ASTM-D4318-98(中英文)
Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit,
and Plasticity Index of Soils1
1. Scope 适用范围
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the liquid limit, plastic limit, and the plasticity index of soils as defined in Section 3 on Terminology.
1.1 本试验方法包括术语第3节定义的液限、塑限和塑性指数的测定。1.2 Two methods for preparing test specimens are provided as follows: Wet preparation method, as described in 10.1. Dry preparation method, as described in 10.
2. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, use the wet preparation method.
1.2 试样准备的两种方法如下：湿法制备，详见10.1。干法制备，详
见10.2。所采用的方法按有关权威指定。如没有指定试验方法，采用
湿法备样。
1.2.1 The liquid and plastic limits of many soils that have been allowed to dry before testing may be considerably
different from values obtained on non-dried samples. If the liquid and plastic limits of soils are used to correlate or estimate the engineering behavior of soils in their natural moist state, samples should not be permitted to dry before testing unless data on dried samples are specifically desired.
1.2.1 许多土用干法制备与湿法制备测定出来的液、塑限结果有显著
不同。如果土的液塑限要与土的天然湿度状态的工程性态一起关联或
评估，除非需要特定的干法制备数据，否则不允许试验前烘干式样。
1.3 Two methods for determining the liquid limit are provided as follows: Method A, Multipoint test as described in
Sections 11 and 12. Method B, One-point test as described in Sections 13 and 14. The method to be used shall be specified
1 This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the
direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity and Density Characteristics
of Soils.
Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published September 2000. Originally published as D 4318 – 83. Last previous edition D 4318 – 98.
by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, use Method A.
1.3 测定液限提供了如下两种方法：方法A，11和12节讲述的多点测试法。方法B，13和14节讲述的一点测试法。采用何种方法一般由有关的
权威指定。如未指定特别的方法，采用方法A。
1.3.1 The multipoint liquid limit method is generally more precise than the one-point method. It is recommended that the multipoint method be used in cases where test results may be subject to dispute, or where greater precision is required.
1.3.1 多点液限法通常比一点法更精确。试验结果有争论或要求更精
确的情况下，推荐采用多点测试法。
1.3.2 Because the one-point method requires the operator to judge when the test specimen is approximately at its liquid limit, it is particularly not recommended for use by inexperienced operators.
1.3.2 因为一点法当试样接近液限的时候要靠操作者判断，所以对不
熟练的操作者不推荐使用它。
1.3.3 The correlation on which the calculations of the one-point method are based may not be valid for certain soils, such as organic soils or soils from a marine environment. It
is strongly recommended that the liquid limit of these soils
be determined by the multipoint method.
1.3.3 基于一点法计算的相关性对某些土壤可能是无效的，比如有机
质土和海滨土。对这类土强烈推荐使用多点法测试。
1.4 The plastic limit test is performed on material prepared for the liquid limit test.
1.4 塑限试验用准备好用作塑限试验的材料进行试验。
1.5 The liquid limit and plastic limit of soils (along with
the shrinkage limit) are often collectively referred to as
the Atterberg limits. These limits distinguished the boundaries of the several consistency states of plastic soils.
1.5 液塑限（连同缩限）经常共同归诸于阿太堡限。这些界限区别塑
性土的几种稠度状态的边界。
1.6 The composition and concentration of soluble salts in a
soil affect the values of the liquid and plastic limits as
well as the water content values of soils (see Method D 2216). Special consideration should therefore be given to soils from a marine environment or other sources where high soluble salt concentrations may be present. The degree to which the salts present in these soils are diluted or concentrated must be given careful consideration.
1.6 可溶解盐的合成物和浓缩影响液塑限的值，同时也会影响土的水
分含量（见方法D 2216）。因此对海滨土或其它含高可容盐聚合物的
土应专门考虑。这些土可溶盐被冲淡或浓缩的程度必须仔细考虑。
1.7 The methods described herein are performed only on that portion of a soil that passes the 425-μm (No. 40) sieve. Therefore, the relative contribution of this portion of the
soil to the properties of the sample as a whole must be considered when using these tests to evaluate properties of a soil.
1.7 在这里描述的方法是用通过0.425毫米筛的土做试验的。因此，当
用这些试验评估土的特性时，试样作为一个整体与这部分土的相对作
用必须加以考虑。
1.8 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard, except as noted below. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 按照米制单位表达的值被视为标准，要么在加以脚注。圆括号里
的数字只是一种信息。
1.8.1 The standard units for the resilience tester covered in Annex A1 are inch-pound, not metric. The metric values given are for information only.
1.8.1包含在附录A1里对继承用法试验人员的标准单位是英制而不是米
制的。米制单位仅供对照。
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 本标准没有包括所有安全角度的主旨，如果要的话，请同使用联
系在一起。使用人有责任建立起安全与健康方面的实践，使用前就决
定标准的实用性的可调整范围。
2. Referenced Documents参考文件
2.1 ASTM Standards: ASTM 标准
C 702 Practice for Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size2
C 702 缩减现场骨料试样尺寸的实施规程
D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates3
D 75 骨料采样实施规程
D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, Design, and Construction Purposes4
D 420 工程、设计、施工目的的现场描述指南
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids4
D 653 与土壤、岩石和包含流体有关的术语
D 1241 Specification for Materials for Soil-Aggregate Subbase, Base, and Surface Courses4
D 1241 集料土子基、基座、面层材料规范
D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass4
D 2216 室内用质量测定土和岩石的水分含量的试验方法
D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System) 4
D 2487 工程目的的土壤分类实践（统一土壤分类系统）
D 3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-
Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes4
D 3282 公路施工目的的土和集料土分类实践
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction4
2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
D 3740 从事工程设计和施工使用的土壤和岩石的试验和检验的代理机构的最低要求
D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, and Related Construction Materials Testing 4
D 4753 岩土和有关施工材料试验用的秤和天平的评价、选择和指定规范
D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data5
D 6026 地球技术数据使用有效数据准则
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes6 E 11 试验用钢丝筛规范
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E 177 ASTM试验方法项目精度和偏差准则6
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method6
E 691 管理多个试验室测定试验方法精度的研究准则
3. Terminology术语
3.1 Definitions定义:
3.1.1 The definitions of terms in this standard are in accordance with Terminology D 653.
3.1.1 本标准术语的定义按照术语D 653之规定。
3.2 Description of Terms Specific to This Standard
3.2 本标准特殊术语的描述:
3.2.1 Atterberg Limits—Originally, six ―limits of consistency‖ of fine-grained soils were defined by Albert Atterberg：
the upper limit of viscous flow, the liquid limit, the sticky limit, the cohesion limit, the plastic limit, and the shrinkage limit. In current engineering usage, the term usually refers only to the liquid limit, plastic limit, and
in some references, the shrinkage limit.
3.2.1阿太堡限——最初Albert Atterberg定义了6种细骨料土的稠度极限:
上部滞流极限、液限、粘限、内聚力（粘结力）限、塑限和缩限。通用的工程用法中，通常仅指液限、塑限，有时涉及缩限。
3.2.2 consistency—the relative ease with which a soil can be deformed.
3.2.2 稠度-土不能成型的相对程度。
3.2.3 liquid limit (LL, wL)—the water content, in percent, of a soil at the arbitrarily defined boundary between the semiliquid and plastic states.
3.2.3 液限(LL, wL) —水分含量，以百分比表示，界于塑性和半液态间土可任意定义。
3.2.3.1 Discussion—The undrained shear strength of soil at the liquid limit is considered to be approximately 2 kPa (0.28 psi).
3.2.3.1 讨论-不排水剪切强度，大约2 kPa。
3.2.4 plastic limit (PL, wp)—the water content, in percent, of a soil at the boundary between the plastic and semi-solid states.
3.2.4 塑限(PL, wp)—以百分比表示的水分含量，界于塑态和半固态之间。
3.2.5 plastic soil—a soil which has a range of water content over which it exhibits plasticity and which will retain its shape on drying.
3.2.5 塑性土—在一定水分含量范围内的土，表现出可塑性，烘干后能保持原来的形状。
3.2.6 plasticity index塑性指数 (PI)—the range of water content over which a soil behaves plastically. Numerically,
it is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit.
3.2.6 塑性指数 (PI)—土呈塑性的水分含量范围。在数字上，它等于液限与塑限的差值。
3.2.7 liquidity index液性指数—the ratio, expressed as a percentage of (1) the water content of a soil minus its plastic limit, to (2) its plasticity index.
3.2.7 液性指数—比例，表达为百分率，等于水分含量减去塑限除以它的塑限。
3.2.8 activity number (A)—the ratio of (1) the plasticity index of a soil to (2) the percent by mass of particles having an equivalent diameter smaller than 2 μm.
3.2.8 活性指数-比率，等于（1）土的塑性指数比上（2）粒径小于2微米占颗粒质量的百分率。
4. Summary of Test Method测试方法概要
4.1 The specimen is processed to remove any material retained on a 425-μm (No. 40) sieve. The liquid limit is determined by performing trials in which a portion of the specimen is spread in a brass cup, divided in two by a grooving tool, and then allowed to flow together from the shocks caused by repeatedly dropping the cup in a standard mechanical device. The multipoint liquid limit, Method A, requires three or more trials over a range of water contents to be performed and the data from the trials plotted or calculated to make a relationship from which the liquid limit is determined. The one-point liquid limit, Method B, uses the data from two
trials at one water content multiplied by a correction factor to determine the liquid limit.
4.1 试样是过425微米筛的土。液限用把试样的一部分放到黄铜杯里进行测定，用开槽工具分成两部分，然后允许用标准机械设备振摇使其合在一起。多点液限，方法A，同一水分含量范围内要求做3或者更多试验，打印或计算其相关性，从而测定其液限。一点液限，方法B，一种水分含量两组试验数据，乘以修正数据而测定液限。
4.2 The plastic limit is determined by alternately pressing together and rolling into a 3.2-mm (1.8-in.) diameter thread a small portion of plastic soil until its water content is reduced to a point at which the thread crumbles and can no longer be pressed together and re-rolled. The water content
of the soil at this point is reported as the plastic limit.
4.2 塑限通过不断的搓滚一小部分塑性土成3.2mm的条，直到水分含量缩减到一个点时，土条断裂，不能压在一起和再搓滚。这点的水分含量就是塑限。
4.3 The plasticity index is calculated as the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit.
4.3 塑性指数即计算液限和塑限的差值。
5. Significance and Use意义和用途
5.1 These test methods are used as an integral part of several engineering classification systems to characterize the fine grained fractions of soils (see Practices D 2487 and D 3282) and to specify the fine-grained fraction of construction materials (see Specification D 1241). The liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils are also used extensively, either individually or together, with other soil properties to correlate with engineering behavior such as compressibility, hydraulic conductivity (permeability), compactibility, shrink-swell, and shear strength.
5.1 这些试验方法被用于几种划分细骨料土和定义细骨料施工材料的工程分类系统整体的一部分。液限、塑限和塑性指数也广泛地，个别地或与工程性态有关其他土特性诸如压缩性、水力传导性（渗透性）、压实性、皱缩-膨胀和剪切强度等一起运用。
5.2 The liquid and plastic limits of a soil and its water content can be used to express its relative consistency or liquidity index. In addition, the plasticity index and the percentage finer than 2-μm particle size can be used to determine its activity number.
5.2 土的液、塑限及水分含量被用来表达相对的稠度和流动性指数，塑性指数和小于2微米粒径百分含量被用于测定它的活动性数目。
5.3 These methods are sometimes used to evaluate the weathering characteristics of clay-shale materials. When subjected to repeated wetting and drying cycles, the liquid limits of these materials tend to increase. The amount of increase is considered to be a measure of a shale’s susceptibility to weathering.
5.3 这些方法有时也用来计算粘土页岩材料的风化特性。当受干湿循
环影响，这些材料的液限通常会增加。增加的数量被认为是页岩的风
化易感性。
5.4 The liquid limit of a soil containing substantial amounts of organic matter decreases dramatically when the soil is
oven-dried before testing. Comparison of the liquid limit of
a sample before and after oven-drying can therefore be used
as a qualitative measure of organic matter content of a soil (see Practice D 2487).
5.4 对含有一定数量的有机质材料的土在测试前烘干时液限会明显降低。比较试样烘干前后的液限可用来定性测量土的有机质含量。见惯
例 D2487）
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard
is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740, generally, are considered capable of competent and objective
testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
注1-用此标准试验结果的质量依赖于操作者的能力和仪器和工具的适
宜性。满足标准D 3740 的代理机构，通常考虑其试验、取样、检验等
的能力和客观性。可靠的结果依赖很多因素，惯例D3740提供了一些估
算这些因素的方法。
6. Apparatus仪器
6.1 Liquid Limit Device液限仪—A mechanical device consisting of a brass cup suspended from a carriage designed to control
its drop onto a hard rubber base. Fig. 1 shows the
essential features and critical dimensions of the device. The device may be operated by either a hand crank or electric motor.
6.1.1 Base基座—A hard rubber base having a Type D Durometer hardness of 80 to 90, and resilience rebound of at least 77 % but no more than 90 %. Conduct resilience tests on the finished base with the feet attached. Details for measuring the resilience of the base are given in Annex A1.
6.1.2 Rubber Feet橡皮脚, supporting the base, designed to provide isolation of the base from the work surface, and having a Type A Durometer hardness no greater than 60 as measured on the finished feet attached to the base.
6.1.3 Cup杯, brass, with a mass, including cup hanger, of 185 to 215 g.
6.1.4 Cam凸轮—Designed to raise the cup smoothly and continuously to its maximum height, over a distance of at least 180° of cam rotation, without developing an upward or downward velocity of the cup when the cam follower leaves the cam. (The preferred cam motion is a uniformly accelerated
lift curve.)
NOTE 2—The cam and follower design in Fig. 1 is for uniformly accelerated (parabolic) motion after contact and assures that the cup has no velocity at drop off. Other cam designs also provide this feature and may be used. However,
if the cam-follower lift pattern is not known, zero velocity at drop off can be assured by carefully filing or machining the cam and follower so that the cup height remains constant over the last 20 to 45° of cam rotation.
6.1.5 Carriage, constructed in a way that allows convenient but secure adjustment of the height-of-drop of the cup to 10 mm (0.394 in.), and designed such that the cup and cup hanger assembly is only attached to the carriage by means of a removable pin. See Fig. 2 for definition and determination of the height-of-drop of the cup.
6.1.6 Motor Drive 电机驱动器(Optional)—As an alternative to the hand crank shown in Fig. 1, the device may be equipped with a motor to turn the cam. Such a motor must turn the cam at 2 6 0.1 revolutions per second and must be isolated from
the rest of the device by rubber mounts or in some other way that prevents vibration from the motor being transmitted to the rest of the apparatus. It must be equipped with an ON-OFF switch and a means of conveniently positioning the cam for height of- drop adjustments. The results obtained using a motor-driven device must not differ from those obtained using
a manually operated device.
6.2 Flat Grooving Too扁形开槽工具l—A tool made of plastic or noncorroding-metal having the dimensions shown in Fig. 3. The design of the tool may vary as long as the essential dimensions are maintained. The tool may, but need not, incorporate the gage for adjusting the height-of-drop of the liquid limit device.
NOTE 3—Prior to the adoption of this test method, a curved grooving tool was specified as part of the apparatus for performing the liquid limit test. The curved tool is not considered to be as accurate as the flat tool described in 6.2 since it does not control the depth of the soil in the liquid limit cup. However, there are some data which indicate that typically the liquid limit is slightly increased when the flat tool is used instead of the curved tool.
FIG. 1 Hand-Operated Liquid Limit Device
FIG. 3 Grooving Tool (Optional Height-of-Drop Gage Attached)
6.3 Gage计量器—A metal gage block for adjusting the height-of drop of the cup, having the dimensions shown in Fig. 4. The design of the tool may vary provided the gage will rest securely on the base without being susceptible to rocking, and the edge which contacts the cup during adjustment is straight, at least 10 mm (3.8 in.) wide, and without bevel or
radius.
6.4 Water Content Containers水分含量容器—Small corrosion-resistant containers with snug-fitting lids for water content specimens.
Aluminum or stainless steel cans 2.5 cm (1 in.) high by 5 cm (2 in.) in diameter are appropriate.
6.5 Balance秤, conforming to Specification D 4753, Class GP1 (readability of 0.01 g).
6.6 Mixing and Storage Container拌和和储存容器—A container to mix the soil specimen (material) and store the prepared material.
During mixing and storage, the container shall not contaminate the material in any way, and prevent moisture loss during storage. A porcelain, glass, or plastic dish about 11.4 cm (41.2 in.) in diameter and a plastic bag large enough to enclose the dish and be folded over is adequate. 6.7 Plastic Limit塑限仪:
6.7.1 Ground Glass Plate玻璃板—A ground glass plate at least 30 cm (12 in.) square by 1 cm (3.8 in.) thick for rolling plastic limit threads.
6.7.2 Plastic Limit-Rolling Device 搓滚工具(optional)—A device made of acrylic conforming to the dimensions shown in Fig.5.5，6 The type of unglazed paper attached to the top and
5 The plastic limit-rolling device is covered by a patent (U.S. Patent No. 5,027,660).7 Interested parties are invited to submit information regarding the identification of an alternative(s) to this patented item to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible subcommittee, which you may attend.
bottom plate (see 16.2.2) shall be such that it does not add foreign matter (fibers, paper fragments, etc.) to the soil during the rolling process.
6.8 Spatula抹刀—A spatula or pill knife having a blade about 2 cm (3.4 in.) wide, and about 10 to 13 cm (3 to 4 in.) long.
6.9 Sieve(s筛)—A 200-mm (8-in.) diameter, 425-μm (No. 40) sieve conforming to the requirements of Specification E 11 and having a rim at least 5 cm (2 in.) above the mesh. A
2.00-mm (No. 10) sieve meeting the same requirements may also be needed.
6.10 Wash Bottle洗涤瓶, or similar container for adding controlled amounts of water to soil and washing fines from coarse particles.
6.11 Drying Oven烘箱, thermostatically controlled, preferably of the forced-draft type, capable of continuously maintaining a temperature of 110 ± 5°C (230± 9°F) throughout the drying chamber.
6.12 Washing Pan洗涤盘, round, flat-bottomed, at least
7.6 cm (3 in.) deep, and slightly larger at the bottom than a 20.3-cm (8-in.) diameter sieve.
7. Reagents and Materials试剂和材料
7.1 Purity of Water纯水—Where distilled water is referred to in this test method, either distilled or demineralized water may be used. See Note 7 covering the use of tap water.
7.1 纯水—本试验方法提到的蒸馏水，可以是蒸馏水和去除矿物质的水。见注释7包括水龙头水。
8. Sampling and Specimen取样和试样
8.1 Samples may be taken from any location that satisfies testing needs. However, Practices C 702, D 75, and D 420
6 Bobrowski, L. J., Jr. and Griekspoor, D. M., ―Determination of the Plastic Limit of a Soil by Means of a Rolling Device,‖ Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vol 15, No. 3, September 1992, pp. 284–287.
should be used as guides for selecting and preserving samples from various types of sampling operations. Samples in which specimens will be prepared using the wet-preparation method (10.1) must be kept at their as–sampled water content prior to preparation.
8.1 可以在满足试验要求的任何地方取样。但是，可用实践C702，D75 和D 420 作为不同类型试样选择和保留等操作的指导。用湿法准备的试样在备样前必须保持它们的试样水含量。
8.1.1 Where sampling operations have preserved the natural stratification of a sample, the various strata must be kept separated and tests performed on the particular stratum of interest with as little contamination as possible from other strata. Where a mixture of materials will be used in construction, combine the various components in such proportions that the resultant sample represents the actual construction case.
8.1.1 采样操作保留试样的自然层理，不同的层理必须保持分离，试样操作尽可能避免其他层污染试验层。对施工中用到的混合土，按一定比例组成的不同成分的合成试样符合施工情形。
7
8
FIG. 5 Plastic Limit-Rolling Device
8.1.2 Where data from these test methods are to be used for correlation with other laboratory or field test data, use the same material as used for those tests where possible.
8.1.2 这些试验数据被用来同其他室内或现场试验数据关联，相同材料被用于这些试样是可能的。
8.2 Specimen—Obtain a representative portion from the total sample sufficient to provide 150 to 200 g of material passing the 425-μm (No. 40) sieve. Free flowing samples (materials) may be reduced by the methods of quartering or splitting. Non-free flowing or cohesive materials shall be mixed thoroughly in a pan with a spatula or scoop and a representative portion scooped from the total mass by making one or more sweeps with a scoop through the mixed mass.
8.2 试样—从通过425微米筛的总试样中取有代表性的试样150到
200g，自由流动的试样可用四分法或平分法缩分。非流动的或粘性材料应在平底锅上用抹刀或铲子充分拌和，用铲子从总体试样一次或多次铲出。
9. Calibration of Apparatus仪器校准
9.1 Inspection of Wear:磨损检验
9.1.1 Liquid Limit Device液限设备—Determine that the liquid limit device is clean and in good working order. Check the following specific points.
9.1.1.1 Wear of Base基座磨损—The spot on the base where the cup makes contact should be worn no greater than 10 mm (3.8 in.)in diameter. If the wear spot is greater than this, the base can be machined to remove the worn spot provided the resurfacing does not make the base thinner than specified in 6.1 and the other dimensional relationships are maintained.
9.1.1.2 Wear of Cup杯子磨损—Replace the cup when the grooving tool has worn a depression in the cup 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) deep or when the rim of the cup has been reduced to half its original thickness. Verify that the cup is firmly attached to the cup hanger.
9.1.1.3 Wear of Cup Hanger杯架磨损—Verify that the cup
hanger pivot does not bind and is not worn to an extent that allows more than 3 mm (1.8 in.) side-to-side movement of the lowest point on the rim.
9.1.1.4 Wear of Cam凸轮磨损—The cam shall not be worn to an extent that the cup drops before the cup hanger (cam follower) loses contact with the cam.
9.1.2 Grooving Tools开槽工具—Inspect grooving tools for wear on a frequent and regular basis. The rapidity of wear depends on the material from which the tool is made, and the types of soils being tested. Soils containing a large proportion of
fine sand particles may cause rapid wear of grooving tools; therefore, when testing these materials, tools should be inspected more frequently than for other soils.
NOTE 4—The width of the tip of grooving tools is
conveniently checked using a pocket-sized measuring magnifier equipped with a millimeter scale. Magnifiers of this type are available from most laboratory supply companies. The depth of the tip of grooving tools can be checked using the depth-measuring feature of vernier calipers.
9.2 Adjustment of Height-of-Drop落下高度调整—Adjust the
height-of-drop of the cup so that the point on the cup that comes in contact with the base rises to a height of 10 6 0.2 mm. See Fig. 2 for proper location of the gage relative to
the cup during adjustment.
NOTE 5—A convenient procedure for adjusting the height-of-
drop is as follows: place a piece of masking tape across the outside bottom of the cup parallel with the axis of the cup hanger pivot. The edge of the tape away from the cup hanger should bisect the spot on the cup that contacts the base. For new cups, placing a piece of carbon paper on the base and allowing the cup to drop several times will mark the contact spot. Attach the cup to the device and turn the crank until
the cup is raised to its maximum height. Slide the height
gage under the cup from the front, and observe whether the
gage contacts the cup or the tape. (See Fig. 2.) If the tape and cup are both simultaneously contacted, the height-of-drop is ready to be checked. If not, adjust the cup until simultaneous contact is made. Check adjustment by turning the crank at 2 revolutions per second while holding the gage in position against the tape and cup. If a faint ringing or clicking sound is heard without the cup rising from the gage, the adjustment is correct. If no ringing is heard or if the cup rises from the gage, readjust the height-of-drop. If the cup rocks on the gage during this checking operation, the cam follower pivot is excessively worn and the worn parts should be replaced. Always remove tape after completion of adjustment operation.
10. Preparation of Test Specimen试样准备
10.1 Wet Preparation Method—Except where the dry method of specimen preparation is specified (10.2), prepare the specimen for testing as described in the following sections.
10.1 湿法准备—除10.2节指定的干法备样外，试验备样都按以下章节描述准备。
10.1.1 Material Passes the 425-μm (No. 40) Sieve:通过425微米（40#）筛材料
10.1.1.1 Determine by visual and manual methods that the specimen from 8.2 has little or no material retained on a
425-μm (No. 40) sieve. If this is the case, prepare 150 to 200 g of material by mixing thoroughly with distilled or demineralized water on the glass plate or mixing dish using the spatula. If desired, soak the material in a
mixing/storage dish with a small amount of water to soften the material before the start of mixing. If using Method A, adjust the water content of the material to bring it to a consistency that would require about 25 to 35 blows of the liquid limit device to close the groove (Note
6). For Method B, the number of blows should be between about 20 and 30 blows.
10.1.1 用肉眼和手工方法测定8.2所描述的试样没有或很少有保留在425微米筛上的材料。假如是这种情况，准备150-200g试样加蒸馏水或
去矿物质水用抹刀在玻璃板或拌和碟上充分搅拌。如果需要的话，在
拌和或储存器里加少量水浸泡，使其在拌和前软化。如使用方法A，调
整水分含量到一定的稠度，接近液限设备25-35击的最佳状态。对方法B，最佳击数在20-30之间。
10.1.1.2 If, during mixing, a small percentage of material is encountered that would be retained on a 425-μm (No. 40) sieve, remove these particles by hand (if possible). If it is impractical to remove the coarser material by hand, remove small percentages (less than about 15 %) of coarser material
by working the material (having the above consistency)
through a 425-μm sieve. During this procedure, use a piece of rubber sheeting, rubber stopper, or other convenient device provided the procedure does not distort the sieve or degrade material that would be retained if the washing method described in 10.1.2 were used. If larger percentages of
coarse material are encountered during mixing, or it is considered impractical to remove the coarser material by the procedures just described, wash the sample as described in
10.1.2. When the coarse particles found during mixing are concretions, shells, or other fragile particles, do not crush these particles to make them pass a 425-μm sieve, but remove by hand or by washing.
10.1.2 如在拌和期间，遇到少量材料保留在40#筛上，用手剔除这些
颗粒（如可能的话）。如用手剔除这些颗粒是不切实际的，用40#筛筛
除少量（小于15%）的粗粒料（在稠度以上）。在进程中，使用橡皮
单、橡皮塞或别的能提供的方便设备，使其不扭曲筛子或使材料降
级，10.1.2描述的洗筛的方法将运用。如有大百分含量的粗粒材料，
用10.1.2所描述的洗筛的方法。当拌和时发现的材料是结核、壳体或
其他易碎颗粒，不许破碎这些颗粒从而使它们过425微米筛，，而要用
手剔除或洗涤冲去。
10.1.1.3 Place the prepared material in the mixing/storage dish, check its consistency (adjust if required), cover to prevent loss of moisture, and allow to stand (cure) for at
手机电路图中英文对照
手机电路图中英文对照 手机电路图中英文对照 A A 模拟 AB 地址总线ACCESSORIES 配件ADC 模拟到数字的转换ADDRESS BUS 地址总线 AFC 自动频率控制 AFPCB 音频电路板 AGC 自动增益控制 AGND 模拟地 ALARM 告警 ALERT 振铃 ALRT 铃声电路 ALRT-VCC 振铃器电源 ANTSW 天线开关 AOC-DRIVE 自动功率控制驱动AUDIO 音频 AUX 辅助 AVCC 音频供电 APC 音频处理芯片GSM-LNA275 900MHz低噪声放大器电压（） GSM-PINDIODE 功率放大器输出到匹配电路的切换控制信号 GSM-SEL 频段切换控制信号之一（900 MHz） G-TX-VCO 900MHz发射压控振荡器 H Hex 十六进制 Hamonic Filter 谐波滤波器 HAND SET 手持机 HARDWARE 硬件 HOOK 外接免提计算机 HEAD-INT 头戴耳机控制 I Insert Card 插入卡 Initial 初始化 IMSI 国际移动用户识别码 IWF 各种业务功能接口 I/O 输入/输出 ICTRL 供电电流大小控制 IFLO 中频本振 INFRARED RAY 红外线 INT 中断 K KEYBOARD 键盘 KEY 键、键控 KHz 千赫兹 KBC 按键列地址线 L
ANT 天线 AUC 鉴权中心 A/D 模拟/数字转换AUTO 自动 A/L 音频/逻辑板ACCESS 接入 APC 自动功率控制 B BIT 比特 BURST 突发脉冲串BCCH 广播信道 BW 带宽 BUSY 忙 BUS 总线BARRING 限制 BCD 二/十进制码BPF 带通滤波器Block Digram 方框图Backlight 背光LPF 低通滤波器 LCD 液晶显示器 LCD DATA 显示屏数据 LCD EN 显示屏使能 LCD WR 显示屏写入 LINE 连接线、线路 LO 本振 LOCK 锁定 LOGIC 逻辑 LOOP FLITER 环路滤波器 LSPCTRL 扬声器控制 M MIN 移动用户电话识别码 MSN 机械序列号 MIC 拾音器 MS 移动台 MODEM 调制解调器 MENU 菜单 MOD Freq 调制频率 MCLK 主时锺 MDM 调制解调器 MEMORY 存储器 MISO 主机输入从机输出（摩托罗拉）Mixed Second 第二混频 MOBILE 移动 MOD 调制 MODIN 调制I信号负 MODIP 调制I信号正 MODQN 调制Q信号负 MODQP 调制Q信号正 MOSI 主机输出从机输入 MPU 主处理单元（中央处理器）MUC 主控制单元
管材管件阀门接头管道特件紧固件密封等中英文对照完整版
管材管件阀门接头管道特件紧固件密封等中英 文对照 集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]
管材、管件、阀门、接头、管道特件、紧固件、垫片、密封、工 程材料等中英文对照 化工管道设计技术英语词汇(1－2－3) 1管道组成件Pipingcomponent1.1管子Pipe管子(按照配管标准规格制造的)pipe管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管)tube钢管steelpipe铸铁管castironpipe衬里管linedpipe复合管cladpipe碳钢管carbonsteelpipe合金钢管alloysteelpipe不锈钢stainlesssteelpipe奥氏体不锈钢管austeniticstainlesssteelpipe铁合金钢管ferriticalloysteelpipe轧制钢管wrought-steelpipe锻铁管wrought-ironpipe无缝钢管seamless(SMLS)steelpipe焊接钢管weldedsteelpipe电阻焊钢管electric-resistanceweldedsteelpipe电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管electric-fusion(arc)-weldedsteel-platepipe螺旋焊接钢管spiralweldedsteelpipe镀锌钢管galvanizedsteelpipe热轧无缝钢管hot-rollingseamlesspipe冷拔无缝钢管cold-drawingseamlesspipe水煤气钢管water-gassteelpipe塑料管plasticpipe玻璃管glasstube橡胶管rubbertube直管runpipe;straightpipe1.2管件Fitting弯头elbow异径弯头reducingelbow带支座弯头baseelbowk半径弯头longradiuselbow短半径弯头shortradiuselbow 长半径180°弯头longradiusreturn短半径180°弯头shortradiusreturn带侧向口的弯头（右向或左向）sideoutletelbow(righthandorlefthand)双支管弯头（形）doublebranchelbow三通tee异径三通reducingtee等径三通straighttee带侧向口的三通（右向或左向） sideoutlettee(righthandor1efthand)异径三通（分支口为异径） reducingtee(reducingonoutlet)异径三通（一个直通口为异径） reducingtee(reducingononerun)带支座三通basetee异径三通（一个直通口及分支口为异径）reducingtee(reducingononerunandoutlet)异径三通（两个直通口为异径，双头式）reducingtee(reducingonbothruns,bullhead)45°斜三通45°lateral45°斜三通（支管为异径）45°lateral(reducingonbranch)45°斜三通(一个直通口为异 径)45°lateral(reducingononerun)45°斜三通(一个直通口及支管为异 径)45°lateral(reducingononerunandbranch)Y型三通（俗称裤衩）true“Y”四通cross等径四通straightcross异径四通reducingcross异径四通（一个分支口为异径） reducingcross(reducingononeoutlet)异径四通（一个直通口及分支口为异径） reducingcross(reducingononerunandoutlet)异径四通（两个分支口为异径） reducingcross(reducingonbothoutlet)异径四通（一个直通口及两个分支口为异径）reducingcross(reducingononerunandbothoutlet)异径管reducer同心异径管concentricreducer偏心异径管eccentricreducer锻制异径管reducingswage螺纹支管台threadolet焊接支管台weldolet承插支管台sockolet弯头支管台elbolet斜接支管台latrolet 镶入式支管嘴sweepolet短管支管台nipolet支管台，插入式支管台boss管接头 coupling,fullcoupling半管接头halfcoupling异径管接头reducingcoupling活接头union内外螺纹缩接（俗称补芯）bushing管帽cap(C)堵头plug短节nipple异径短节 reducingnipple;swagenipple1.3弯管Bend预制弯管fabricatedpipebend跨越弯管（^形）cross-overbend偏置弯管（~形）offsetbend90°弯管quarterbend环形弯管cirelebend单侧偏置90°弯管（形）singleoffsetquarterbendS形弯管“S”bend单侧偏置U形膨胀弯管（|形）singleoffset“U”bendU形弯管“U”bend双偏置U膨胀弯管doubleoffsetexpansion“U”bend 斜接弯管mitrebend三节斜接弯管3-piecemitrebend折皱弯管corrugatedbend圆度 roundness1.4法兰Flange(FLG）整体管法兰integralpipeflange钢管法兰steelpipeflange螺
品质管理中英文对照表学习资料
品质管理 (be) qualfied, up to grade 合格 模具正式投産前確認 3B 5M Man/Machine/Material/Method/Measurement 人力/ 機器/ 材料/ 方法/ 量測 5S整理/ 整頓/ 清掃/ 清潔/ 教養 5WIH When/Where/Who/What/Why/How to 何時/ 何地/ 誰/ 何事/ 為什麼/ 怎麼做7QCTools7 Quality Controls Tools 品管七大手法 8 disciplines 8項回復內容 abnormal handling 異常處理 ACC Accept 允收 acceptance = receive 驗收 ADM Absolute Dimension Measurement全尺寸測量 AIR Artical Inspection report AOD Accept On Deviation 特采 AOQ Average Output Quality平均出廠品質 AOQL Average Output Quality Level 平均出廠品質水準 APP Approve 核准,認可,承認 AQL Acceptable Quality Level 允收品質水準 AR Averary Range全距平均值
Bending 軟體導入 C=0 Critical=0 極嚴重不允許 CAR Corrective action request 改正行動要求改正報告 CP capability index 製造能力指數 CPK capability index of process 模具制程能力參數 CR Critical 極嚴重的 defective product/non-good parts 不良品 defective products 不良品 DFR Defect Failure Rate NG Not Good 不良,不合格 No.Number 數(號) OOBA out of box audit 開箱檢查 OQA output quality assurance 出貨品質保證 OQC output quality control 最終出貨品管 ORT On going Reliability Qualit P/O Waive Purchase Order Waive Packing 包裝 PDCA Plan/ Do /Check /Action 計劃/ 執行/ 檢查/ 總結POC passage quality control 段檢人員
(电力行业)电力系统继电保护中英文对照表
1 Directional protection 方向保护 2 Distance protection 距离保护 3 Over current protection 过流保护 4 Pilot protection 高频保护 5 Differential protection 差动保护 6 Rotor earth-fault protection 转子接地保护 7 Stator earth-fault protection 定子接地保护 8 Over fluxing protection 过励磁保护 9 Back-up protection 后备保护 11 Sequential tripping 顺序跳闸 12 Start up/Pick up 起动 13 Breaker 断路器 14 Disconnecting switch 隔离开关 15 Current transformer 电流互感器 16 Potential transformer 电压互感器
17 Dead zone/Blind spot 死区 18 Vibration/Oscillation 振荡 19 Reliability 可靠性 20 Sensitivity 灵敏性 21 Speed 速动性 22 Selectivity 选择性 23 Step-type distance relay 分段距离继电器 24 Time delay 延时 25 Escapement/interlock/blocking 闭锁 26 Incorrect tripping 误动 27 Phase to phase fault 相间故障 28 Earth fault 接地故障 29 Through- fault 穿越故障 30 Permanent fault 永久性故障 31 Temporary fault
在读证明模板(中英文)
在读证明 兹证明艾思宇，女，出生于1994 年12 月03 日，于2010年9月进入我校学习，现为我校高中一年级十三班的学生。该生在校期间学习成绩优异，尊敬师长，团结同学，积极参加各项集体活动，是一名品学兼优的好学生。 该同学将于2011年7月~8月，即我校暑假期间，赴德国济根市进行学生交流项目。 学校名称：德阳市第五中学 领导签字，学校盖章： 日期：2011年05月06日 Certificate This is to certify that , male/female, was born on . He/She started to study in our school in , and he/she is now in Class Grade . During his/her study in our school, he/she observes the laws and regulations, gets along well with his/her classmates, loves the class, obtains good achievements in both moral and intellectual education, and he/she is an excellent student with all-around development. During July and/or August, 2011, the summer vacation, he/she will take part in the students exchange program in Siegen, Germany. School Name： Signature and Seal： Date:
电力系统常用英文名词
英文缩写对照表 英文缩写英文全称中文全称 AGC Automatic Generation Control 自动发电控制 AVC Automatic Voltage Control 自动电压控制 BIPV Building Integrated Photovoltaic 光伏建筑一体化 CIM Common Information Model 公共信息模型 CMS Customer Management System 客户管理系统 CSR Controlled Shunt Reactor 可控并联电抗器 DCS Distributed Control System 分散控制系统 DSCADA Distribution Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 配电监控系统DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing 光通信集成式密集波分复用EENS Expected Energy Not Serve 电量不足期望值 EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统 ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源规划 FA Feeder Automation 馈线自动化 FACTS Flexible AC Transmission Systems 柔性交流输电系统 FCB Fast Cut Back 机组快速切负荷 FCL Fault Current Limiter 故障电流限制器 GDP Gross Domestic Product 国民生产总值 GIS Gas Insulated Switchgear 气体绝缘开关 GIS Geographic Information System 地理信息系统 IEC International Electro-technical Commission 国际电工委员会 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 电气电子工程师协会IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 绝缘栅双级型功率管 IP Internet Protocol 互联网协议 IPTV Internet Protocol Television 网络电视 LCAM Life Cycle Asset Manager 资产全寿命周期管理 LLS Lightning Location System 雷电定位系统 MPLS Multiple Protocol Label Switch 多协议标签协议 Ofgem Office of Gas and Electricity Markets 天燃气与电力市场办公室 OMS Outage Manamgement System 故障管理系统 PFTTH Power Fiber To The Home 电力光纤到户 PLC Power line Communication 电力线通信 PMS Production Management System 生产管理系统 PMU Phasor Measurement Unit 相量测量单元 PSS Power System Stablizer 电力系统稳定器 RTU Remote Terminal Unit 远程终端单元 SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 数据采集与监视控制系统SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 同步数字系列 SOA Service-Oriented Architecture 面向服务框架 SSSC Static Synchronous Series Compensator 静止同步串联补偿器STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator 静止同步补偿器 SVC Static Var Compensator 静止无功补偿器
紧固件中英文对照
最全紧固件中英文对照，外贸必备词典！ 一、紧固件 Fasteners 标准紧固件 Standard Fasteners 非标准紧固件 Nonstandard Fasteners 特殊紧固件 Special Fasteners 汽车紧固件 Automotive Fasteners 铜制紧固件 Brass Fasteners 航天用紧固件 Aerospace Fasteners 精密紧固件 Precision Fasteners 化学紧固件 Chemical Fasteners 摩托车紧固件 Motorcycle Fasteners 不锈钢紧固件 Stainless Steel Fasteners 铁道紧固件 Railway Fasteners 防松紧固件 Self-locking Fasteners 高强度紧固件 High strength Fasteners PEM紧固件 PEM Fasteners 钢结构紧固件 Steel Structural Fasteners 压铆紧固件 Self-Clinching Fasteners
铝制紧固件 Aluminum Fasteners 钛合金紧固件 Titanium Alloy Fasteners 尼龙紧固件 Nylon Fasteners 精制紧固件 Finished Fastener 粗制紧固件 Unfinished Fastener 螺纹紧固件 Threaded Fastener 半精制紧固件 Semi-Finished Fastener 抗剪紧固件 Shear Fastener 抗拉紧固件 Tension Fastener 面板紧固件 Panel Fasteners 二、螺栓 Bolts 六角头螺栓Hexagon Head Bolts 六角法兰面螺栓Hexagon Flange Bolts 轨道螺栓（鱼尾螺丝）Track Bolts 高强度螺栓 High Strength Bolts 地脚螺栓Eyelet Bolts 马车螺栓 Carriage Bolts 护拦螺栓 Guardrail Bots 焊接螺栓 Weld Bolts
手机电路图英汉翻译 英汉对照
模数转换 地址线 音频 自动频率控制控制基准频率时钟电路在手机电路中只要看到字样则马上可以断定该信号线所控制地是主时钟电路该信号不正常则可能导致手机不能进入服务状态严重地导致手机不开机有些手机地标注为文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 自动增益控制该信号通常出现在接收机电路地低噪声放大器被用来控制接收机前端放大器在不同强度信号时给后级电路提供一个比较稳定地信号文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习告警属于接收音频电路被用来提示用户有电话进入或操作错误 铃声电路 放大器 先进地移动电话系统 天线用来将高频电磁波转化为高频电流或将高频信号电流转化为高频电磁波在电路原理图中找到就可以很方便地找到天线及天线电路文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 天线开关控制信号 自动频率控制通常出现在手机发射机地功率放大器部分(摩托罗拉手机比较常用) 自动功率控制参考电平 专用应用集成电路在手机电路中.它通常包含多个功能电路提供许多接口主要完成手机地各种控制文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 鉴权中心 音频 辅助 音频供电 背光 平衡不平衡转换 频段 频段选择只出现在双频手机或三频手机电路中该信号控制手机地频段切换 基带信号 电源 电池电压 广播信道 接收数据信号 发射数据信号 背景灯控制 偏压常出现在诺基亚手机电路中被用来控制功率放大器或其他相应地电路 屏蔽罩 发光 基站 基站控制器 频段切换 基站收发器 电池尺寸在诺基亚地许多手机中若该信号不正常会导致手机不开机 缓冲放大器常出现在电路地输出端 通信总线
蜂鸣器出现在铃声电路 带宽 卡 码分多址多址接人技术一种通信系统容量比更大其微蜂窝更小手机所需地电源消耗更小所以手机待机时间更长文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 小区 蜂窝 信道 检查 充电正电源 充电电源负端 时钟出现在不同地方起地作用不同若在逻辑电路则它与手机地开机有很大地关系在卡电路则可能导致卡故障文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 复制 金属氧化半导体 编译码器主要出现在手机地音频编译码电路 列地址线出现在手机地按键电路 串口 连接器 联系服务商 代码 耦合 覆盖 表示鉴相器地输出端 控制信号输出 发射控制输出端 中央处理器在手机地逻辑电路完成手机地多种控制 晶振 片选 数模转换 数据 数据总线 外接电源输入 直流接通 数字通信系统工作频段在频段该系统地使用频率比更高也是数字通信系统地一种它是地衍生物地很多技术与一样文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 频段选择信号 功率放大器输出地信号 射频接收信号 调解 检测 数字址 数字 二极管
品质管理缩写英文对照(打印).
缩写英文对照中文术语 8D 8 Disciplines Of Solving Problem 解决问题8步法 AC./RE. Acceptable / Rejective 允收/拒收 AQL Acceptable Quallity Level 允收水准 ABB Activity-Based Budgeting 实施作业制预算制度 ABC Activity-Based Costing 作业制成本制度 ABM Activity-Based Mangement 作业制成本管理 APS Advanced Planning And Scheduling 应用程式服务供应商APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning 先期产品品质规划ANOVA Analysis Of Variance 方差分析 AAR Appearance Approval Report 外观承认报告 AC Appraisal Cost 鉴定成本 ASL Approved Suplier List 合格供应商清单 AVL Approved Vendor List 认可的供应商清单 ATP Available To Promise 可承诺量 BSC Balanced Score Card 平衡记分卡
BOM Bill Of Material 材料明细 BTF Build To Forecarst 计划生产 BTO Build To Order 订单生产 BPR Business Process Reengineering 企业流程再造 CPK Capability Of Process 修正过程能力指数 Ca. Capability Of Accuraty 精确度指数 Cp. Capability Of Precesion 精密度指数 CRP Capacity Requirement Planning 产能需求规划 C. OF C. Certificate Of Compliance （质量）承诺证明书CEO Chief Excutive Officer 执行总裁 CQC Companywide Quality Control 全公司范围的品质管理CPM Complaint Per Illion 每百万报怨次 CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计 CTO Configuration To Order 客制化生产 CRC Contract Review Committee 合同评审委员会 CIF Cost Inusance And Freight 到岸价格
电力中英文词汇对照
abrasion-Proof component of burner 燃烧器耐磨件arm-brace 撑脚 ash conditoner 调灰器 basket removal panel 元件盒检修护板 BDV blow down valve 疏水阀，排污阀 blind 堵板 blind flange 法兰堵板/盲板法兰（盖calling 催交 campell diagram 叶片埃贝尔曲线 dado 墙裙 daily service fuel tank level switch 日用油缸液位掣 damage 损毁 damper 挡板 damper linkage 风闸联动装置 damper motor 风闸马达 damping mat 阻尼垫 dangerous earth potential 危险性对地电势dashpot 减震器 data transmission 数据传输 DC/AC converter 直流电／交流电转换器dead 不带电 dead weight 自重 decanter 沉淀分取器 declaration of conformity 符合标准声明decommissioning 解除运作；停止运作decompression chamber 减压室 decorative lighting 装饰照明；灯饰 deep bore well pump 深钻井泵 defect liability period 故障修理责任期；保用期 defectograph 钢缆探伤仪；故障检查仪defence in depth 纵深防御 definite sequence 固定次序 deflection 偏转；挠度 deflector sheave 折向轮；导向轮 defrost timer 防霜时间掣defrost unit 溶雪组合 dehumidifier 抽湿机 deleterious substance 有害物质 delivery and return air temperature 送风及回风温度 delivery connection 出油接头 delivery pressure 输出压力 demand side management 用电需求管理demand side management agreement 用电需求管理协议 demand side management programme 用电需求管理计划 dent 凹痕 dental instrument 牙科仪器 dental scaler 洗牙具 Departmental Administration Division [Electrical and Mechanical Services Department] 行政部〔机电工程署〕Departmental Safety Unit [Electrical and Mechanical Services Department] 部门安全组〔机电工程署〕 deposition 沉积物 depth measuring facility 深度测量装置derating factor 额定值降低因子 derust 除锈 descale 清除氧化皮 design current 设计电流 design parameter 设计参数 designated employee 指定雇员 detachable grip 可拆除的夹扣 Details of Branch Offices of Registered Electrical Contractors 注册电业承办商分行详情申报 deterioration 变质；变坏 Deutsche Industrie Normen [DIN] 德国工业标准 device 器件；装置 dewatering 脱水；排水 diaphragm 膜片；隔板 dielectric strength test 电介质强度测试diesel fuel tank 柴油燃料缸 diesel oil 柴油 differential gasket 差速器衬垫differential lock 差速器锁
研究生中英文在读证明(正式 版)
TIANJIN UNIVERSITY 研究生在读证明 兹有（硕/博）士研究生，性别，学号，出生日期，于年月入学，在学院专业学习，学制年，特此证明。 此证明用于_________________，有效期至：年月日。 经办人： Certificate This is to certify that the Ph.D/Master student _________________ (Gender__________, Date of birth ______________, Student No. ________________ ) is currently an enrolled, full-time graduate student at Tianjin University, majoring in _________________________ ( ____ years) , in the School of __________________________. The study period began from _________________. End of this certificate’s validity: ____________________ 研究生院培养办公室（章）：学院（章）： Office of Graduate Education ( Seal ) 201 年月日 通讯地址：天津市南开区卫津路92号邮政编码：300072 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b613792921.html, Address: No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
管材、管件、阀门、接头、管道特件、紧固件、密封等中英文对照
管材、管件、阀门、接头、管道特件、紧固件、垫片、密封、工程材料等中英文对照 化工管道设计技术英语词汇(1－2－3) 1 管道组成件 Piping component 1.1 管子 Pipe 管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe 管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube 钢管 steel pipe 铸铁管 cast iron pipe 衬里管 lined pipe 复合管 clad pipe 碳钢管 carbon steel pipe 合金钢管 alloy steel pipe 不锈钢 stainless steel pipe 奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe 铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe 无缝钢管 seamless (SMLS) steel pipe 焊接钢管 welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance welded steel pipe 电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe 镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe 热轧无缝钢管 hot-rolling seamless pipe 冷拔无缝钢管 cold-drawing seamless pipe 水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe 塑料管 plastic pipe 玻璃管 glass tube 橡胶管 rubber tube 直管 run pipe; straight pipe 1.2 管件 Fitting 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducing elbow 带支座弯头 base elbow k半径弯头 long radius elbow 短半径弯头 short radius elbow 长半径180°弯头 long radius return 短半径180°弯头 short radius return 带侧向口的弯头（右向或左向） side outlet elbow (right hand or left hand) 双支管弯头（形） double branch elbow
电力系统故障中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译 Faults on Power Systems Each year new design of power equipment bring about increased reliability of operation. Nevertheless, equipment failures and interference by outside sources occasionally result in faults on electric power systems. On the occurrence of a fault , current an voltage conditions become abnormal, the delivery of power from the generating station to the loads may be unsatisfactory over a considerable area, and if the faulted equipment is not promptly disconnected from the remainder of the system, damage may result to other pieces of operating equipment. A faulty is the unintentional or intentional connecting together of two or more conductors which ordinarily operate with a difference of potential between them. The connection between the conductors may be by physical metallic contact or it may be through an arc. At the fault, the voltage between the two parts is reduced to zero in the case of metal-to-metal contacts, or to a very low value in case the connection is through an arc. Currents of abnormally high magnitude
中英文版在读证明
在读证明 兹证明李小强，男，生于1989年12月11日。该生于2007年9月经全国高等院校入学考试录取进入我校学习，学制4年；现为我校矿业工程学院采矿工程专业本科四年级学生，学号09070000。若按时修满学校规定相应学分并达到中国矿业大学毕业条件和学位授予条件，将于2011年7月毕业并获得相应学士学位。特此证明。 学院审核人签字： XXXX大学矿业工程学院XXXX大学教务部 20 年月日20 年月日 Registration Certificate of China University of Mining & Technology This is to certify that student LI Xiaoqiang, male, born on May 17,1990，passed the National College Entrance Examination and was enrolled into China University of Mining & Technology (CUMT) in September, 2007 as a fulltime undergraduate student with a four-year length of schooling. Now, he is in his fourth year study and majors in Mining Technology in the School of Mining Engineering, CUMT. His Student Registration Number is 09070000. If he/she obtains all the required credits and satisfies CUMT’s requirements for undergraduate graduation and degree conferring, he/she will graduate in July 2011 with bachelor degree. College Checker (Signature): School of Mining Technology Office of Teaching Administration (Seal): China University of Mining & Technology China University of Mining & Technology 03/ 02/ 2010(dd/mm/yyyy) 03/ 02/ 2010(dd/mm/yyyy)
美国签证在读证明样本(中英文)
在读证明 兹证明_________ ，女/男，护照号码_________ ,出生于______ 年_月_日, 于_年_月进入我校学习，现为我校____________ 年级______ 班的学生。该生在校期间 学习成绩优异，尊敬师长，团结同学，积极参加各项集体活动，是一名品学兼优的好学生。 我校同意他/她于____________ 到__________ 期间出发去________ （国家）旅游, 费用由________ 承担，在次期间保留其学籍，旅游回国后继续学习。 特此证明！如有任何疑问，请联系 ___________ （学校领导名字）， 电话________________ （校领导电话）。 校长：（签字）盖章 学校名称： 学校地址： 学校电话： 日期：年月日 说明: 1、在确保以上参考模板相关要素具备的前提下，不必要求完全一致的格式； 2、打印在学校抬头信纸上，需要有手写签名并加盖公章。学校名称及印章要与注册材 料上名称一致。
LETTER OF CERTIFICATE _____ e), Male/Female, born on _ _ (Date/Month/Year) and has been studying in our school since _ (Date/Month/Year) Now he/she is a stude nt of (XX_Departme nt, XX Subject). We agree with him/her to have a trip to XXXX(Co untry Name) duri ng (Date/Mo nth/Year) to __ (Date/Mo nth/Year) in his/her holiday. Hereby Certificated! For any questi ons, please call Mr./Mrs. (Teacher__ Name) to the teleph one nu mber: ____ . ____________ Best regards! Preside nt: ___ (Name) (Stamp and Sig nature)
品质管理名词及英文缩写
品质管理名词（中英文对照） QE=品质工程师（Quality Engineer） MSA: Measurement System Analysis 量测系统分析 LCL: Lower Control limit 管制下限 Control plan 管制计划 Correction 纠正 Cost down 降低成本 CS: customer Sevice 客户中心 Data 数据 Data Collection 数据收集 Description 描述 Device 装置 Digital 数字 Do 执行 DOE: Design of Experiments 实验设计Environmental 环境 Equipment 设备 FMEA: Failure Mode and Effect analysis 失效模式与效果分析 FA: Failure Analysis 坏品分析 FQA: Final Quality Assurance 最终品质保证FQC: Final Quality control 最终品质控制Gauge system 量测系统 Grade 等级 Inductance 电感 Improvement 改善 Inspection 检验 IPQC: In Process Quality Control 制程品质控制IQC: Incoming Quality Control 来料品质控制ISO: International Organization for Standardization 国际标准组织 LQC: Line Quality Control 生产线品质控制LSL: Lower Size Limit 规格下限 Materials 物料 Measurement 量测 Occurrence 发生率 Operation Instruction 作业指导书Organization 组织 Parameter 参数 Parts 零件 Pulse 脉冲 Policy 方针 Procedure 流程 Process 过程 Product 产品 Production 生产 Program 方案 Projects 项目QA: Quality Assurance 品质保证 QC: Quality Control 品质控制 QE: Quality Engineering 品质工程 QFD: Quality Function Design 品质机能展开Quality 质量 Quality manual 品质手册 Quality policy 品质政策 Range 全距 Record 记录 Reflow 回流 Reject 拒收 Repair 返修 Repeatability 再现性 Reproducibility 再生性 Requirement 要求 Residual 误差 Response 响应 Responsibilities 职责 Review 评审 Rework 返工 Rolled yield 直通率 sample 抽样,样本 Scrap 报废 SOP: Standard Operation Procedure 标准作业书 SPC: Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制Specification 规格 SQA: Source(Supplier) Quality Assurance 供应商品质保证 Taguchi-method 田口方法 TQC: Total Quality Control 全面品质控制TQM: Total Quality Management 全面品质管理Traceability 追溯 UCL: Upper Control Limit 管制上限 USL: Upper Size Limit 规格上限 Validation 确认 Variable 计量值 Verification 验证 Version 版本 QCC Quality Control Circle 品质圈/QC小组PDCA Plan Do Check Action 计划执行检查总结 Consumer electronics 消费性电子产品Communication 通讯类产品 Core value （核心价值） Love 爱心 Confidence 信心 Decision 决心 Corporate culture (公司文化) Integration 融合