Dick in your own words.
?Be able to analyze the character Captain Ahab.
?Be able to tell the symbolic meanings of Moby Dick, the ship Pequod and the coffin: the
White Whale can be read as an allegorical representation of an unknowable God or the mysterious force of nature; the Pequod is a symbol of doom/death; Queequeg's coffin alternately symbolizes life and death.
?The influence of Puritanism on Moby Dick.
?赫尔曼梅尔维尔
? 可以列出Melville的主要作品。
? 能用自己的话复述Moby Dick的故事。
? 能够分析人物Ahab船长。
? 能够告诉Moby Dick的象征意义，船」和棺材：白鲸可以解读为一个不可知的上
帝或大自然的神秘力量的一种象征；」是厄运和死亡的象征；Queequeg的灵柩交替象征着生命和死亡。
? 清教思想对Moby Dick的影响。
Walt Whitman
?Remember Whitman?s most important work.
?What is free verse?A kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular metre: the length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme—if any. Instead of regular metrical pattern it uses more flexible cadences or rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported by anaphora and other devices of repetition. Now the most widely practiced verse form in English, it has precedents in translations of the biblical Psalms and in some poems of Blake and Goethe, but established itself only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with Walt Whitman.
?Be familiar with the poem O Captain, My Captain and know its main idea.
?沃尔特怀特曼
??记住怀特曼最重要的工作。
?自由诗是什么？一种不符合任何格律的诗：它的线条长度不规则，如用韵。而不是常规的格律采用更灵活的节奏或韵律的分组，以照应和重复其他设备有时支持。现在是英语中使用最广的诗歌形式，它在圣经圣歌和布莱克和歌德的一些诗歌中有先例，但只有在第十九世纪末和第二十世纪，沃尔特·惠特曼才建立起自己。
?熟悉船长的诗，我的船长，知道它的主要思想。
Emily Dickinson
Be familiar with her three poems in the textbook and their themes.
Know something about Dickinson?s poetic features: A. Her poems have no titles, hence the first line of each poem is always quoted as the title of each poem.
B: particular stress pattern: dash“—”
C: Capital letters as a means of emphasis;
D: Language: brief, direct, and plain;
E: Poem: short, always on original images or symbols
F: Conventional meters, iambic tetrameter, off-rhymes.
G: Short poetic lines, condensed by using intense metaphors and by extensive use of ellipsis.
狄金森
熟悉她的三在教科书和他们的诗的主题。
知道狄金森的诗性特征的东西：她的诗没有标题，因此每一首诗的第一行总是引用作为每首诗的题目。
B：特殊应力模式：短跑“-”
C：大写表示强调；
D：语言：简单、直接、朴素的；
E：诗：短，总是对原始图像或符号
F：常规米，四音步抑扬格，无韵。
G：短的诗句，用强烈的隐喻和省略大量使用浓缩。
Mark Twain
?What was Mark Twain?s true name?Samuel Langhorne Clemens What does his pen name
mean?
?What book of his is thought to be the best one about which Hemingway said “All
modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain?
?What is his first real novel? What is its sequel?
?Name three of his other works.
?Retell the short story ‘The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.
?What do you know about Mark Twain’s Style?
?Vernacular Language: Mark Twain wrote in his unpretentious, colloquial, and poetic style. He used vernacular language. The directness of the language is a very influential point in Twain?s style.
?Local Color: Twain depicted social life through descriptions of local places and people he knew best and believed that “the most valuable capital, or culture, or education usable in the building of novels is personal experience.”
?Cracker-barrel Philosopher: Twain adopted the moral stance of a cracker-barrel philosopher. This term is often used to mean someone who understands folk wisdom, has
a pretty good common sense of view of life, and is pretty realistic about social problems.
Twain was that kind of a person.
Stephen Crane
?The definition of American Naturalism.
?Remember Ste phen Crane?s important works.
?Be familiar with The Open Boat and know the themes of the short story.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
?Remember Fitzgerald as the spokesman of the Jazz Age and his major works.
?Be able to introduce The Great Gatsby and make comments about Gatsby.
William Faulkner
?Remember some of Faulkner?s famous works.
?Know something about his writing features: a. complex plot
? b. stream of consciousness
? c. characterization: he was able to probe into the psychology of characters
? d. violation of chronology
? e. courtroom rhetoric: formal language
? f. multiple points of view, circular form
?Be familiar with …Barn Burning? and know the conflict in it.
Ernest Hemingway
?Remember him as the spokesman of the Lost Generation.
?Memorize Hemingway?s major works.
?Know the theme of the short story A Clean, Well-Lighted Place: The theme of Nada /nothingness is the keynote of the whole story. Nada means hopelessness, aimlessness and meaninglessness of life. Nearly all the characters live in Nada. Faced with “nothing" in the modern society now and then, man should seek light and order to establish dignity in life.
?Hemingway?s Iceberg principle: His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning.
The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing. Certainly, there are moments when the reader feels the suggestion of vast meaning beneath Hemingway's few, spare words.
?Hemingway?s Code Hero:
?The “Hemingway Code” of manhood does not involve mere physical strength, se xual potency, or ability to accumulate (or spend) wealth.
?According to this code, a man is defined by will, pride, and endurance: the endurance to accept pain, even loss-when the loss cannot be avoided; the pride of knowing that one has done one?s best, w ith the courage to act truly according to one's own nature; and the will to face defeat or victory without whining on one hand or boasting on the other.
Ezra Pound
?Remember Ezra Pound?s most important work The Cantos.
?Be familiar with In a Station of the Metro and know the images in it.
?Remember the three Imagist poetic principles: direct treatment of the “thing”（no fuss, frill, or ornament）, exclusion of superfluous words（precision and economy of expression）, the rhythm of the musical phrase rather than the sequence of a metronome（free verse form and music）
Wallace Stephens
Be familiar with his poem …Anecdote of the Jar?.
Remember the symbolic meaning of the jar.
William Carlos Williams
Be familiar with his poem …The Red Wheelbarrow?.
Images in …The Red Wheelbarrow?.
Robert Frost
●His four collections of poems that won Pulitzer Prizes.
●Be familiar with the three poems of his in the textbook.
●Symbolic meaning of …road?.
●Theme in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.
Langston Hughes
Be familiar with his poem …Me and the Mule?.
Images in …Me and the Mule?
Eugene Gladstone O’Neill
Remember O?Neill as the father/founder of modern American theatre.
Remember the four plays which won him Pulitzer Prizes: Beyond the Horizon, Anna Christie, St range Interlude, Long Day’s Journey into Night.
Introduce the play Desire Under the Elms and analyze the tragic elements in it.
?Themes of Desire Under the Elms.
2017年英语四级真题及答案
2017年6月英语四级真题 作文一： For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on the way people communicate and then explain whether electronic communication can replace face-to-face contact.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. “Dear Andy-How are you? Your mother and I are fine.We both miss you and hope you are doing well.We look forward to seeing you again the nest time your computer crashes and you come down-stairs for something to eat,Love,Mom and Dad.” 作文二： For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on learning and then explain why doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
2017年高二政治学测《政治生活》知识点
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考点11：我国公民正确行使监督权的要求（B） 公民在行使监督权时，一方面为了国家和人民的利益，要敢于同邪恶势力进行斗争，敢于使用宪法和法律赋予自己的监督权。(2)必须采 取合法方式，坚持实事求是的原则，不能干扰公务活动。 二、为人民服务的政府 考点1：我国政府的基本职能（B） （1）障人民民主和维护国家长治久安的职能 （2）组织社会主义经济建设的职能 （3）织社会主义文化建设的职能 （4）加强社会建设的职能 （5）推进生态文明建设的职能 考点2：我国政府工作的宗旨和基本原则（B） （1）为人民服务是政府的宗旨， （2）对人民负责是政府工作的基本原则:坚持为人民服务的工作态度，树立求真务实的工作作风，坚持从群众中来到群众中去的工作方 法。 考点3: 我国政府依法行政的要求（A） 合法行政、程序正当、权责统一 考点4：我国政府坚持科学决策、民主决策和依法决策（B） (1)在科学决策方面，不断完善决策信息和智力支持系统，提高决策的科 学性 (2)在民主决策方面，增强决策透明度和公众参与度，使决策能够更好地 反映民意、集中民智 (3)在依法决策方面，坚持决策的内容符合法律的规定和要求，决策的过 程符合法定程序 考点5：我国的行政监督体系（A） (1)行政系统外部监督：人民代表大会及其常务委员会的监督，人民政协的民主监督，司法机关的监督，社会和公民的监督，中国共产党的监督；（2）政府系统内部监督：（监察、审计、法制等部门）。 有效制约和监督权力的关键是健全权力运行的制约和监督体系 考点6：政府有无权威的标志（A） 政府的管理和服务是否被人民认可和接受，是区别政府有无权威的标志。
201712月英语四级选词填空真题及答案解析
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2017年英语四级真题阅读答案及解析
2017年英语四级真题阅读答案及解析 英语四六级的2017年上半年考试即将到来，为帮助各位更好的进行知识点的巩固， 以下是为大家搜索整理的2017年真题阅读答案及解析，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩 内容请及时关注我们! 选词填空： section a to get a sense of how women have progressed in science take a quick tour of the physics department at the university of california berkeley.this is a storied place the 36 of some of the most important discoveries in modern science-starting with ernest lawrence's invention of the cvclotron(回旋加速器)in 1931.a generation ago female faces were 37 and.even today,visitors walking through the first floor of leconte hall will see a full corridor of exhibits 38 the many distinguished physicists who made history here, 39 all of there white males but climb up to the third floor and you'll see a 40 display.there,among the photos of current facnlty members and students are portraits of the 41 head of the department,marjorie shapiro and four other women whose reseaich 42 everything from the mecheanics of the universe to the smallest particles of matter.a sixth woman was hired just two weeks ago.although they're still only about 10 percent of the physics faculty,women are clearly a presence here.and the real 43 may be in the smaller photos to the right graduate and undergraduate students about 20 percent of them female.every years berkeley sends its fresh female physics phds to the country's top universities.that makes shapiro optimistic but also 44 "i believe things are getting bette "she says "but they're not getting better as 45 as i would like." 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答 a)circumstance b)confidence c)covers d)current e)deals f)different g)exposing h)fast
《现代政治学原理》复习要点要点
政治经济学复习大纲 第一章导论 第一节政治经济学的产生与发展 （1）古典政治经济学的两个代表人物及其著作。 资产阶级古典政治经济学的奠基者：英国学者亚当斯密代表作《国富论》 资产阶级古典政治经济学的的完成者：英国学者大卫李嘉图《政治经济学及其赋税原理》（2）马克思主义政治经济学及其评价 马克思主义政治经济学批判的继承了古典政治经济学的科学因素但有根本不同于古典政治经济学以及历史上的其他学说。 在《资本论》中马克思以劳动价值论为基础，以资本主义经济的细胞——商品为始点范畴，以剩余价值为基本范畴，全面分析了资本主义经济过程，从理论上再现了资本主义生产方式产生、发展的历史。 马克思通过资本主义社会中物物关系，深入分析生产过程中的人人关系，揭露和批判了资本主义的不合理性，阐明了资本主义制度必将为先进的社会主义制度所取代 马克思在对资本主义经济制度和经济过程分析的同时也研究和揭示了商品经济运行的一般规律，对未来公有制社会的经济制度和资源配置提出了原则性的构想。 列宁的经济学说也是马克思主义政治经济学的重要组成部分。 （3）中国社会主义经济实践和政治经济学的发展 A 社会主义初级阶段理论 社会主义初级阶段理论是建设中国特色社会主义的理论基石。 B社会主义市场经济理论 社会主义市场经济理论是在深刻总结社会主义建设的历史经验，特别是我国改革开放以来实践的基础上，基于对社会主义本质的重新认识和我国处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情而提出来的。理论指出:计划和市场都是配置资源的手段和调节经济的方式，市场经济可以与社会主义基本制度相结合。在社会主义经济中，市场不是发挥一般的调节作用，市场机制应该对资源配置起基础性作用。 C社会主义所有制理论 坚持和完善以公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，毫不动摇的发展公有制经济，毫不动摇的鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，坚持平等保护物权，形成各种所有制经济平等竞争、相互促进的新格局。 D现代企业制度理论 主要形式是公司制，基本特征是产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学。 E按劳分配与按生产要素分配相结合的分配理论 在社会主义初级阶段实行按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度，把按劳分配和按生产要素分配结合起来，确立劳动、资本、技术和管理等生产要素按贡献参与分配原则 在分配政策上，提出必须坚持效率优先、兼顾公平的原则，初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的原则，再次分配更加注重公平。 F经济增长和经济发展理论 经济增长和经济发展理论是中国特色社会主义理论体系的主要内容 G经济体制改革及转型理论 第二节政治经济学的研究对象与方法 （1）政治经济学的研究对象
201712月大学英语四级考试真题和答案解析
2017年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案（第一套）Part I Writing （25 minutes） Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short easy on how to best handle the relationship between doctors and patients. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension （25 minutes） Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.
2017年6月大学英语四级真题及答案解析(全三套)
2017年6月大学英语四级真题及答案 (第一套) Part I Writing (25 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an advertisement on your campus website to sell a computer you used at college. Your advertisement may include its brand, specifications/features, condition and price, and your contact information.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。 Questions 1 to 2 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 1.A) The man in the car was absent-minded. B) The test driver made a wrong judgement. C) The self-driving system was faulty. D) The car was moving at a fast speed. 2. A) They have done better than conventional cars. B) They have caused several severe crashes. C) They have posed a threat to other drivers. D) They have generally done quite well. Questions 3 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 3. A) He works at a national park. B) He is a queen been specialist. C) He removed the beyond from the boot. D) He drove the bees away from his car.
2017年12英语四级真题及答案
Part II Listening Comprehension(25 minutes) Section A Directions:In this section,you will hear three news the end of each news report,you will hear two or three the news report and the questions will be spoken only you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard. 1. A) Her friend Erika. C) Her grandfather. B) Her little brother. D) Her grandmother. 2. A)By taking pictures for passers-by. C)By selling lemonade and pictures. B)By working part time at a hospital. D)By asking for help on social media. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard. 3. A) Finding cheaper ways of highway construction. B) Generating electric power for passing vehicles. C) Providing clean energy to five million people. D) Testing the efficiency of the new solar panel. 4. A)They can stand the wear and tear of natural elements. B)They can be laid right on top of existing highways. C)They are only about half an inch thick. D)They are made from cheap materials. Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard. 5. A) Endless fighting in the region. C) Inadequate funding for research.
政治学原理知识点复习考点归纳总结
政治学原理考试复习资料 一、填空题 _______指的是公共行为主体对公共性为客体的制约能力和力量。公共权力 _______被认为是近代西方政治科学的奠基人。马基雅维利 _______的内在矛盾特性决定了公共权力和公民权利的特性，形成了公共权力和公民权利存在的基础。利益 _______方案政治设计的核心是寻求一个清官明君式的好人统治，这是“人治”社会的政治设计思路。理想主义 _______是我国最高工会组织。中华全国总工会 _______理论被视为民主研究的现代学派。现代“精英民主” _______制度将选举制度、代议制度和权力制约结合起来，体现了当代人们心目中的政治正义观念。宪政 “政治”概念的提出，始于人类文明史上的_________社会时期。奴隶 1949年至1978年，中国基本上实施________的自下而上的集权式的政治发展策略。民众主义 A 阿尔蒙德和维巴于1963年出版了《公民文化》，该书为研究_______提供了基本概念和理论框架。政治文化 C 传统的中国被认为是一个高度的社会。政治化 传统自由主义者认为为个人和社会提供服务是国家和政府____________的唯一来源。合法性 从政治参与的主体来看，政治参与是_________的政治行为。普通公民 D 道德政治观或伦理政治观认为政治是一种__________追求，是一种规范性的道德。社会价值 第一波民主化起源于__________和法国革命。美国革命 G 根据马克思的理解，意识形态指的是_________的思想观念。统治阶级 根据系统分析的理论和方法，政治生活被分解为政治体系、政治过程和____________ 三个方面。公共政策 公共权力具有____________和至高无上性，公民权利具有神圣不可侵犯性。权威性 公民行使政治表达的手段主要包括政治集会、政治请愿、_______。政治言论 古代社会的治理的核心理念是_________。统治 国家的产生以____________的形成为组织标志。政府 国家结构形式主要可以分为____________和复合制。单一制 J 具有现代化和________的政治领导人及执政党的存在，对于民主的和平转变具有重要意义。民主意识 K 卡尔?波普和汉娜?阿兰特等人基于对____________的分析，认为意识形态是一种“封闭的思想体系”，要求垄断真理，拒绝宽容反对意见。法西斯主义 L 理想主义途径是民主的_______研究的基本思路。政治哲学 M 马克思主义认为，国家是分工和的产物。私有制 马克思主义认为政治参与是普通公民对于________的参与。政治事务 马克思主义认为政治是一种具有公共性的____________。社会关系
201712月大学英语四级真题与答案解析第二套
2016年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第2套) Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay. Suppose you have twooptions upon graduation: one is to take a job in a company and the other to go to agraduate school. You are to make a choice between the two. Write an essay to explain thereasons for your choice. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180words. Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one wordfor each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read thepassage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank isidentified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on AnswerSheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in thebank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage. The ocean is heating up. That's the conclusion of a new study that finds that Earth's oceans now26heat at twice the rate they did 18 years ago. Around half of ocean heat intake since 1865 hastaken place since 1997, researchers report online in Nature Climate Change. Warming waters are known to27 to coral bleaching (珊瑚白化) and they take up more spacethan cooler waters, raising sea28While the top of the ocean is well studied, its depths are moredifficult to 29The researchers gathered 150 years of ocean temperature data in order to get abetter30 of heat absorption from surface to seabed. They gathered together temperature readingscollected by everything from a 19th century31 of British naval ships to modem automated oceanprobes. The extensive data sources,32 with computer simulations ( 计算机模拟), created atimeline of ocean temperature changes, including cooling from volcanic outbreaks and warming fromfossil fuel33 About 35 percent of the heat taken in by the oceans during the industrial era now resides at a34 of more than 700 meters, the researchers found. They say they're35whether the deep-seawarming canceled out warming at the sea's surface. A. absorb B. Combined C. Contribute D. depth E. emissions
2017届政治学合格考知识点
高中二年级《思想政治》基础型课程部分（政治学新教材） 主题一人民政权人民当家 1、国家政权的含义：政权是国家的权力。 2、国家政权是政治的核心：任何阶级或社会集团的政治活动，归根结底都是为了实现和维护自身的根本利益，而实现和维护自身根本利益的关键在于掌握国家政权。 3、人民军队是我国政权的主要成分：人民军队的重要地位、组成、任务： ①地位：人民军队是人民民主专政的坚强柱石，是我国国家政权的主要成分。 ②组成：我国的武装力量由中国人民解放军、中国人民武装警察部队和民兵组成。中央军事委员会领导并统一指挥全国武装力量。 ③任务：巩固国防，抵抗侵略，保卫祖国，保卫人民的和平劳动，参加国家建设，努力为人民服务。 4、人民民主专政的国家政权：①人民民主专政的含义：人民民主专政是工人阶级（经过共产党）领导的、以工农联盟为基础的、在人民内部实行民主和对敌人实行专政的国家政权。 ②工人阶级的领导是首要标志；工农联盟是阶级基础；具有极为广泛的政治基础（在我国现阶段，参加政权的有工人、农民、知识分子，还包括其他社会主义的劳动者、中国特色社会主义事业的建设者、拥护社会主义的爱国者和拥护祖国统一的爱国者）。 5、民主与专政的关系：①我国人民民主专政的最大特点：它是占全国人口绝大多数的人民掌握国家政权，在人民内部实行民主，对极少数敌视和破坏社会主义事业的敌对分子实行专政。人民民主专政的本质是人民当家作主。②两者关系：民主与专政是不可分离、辩证统一的，两者是同一问题的两个方面。民主是专政的前提和基础，专政是民主的保障。 6、我国的基本国家职能： ①对内：a.组织和领导社会主义现代化建设。b.依法打击极少数敌对势力和敌对分子的破坏活动。c.协调人民内部的关系和利益。d.组织社会公共服务。 ②对外：a.维护国家的主权、安全和发展利益。b.发展国际交流和合作，协调我国和他国的关系。c.维护世界和平，促进共同发展。 ③国家性质与国家职能的关系：国家性质决定国家职能，国家职能反映国家性质。我国的国家职能维护了人民的根本利益，反映了人民民主专政的国家性质（国体）。 注：只有国家政权机关才能行使国家职能（党、政协、居委等都不可以） 主题二国家机构服务人民 1、人民代表大会制度的含义：是根据民主集中制原则，由选民直接（乡镇和县级）或间接（省级和全国）选举代表组成人民代表大会，作为国家权力机关，统一管理国家事务的政治制度。 2、我国国家机构的构成：权力机关（人大）、行政机关（人民政府）、司法机关（人民法院+人民检察院） ①我国国家权力机关是全国人大和地方各级人大。 ②国务院是我国最高国家行政机关：又称中央人民政府，作为最高国家权力机关的执行机关享有一定的立法权和裁决权。 ③我国司法机关的组成：审判机关（人民法院）+检察机关（人民检察院）。 ④公安机关、人民法院、人民检察院的关系：对刑事案件的侦查和、拘留、执行逮捕、预审，由公安机关负责；审查、批准逮捕，提起公诉，以及检察机关直接受理的案件的侦查，由人民检察院负责；审判由人民法院负责。它们在办理刑事案件中互相配合、互相制约，可以保证准确有效地执行法律。 3、全国人民代表大会及其常委会的地位和职权：①全国人大的地位和主要职权：全国人大是最高国家权力机关，在我国国家权力机关体系中居于最高地位。行使最高立法权、最高任免权、最高决定权、最高监督权。②全国人大常委会是全国人大的常设机关，在其闭会期间行使部分职权，两者是从属关系。 我国国体、政体及其相互关系：国体——人民民主专政；政体——人民代表大会制度（根本政治制度）；两者关系：决定政体，政体体现国体。
2017年12月英语四级真题和答案解析(第二套)
20XX年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第2套) Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on how to best handle the relationship between teachers and students. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard. 1. A) It tries to entertain its audience. C) It wants to catch people’s attention. B) It tries to look into the distance. D) It has got one of its limbs injured. 2. A) It was spotted by animal protection officials. B) It was filmed by a local television reporter. C) Its videos were posted on social media. D) Its picture won a photography prize. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard. 3. A) The distance travelled C) The spending on gas. B) The incidence of road accidents. D) The number of people travelling. 4. A) Fewer people are commuting. C) Job growth is slowing down. B) Gas consumption is soaring. D) Rush-hour traffic is worsening. Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard. 5. A) He told a stranger the sad story about himself.
政治学原理复习资料
政治学原理复习资料 注意：填空与选择题，大家主要复习黄色小册子为主，这里整理的内容较少，不全。 《政治学原理期末复习指导》期末复习指导的综合练习题基本涵盖了考试的全部内容,大家一定要全面复习！ 一、填空题 、中国学说对政治的阐释，直接寄托了他们对于仁义礼智信的道德追求。 正确答案：儒家 、马克思主义认为，问题是全部政治的基本问题、根本问题。 正确答案：国家政权 、是政治的核心，一切政治活动，都是围绕着这一核心展开和进行的。 正确答案：政治权力 、方案政治设计的核心是寻求一个清官明君式的好人统治，这是“人治”社会的政治设计思路。正确答案：理想主义 、被认为是近代西方政治科学的奠基人。 正确答案：马基雅维利 、政治研究的科学化进程遇到的三个难题是数据问题、隐性价值问题、问题。 正确答案：价值中立 、与政治不分是儒家思想的特色。 正确答案：伦理 . 对生活的参与是公民权利的首要内容。 正确答案：国家政治 ．公共利益具有和最高权威性，公共权力部门得到公众授权，代表公众行使公共权力，追求和实现公共利益。 正确答案：公共性 ．经验事实表明，的滥用是社会动荡的根源。 正确答案：权力 、国家的三要素说，认为具有、土地、主权者即为国家。 正确答案：人民 、权力制约原则在资本主义国家的宪法中主要表现为。 正确答案：分权原则 、从社会政治发展史来看，政府组织机构的设置原则主要有三类，即集权原则、分权制衡原则和。 正确答案：议行合一原则 、政党的目标是通过竞取政府职位而赢得。 正确答案：政府权力 、和全能主义国家被视为中国国家与社会关系的基本模式。 正确答案：一元主义 、制度是近现代民主政治发展的产物，它强调政治权力的获得以及政治权力的运作必须遵从人们的政治正义观念。 正确答案：宪政 、政治秩序最关键的核心是或者说政治共识的存在。 正确答案：政治合法性 、古代社会治理的核心理念是。
政治学期末复习资料
政治学期末复习资料 第一章一、政治的内涵：“政治”的英文概念为Politics，该词古希腊的“polis”。其字面意义是指“城邦”或“城市国家”。polis演化过来的politics，就是指有关城邦的事务。今天，polis已经发展而成state，所以，“政治”也就变成了有关国家的事务(what concerns the state）。“政治两字的意义，浅而言之，政就是众人之事，治就是管理，管理众人之事，便是政治。” ——《孙中山选集》二、政治学的研究范围与内容：政治的本质是选择，它涉及对一套而非另一套价值的谨慎偏好。政治学研究的五大问题包括有： 1.公民资格范围：它是排他的还是包容的？【平等与不平等】 2.国家的职能：它的活动范围是有限的还是无限的？【多元论和一元论】 3.权威的来源：它人民还是政府？【自与独裁】
4.权威的结构：权力应当集中还是分散？【分散和集中】 5.国家的规模及其外部关系：什么样的政治单位更好？什么样的国际秩序是可取的？【众多的国家与世界性的国家】三、政治学的两个内容体系：政治哲学与政治科学研究主要运用先验的哲学思辨的方法，论证某些政治价值是值得追求的，并以这些价值为标准，对现实政治做出评价，并试图探寻理想的政治生活方案。它以人类追求的政治价值如民主、自、正义、平等观念为研究对象，以揭示政治的价值基础和根本原则。【什么样的政治生活是值得追求的？】应然政治科学研究主要运用经验的、科学的和实证的方法，对政治生活进行量化分析，比如对选举和投票行为和结果的分析，对民意的调查研究，对政策结果的绩效评估等等。【现实政治生活是什么样的和为什么是这样的？】实然）四、政治学研究方法：历史分析法经济分析法阶级分析法利益分析法