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读《中国古史的传说时代》

读《中国古史的传说时代》
读《中国古史的传说时代》

读《中国古史的传说时代》笔记

第一次听说徐旭生先生这本书或许是在课堂上,然而下课之后就忘记了,正如大多数书名一样,他只是一个书名,很快就已经忘记了他的内容甚至名字。后来又几次听到这本书,似乎很有看的必要,于是就下载了PDF版的,然而研究的书终究是看纸质版的有感觉,于是淘之网络,价格都不低,老的书都是六十年代的,再版是八十年代了,而近些年来也没有再出版过,许多考古的书都是这样,比如西北大学考研参考书目《考古学十八讲》就这样,多年未见出版,图书馆的也已经破损不堪,大家手中拿的也是导了好几手了。最终我还是买了复印版的,是2003年出版的,实际上是八十年在的再版,质量就和一把的PDF质量差不多,不很清晰,但也能看得清楚不影响阅读,于是我用了两周时间断断续续地将它读完了,现在想来实在不简单,叹服于作者的文献功底和考古学基础。

作者在书中为证明一个问题宗室旁征博引,尽量囊括所有的材料,许多材料我都没有听过,其内容也有许多不理解,作者在蛛丝马迹中寻找真相,态度之严谨、学问之丰富、思想之高远实在是非我辈能够企及的。

这本书是作者长时间研究的结果,从建国之前一直到五六十年代的重要成果。虽然过了几十年,但其思想依旧熠熠生辉,诸多观点依旧没有落伍,精辟严谨的分析难以超越,我想正是此书被大家看中的原因。其一大创举即是对于古史研究的态度和方法,概括了这一方法至关总要。我国的古史一直处在一片迷雾当中,历代虽然大家辈出终究

看不清古史的本质。在古代大多以为三代以及皇帝尧舜时期是信史,近代以来疑古之风盛行,与之相对应的是考古发展、二重证据。然而直到九十年代李学勤先生出版《走出疑古时代》之前,我们的疑古之风依旧很盛,李学勤先生提出“走出一股时代”地口号是必要的,我们要研究古史必要对其有一定的信任,二十世纪大量的考古发掘及其丰硕的成果已经能够基本肯定三代的存在和大致时间。然而在此之前,我们对于古史的态度还很有分歧,尤其是上古史。在二十世纪初疑古派以为东周以前的历史都是不可靠的,殷墟的发掘和研究证明了商代的存在,再加上二里头等遗址的发现我们有理由相信夏的存在也是信史。至于广阔的三代以前的历史,大多数人是抱着怀疑态度的,许多人以为那是那是神话,徐先生将此阶段成为传说时代。每个民族走有自己的传说,其他起源或早或晚,我们有理由相信在最早的时候人们没有文字记载的时候只能通过口耳相传记忆自己的历史,而这些历史真相在漫长的时间里大浪淘沙留下来了很少的一部分,在人么能够书写的时候将自己知道的古人记载下来,其间数百数千年历史的记忆已经能以与当初一样,但仔细分析仍然能够从中得到一些。

极端疑古派将传说时代的历史视为腐朽,而徐先生却能化腐朽为神奇,大迷茫之中开辟一片天地。三皇五帝使人们对于历史的模糊记忆,他们的故事是上古的历史,当今的谜。我读此书学到了很多观点,也解决了一些疑惑,都是以前未有的。

徐先生将传说时代的中国分为三大集团,分别是华夏集团、东西集团和苗蛮集团。此书的重点当时对于三大集团的划分以及其代表人物

的考证。华夏集团的代表是黄帝和炎帝,他们发源于黄土高原区域,在有史以前已经发展到了沿着河流散布到中游区域。东夷集团的代表有太皓、少昊、蚩尤等,他们在护额下集团的东边,和华夏很早就接触了,两者时战时和,最终东夷部落的实力略差华夏被后者打击,并逐渐融为一体。苗蛮部落在南方,代表人物有伏羲、女娲、祝融等,似乎比炎黄还要早,后来传说由南而北,终于在南北融合的大势下成为一体。看到这里,我想起了郭静云教授在《夏商周:从神话到史实》中阐述的观点,她认为中国最初的发达文明产生在南方两湖地区,盘龙城、屈家岭、石家河是其代表,而商代分为两个部分,汤商和殷商,汤商是产生于南方的文明建立的国家,而殷商是北方来的拥有先进武器和战马的民族灭亡了汤商取而代之的王朝,在此时南北合并,胜利者不仅掠夺了南方的领土,也将他们的神话吸纳成为自己的历史。殷商打败了南方的文明而吸收了其神学体系和历史英雄,尧舜禹就是其中的主要代表,从屈原的文章中便可以看出尧舜是先楚的英雄,舜为湘君,其妻为湘妃。因而南北的传说融为一体,从许多蛛丝马迹当中我们可以看到南方文明的影子,似乎在文明前夜南方有一个不必北方差的光辉文明。但由于此后几千年的历史都由北方正统王朝书写,人们渐渐忘却了南方的文明。这个观点实在是令人震撼,一下子摇动了两千多年来人们心中的历史形象。对于其观点还是要谨慎采用,但是其思想确实有诸多可借鉴之处。在很久以前的时代,华夏、东夷和苗蛮三大集团各有自己的历史和英雄人物,在数千年的征伐与融合之后,周代末年华夏时期已经占据了主导,被征服的东夷和苗蛮集团逐

渐融入华夏,因而他们的名字在秦汉之后很少被提及。在华夏统一中国之后,东西和苗蛮的文化并没有消失,而是融入了华夏的神话和英雄体系当中。众多的体系结合加上后世的渲染和改变讹变也就形成了今天的体系,模糊不清,不像西方的比较成体系的。

徐先生对于三大集团的看法开启了这本书的论证,之后便在此基础上通过文献和梳理分析对三大集团之间的关系和交往进行探究,并为一些上古的难题寻找答案。

读过《中国古史的传说时代》使我对传说时代的历史与氏族、名称有了进一步的了解。以前读书总有疑惑,为什么公共祝融这些人这么长寿,从颛顼到尧舜,一个人怎能够这么久的寿命和精力?以前只是想这或许是一个称号可以世袭的,现在才了然。上古之时的人名多不是指一个人,而是一个氏族。这样,任何“人”都能够持续几百年甚至几千年在政治上发挥作用了。以前看到黄帝和炎帝同为少典氏之子,奇怪炎黄二帝为兄弟,又初读《史记五帝本纪》的时候画过自黄帝以后五帝的关系图,其都出自于黄帝都是父子叔伯,而短短几代时间差距具有几百年,甚是奇怪。今日看来,这些所谓的“某生某”却不是确切的父子关系,而是后人的传承,亦或是分出来的支系,这样便能够解释他们之间的关系了。

还有一个问题就是传说人物的合并。小时候书本上说神农氏就是炎帝,后来想神农氏当时和燧人氏、有巢氏、伏羲氏一样对于原始人类的生活有巨大贡献的圣人,而黄帝炎帝当是较晚的氏族之间的首领,这两个集中于一人倒是很难。然而终究存疑,何意古代圣贤能有如此

多的大成就,其实都是累积的,正如黄帝的众多贡献一样,并非都是他的创举,或是其他人的因而名字湮没了便将其归功于他的名下。古代三大集团的传说各不相同,而其亦有共通之处,因而在华夏统一之后传说人物也有的合一了。太皓与伏羲合并为一,神农与炎帝合并为一,大致是汉代时期的成果。同时同一个人、一个氏族由于传讹和字体的不同也会生出不同的名称,比如伏羲与庖牺、伏戏,太皓与太昊、太皞等称呼,这些发音相近,可以辨出,其他的讹变严重的或许还有。因而古人或有将几人合并为一的事情也是可想见的。三皇五帝的说法产生是很晚的,战汉之际才产生,在此之前上古诸帝并存,到了周之后人王不在称帝,后来东西方根据自己的需求分别归纳出了自己的五帝,因而有最广为人知的《史记五帝本纪》。

世世界各民族历史上多有一大洪水之传说,因而或许确有其事。在中国史前大洪水中孕育了中国最早的王朝,大禹治水功绩很大受到拥戴,遂有《左传哀公七年》“禹合诸侯於涂山,执玉帛者万国”的情况。在农业社会的初级阶段人们居住在河流旁边,无论是农业还是生活都需要大量的水,因而不能远离之,但洪水的灾害威胁着人们的生命和庄稼的安全,大于治水顺应自然而成之,这些大家都知道的。而另一个鲜为人知的点是治理洪水的一个副产品就是水井的开凿,伯益凿井,这样一来北方广大的农场就可以逐渐为我们所征服,人们就可以转移到相对安全的高地,安全就能得到保障,文化也会发展起来。对于徐堰王,以前知之甚少,他是一个强大的足以与周王朝抗衡的东夷国家首领,但他是何时的人、有怎样的功绩,对于徐这个国家的

情况我们从史书中可以看到的很少,失败者尤其是早期的失败者记载总是很少而模糊不清的,通过讹传徐堰王终于还是在人们心中保存了自己的一点记忆,后世《淮南子》算是比北方的《韩非子》记载的清楚些,徐先生通过分析大致描绘出了徐国的发展脉络,并探索出出吴灭徐的真相。

诸多古书看似荒诞,其实其中蕴含着的是经过深化加工过而历史,不知者以为荒谬,知之者以为瑰宝,吾侪观此书,岂能不叹服于先生之功力与思想!此书未读尽读通,将来定会再读。

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英语作文万能开头结尾 SANY GROUP system office room 【SANYUA16H-SANYHUASANYUA8Q8-

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