考研英美文学名词解释-2012卷

2012卷

北二外：

1. Byronic hero

Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s celebrated narrative poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, his verse drama Manfred, and other works. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin.

2. West humor

West humor is the type of humor in the tall tales. West humor is not only of witty remark mocking at small things or of farcial elements making people laugh, but a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustic. West humor is best represented in Mark Twain’s short stories, such as Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.

南开大学：

1.the five-act structure of Shakespeare’s plays

Most of his plays are in the format of 5 acts. Act 1 is the exposition, in which the dramatis personae are presented, and time and place are established. We learn about the antecedents of the story. Act 2 is the complications in which the course of action becomes mre complicated, the “tying of knots”takes place. Act 3 is the climax of action in which the development of conflict reaches its high point. Act 4 reversals where the consequences of Act 3 play out, momentum slows, and tension is heighted by false hopes or fears. Act 5 is the catastrophe in which the conflict is resolved, whether through a catastrophe, the downfall of the hero, or through his victory and transfiguration. The format of five-act play is familiar from Shakespeare’s plays, and is grounded in the concepts of unity in Aristotle’s Poetics.

2.denotation and connotation

Denotation and connotation are two principal methods of describing the meanings of words. Denotation of a word is the thing in the real world the word is linked to, and it is the precise, literal definition of a word. Connotation of a word refers to the emotional meaning or associated meaning that a word may carry.

3.gothic novels

Gothic novel is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, and his novel The Castle of Otranto. The gothic novels always include the following elements: the setting in a castle, an atmosphere of mystery and suspense, an ancient prophecy, omens, portents, supernatural or otherwise inexplicable events, high, even overwrought emotion, women in distress or threatened by a powerful, impulsive, tyrannical male, and the metonymy of gloom and horror. The gothic novels have influenced the novel, the short story, poetry and even film making up to the present day.

4.Ralph Waldo Emerson and his works

Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He is acclaimed as one of the major writers of the mid-19th century, one of the most stimulating American minds. His writing falls into two types: essays and poetry, and his fame comes mainly from his essays. Among his best are Nature, The American Scholar and Self-Reliance. Nature has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism”; The American Scholar has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.

厦门大学：

1.allegory

Allegory is a story with second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal meaning. The principal technique of allegory is personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape. An allegory may be conceived as a metaphor that is extended into a structured system, as it involves a continuous parallel between two levels of meaning in a story.

2.avant-garde-先锋派

3.ballad

Ballad is a folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner. Some ballad stories usually derived from a tragic incident in local history or legend. These stories are told simply, impersonally, and often with vivid dialogues. Appearing in many parts of Europe in the late Middle Age, ballads flourished particularly strongly in Scotland from the 15th century onward.

4.Black mountain poets

The Black mountain poets, sometimes called projectivist poets, were a group of mid-20th century American avant-garde or postmodern poets centered on Black Mountain College. Turning away from the poetic tradition espoused by T.S.Eliot, these poets emulated the free style of William Carlos Williams. Charles Olson’s essay Projective Verse became their manifesto. Olson emphasized the creative process, in which the poet’s energy is transferred through the poem to the reader. Inherent in this new poetry was the reliance upon decidedly American conversational language.

5.Bloomsbury Group

It is a loose coterie of writers linked by friendship to the homes of Vanessa Stephen and his sister Virginia in Bloomsbury from 1906 to the late 1930s. It had no doctrine or aim, despite a shared admiration for the moral philosophy of G.E.Moore, but the group had some importance as a centre of modernizing liberal opinion in the 1920s. 6.Eco-criticism

It is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view, where all sciences come together to analyze the environment, and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation.

Eco-criticism borrows methodologies and theorectically informs approaches liberally from other fields of literary, social and scientific study.

A)Pecola Breedlove-from The Bluest Eye

B)Frederic Henry-from A Farewell to Arms

meets the beautiful Catherine Barkley

C) Emma Woodhouse

D) Pip-from Great Expectation

E) Yoaasrian-from Catch-22

He is the protagonist of the novel. He is a captain in the Air Force and a lead bombardier in his squadron, but he hates the war. His powerful desire to live has led him to the conclusion that millions of people are trying to kill him. This insistence on self-preservation creates a conflict for him. Even though he is determined to save his own life at all costs, he nonetheless cares for the other members of his squadron and is traumatized by their deaths.

F) Quentin Compson-from The Sound and the Fury

He is the oldest one in the Compsons. He feels an inordinate burden of responsibility to live up to the family’s past greatness and prestige. He is a very intelligent and sensitive young man, but is paralyzed by his obsession with Caddy and his preoccupation with a very traditional Southern code of conduct and morality. When he found his own family members have disregarded the Southern code, he was driven to despondency and eventually suicided.

A)The first half of the 18th century is called the Age of Pope, why?

1)It is under the influence of the Enlightenment, the guiding principle of which is ration, natural right and equality. So the Neo-classicism not only reflects principles and concerns of the literature of ancient Greece and Rome, but also emphasizes the simple form, restrained emotion and balanced, orderly rationality.

2)Pope’s poems fully express the essential features of English Neo-classicism, such as the control of emotion, worship of reason and adherence to the styles and aesthetic principles of ancient Greek and Roman classical art. His philosophical essays, his keen satiric and moral sensibility and his mastering of the heroic couplet make him outshoot his age and win him the position of one of the greatest poets and satirists. Above all, Pope and his works best exemplify the Neo-classicism, so the first half of the 18th century is called the Age of Pope.

B)Sinclair Lewis is the first American writer who got the Nobel Prize for Literature. Tell the reason.

1)Lewis is well-known for his masterpiece Main Street, which is a bitter criticism of

the dullness, hypocrisy, prejudice and oppression of life in a Milddle Western village.

I believe he deserves the honor for the following reasons:

①Lewis works hard to capture characteristic details. The pretensions of a small-town society, the thinness of the characters in his novel are portrayed in such a great detail that they produce photographic verisimilitude. 逼真

②He is the master of satire. In this novel, Lewis displays his ability to reveal the ludicrousness 滑稽of a character or the absurdity of a situation, and touched them up in exaggeration, thus turning them into effective satire.

③When Lewis is satirizing the smug provincial complacency, he not only emphasizes on the comic and ridiculous, but also wants to reform the America he pictured by skillfully arousing his readers’sympathies for the non-conformists in a conformist society.`

北京航空航天大学：

1.Symbol

Symbol, in literary use, is a specially evocative kind of image, that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it. The white whale in Melville’s Moby Dick is a symbol.

2.Tradegy

Tradegy is a serious play or by extension a novel that represents the disastrous downfall of a central character. Shakespeare’s King Lear and Macbeth are tragedies.

3.Ambiguity

Ambiguiy is the openness to different interpretations, or an instance in which some use of language may be understood in diverse ways. The simplest kind of ambiguity is achieved by the use of pun.

4.Paradox

Paradox is a statement or experience so surprisingly self-contradictory as to provoke us into seeking another sense or context in which it would be true. Shakespeare’s “the truest poetry is the most feigning” is a notable literary example of paradox.

1.Hamlet seems to be delaying his revenge, why?

Hamlet delayed in killing Claudius when he saw Claudius praying as he passed by the King’s chamber. If he killed Claudius when he was praying for his guilt, then he would help Claudius to enter the heaven. I think he delays because of his social and political ideal. Because Hamlet engages himself in a personal revenge and at the same time attempts to set the right “time” that is “out of joint”. He is an idealist and what he wants is not a secret revenge but an open punishment to the killer.

2.How do you understand the Englightenment Spirit?

The Englightenment is the movement of intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th century to the late 18th century. It central idea is the

need for human reason to clear away ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustic. I think the Enlightenment spirit encourages rational inquiry, humanitatian tolerance and the idea of universal human right. This spirit is found in the poems of Alexander Pope, such as Essays of Criticism and Essays on Man that upholds the principles of rationality, morality, balance, unity and order. It is also found in Henry Fielding’s The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common people with flaws.

国际关系学院

1.tragic flaw of a character

Taking Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello as an example, the flaw of Othello, such as jealousy, credulity and difference, lead to the tragic killing of this play. Othello is the play’s protagonist, although he is not a native of Venice but rather a Moor, he is the highly respected general of Venice. His marrying with Desdemona is spite of the disapproval of her father is a beginning of the tragedy, but the fraility of Othello’s character is the main cause. First, Othello lacks self-confidence as he always considers himself as an outsider and not polished enough, we can see this from saying “I am black, and have not those soft parts of conservation that chamberers出入闺房者have, and maybe a little old.”This weakness is taken by Iago, who makes mischief and tells Othello that Cassio had affairs with Desdemona. Though Othello is warned against jealous “O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; It is the green-ey’d monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on”, he is quite credulous and overwhelmed by jealousy, and finally he killed his wife tragically. So we can see that Othello’s tragic suffering mainly stems from the frailties in his character.

2.What the omniscient point of view is with reference to one novel Omniscience point of view refers to the narrator of the fiction who has a full knowledge of the story, the motives and unspoken thoughts of the characters. The omniscient narrator is also capable of describing events happening stimultaneously in different places. In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, although the narration typically stays with Elizabeth, it occassionally offers us information that Elizabeth isn’t aware of something, such as Charoltte’s pursuit of Mr. Collins. This third omniscient point of view leads a cold dimension to the novel, which helps the readers to find neutrally the wrong judgments and flaws of both the protagonists, thus the readers can better understand how the protagonists overcome their pride and prejudice and achieve their happy marriage.

3, Describe the characteristics of “the Lost Generation”with references to writers and literary works.

It was applied to th disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but replaced them only by despair and a cynical hedonism. The simple language and the tendency of spoken language are the characters of the lost generation. The simple style is pushed to the extreme in Hemingway works, such as his A Farewell to Arms and The Old

Man and the Sea. The lost generation cut themselves from the old values and lost in disillusionment and existential voids. The hollowness and hedonism in Fitzgerald’s fiction The Great Gatsby best exemplify this characteristic. The lost generation writers all gained prominence in 20th century literature. Their innovations challenged assumptions about writing and expression.

武汉大学2012

1.The American frontier and wildness plays a significant symbolic role in American literary imagination.

Though the defintion of “the frontier” has developed over time to include not only the “vast and howling wilderness” of the Puritans, but also the far reaches of cyber space, the essential notion of unexplored territory-of fresh starts and wide open spaces-has always occupied a central place in the American cultural and literary imagination. James Cooper depicted the world of the American frontier in his Leatherstocking Tales, in which he creates Natty Bumppo as a western hero who lives in a mysterious wild country and has a legendary career. Natty Bumppo is a typical frontier man. He is honest, simple, innocent and generous. His chief strength is adaptability. He adapts to the difficulties of the frontier and bridges the divide between white and Indian cultures.

Howevever, idealize, mythologize, the level of eoic, a froniter myth. prosaic and normal lives of men and women on the frontier are transformed into the idea that two worlds are in sharp collision. Two very different traditions are locked in conflict over the possession of the land, one primitive and the other civilized.

Frontier a myth about the conquest to the wilderness, the tale of survival, persistence or even cruel destiny in the fighting with the wildness. Jack London’s famous short story To Build a Fire centers on the wilderness in a more realistic way. about an unnamed man’s disasterous trek across the Yukon Territory near Alaska. uses repetition and precise description to emphasize the brutal coldness and unforgiving landscape of the Northland, against which the inexperienced protagonist, accompanied only by a dog, struggles unsuccessfully to save himself from freezing to death after a series of mishaps.

Cooper romanticist at the beginning of the 19th century, Jack London belongs to the realistic era toward the end of the same century. according to their respective philosophies of art and life, and show us completely different works.

英美文学名词解释(1)

Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not

英美文学史名词解释

英美文学史名词解释 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-

英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century,

英美文学名词解释总结.doc

英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，

英美文学名词解释

1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .

英美文学基础考研真题(A卷答案)

二O 一四年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题A卷 考试科目及代码：英美文学基础（代码：857） 适用专业：英语语言文学；外国语言学及应用语言学 答题内容写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上一律无效。考完后试题随答题纸交回。 考试时间3小时，总分值 150 分。 参考答案及评分标准 Ⅰ Multiple Choice（24 points, 1 point for each）每题1分，共24分。 1. C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.B 7. C 8.D 9. C 10.A 11.C 12. D 13.D 14.D 15.C 16.B 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. A 21. B 22. D 23.B 24. A II Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the context. Write your answers on your answer sheet. (1 point for each, 15 points in total) 1. poetry 2. English 3. Lyrical Ballads 4. dominant 5. heredity 6. stream-of-consciousness 7. Iceberg 8. Songs of Experience 9. greatest 10. Imperialism 11. marriage 12. Y ossarian 13. transcendentalism 14. The American Scholar

英美文学四大思潮名词解释(全英)

Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century.It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe.The ideologies and events of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution laid the background for Romanticism. The Enlightenment also had influence on Romanticism .It was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing".famous romanticism writers are such as william Wordsworth:lyrical ballods、william whitman ：leaves of grass Realism beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-19th- and early-20th-century .It was a reaction againest romanticism and paved the way to modernism.the realism is product of europe capitalist system?s establishment and development.the philosophy and science of europe in 19th century has promated its production authors trend to depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism" ,realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized

英美文学史名词解释

英美文学史名词解释 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT

英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century, the literary device of "interior monologue" was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creations. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud 's theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the "stream of consciousness" method of novel writing. The striking feature

考研英美文学必做9道题

1.What is in the book “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” that makes Hemingway say that all modern American literature comes from this book? (这个题找了2个小时，实在是找不到了。看看下面的会不会有所帮助) (海明威写的Green Hills of Africa中的原文)All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. If you read it you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating. But it's the best book we've had. All American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since. The best work that Mark Twain ever produced is, as we noted earlier on, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, with its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty(n. 残酷；残忍；残酷的行为), yet still retaining the virtues of …some simplicity, some innocence(n. 清白，无罪；天真无邪), and some peace.? The story takes plac e along the Mississippi River, on both sides of which there was unpopulated(adj. 无人居住的) wilderness(n. 荒地) and a dense forest(密林). It relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with him and helping him as best he could, changes his mind, his prejudice about black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well. At the heart of Twain?s achievement(n. 成就；完成；达到) is his creation of Huck Finn, who embodies(v t. 体现) that mythic(adj. 神话的；虚构的) America, midway(n. 中途；娱乐场adj. 中途的adv. 中途) between the wilderness and the modern super state. 2.Is Mr. Bennett in “Pride and P rejudice” a positive figure? Why or why not? (这是原题答案，第一句为第一问，剩下的是第二问) Mr. Bennet?s chief characteristics are an iron ic detachment(n. 分离，拆开；超然；分遣；分遣队) and a sharp, cutting wit. The distance that he creates between himself and the absurdity(n.荒谬的言行；谬论；) around him often endears(v t. 使…受钟爱；使…亲密) him to the reader and parallels the amused detachment with which Austen treats ridiculous(adj. 可笑的；荒谬的) characters such as Mr. Collins and Lady Catherine. To associate the author?s point of view with that of Mr. Bennet, however, is to ignore his ultimate failure as a father and husband. He is endlessly witty(adj. 诙谐的；富于机智的), but his distance from the events around him makes him an ineffective parent. Detached humor may prove useful for handling the Mr. Collinses of the world, but it is helpless against the depredations(n. 掠夺；破坏，破坏痕迹) of the villainous (but likable) Wickham. When the crisis of Lydia?s elopement(n. 私奔；潜逃) strikes, Mr. Bennet proves unable to handle the situation. Darcy, decent(adj. 正派的；得体的；) and energetic(adj. 精力充沛的；积极的；有力的), and the Gardiners, whose intelligence, perceptiveness, and resourcefulness(n. 足智多谋) make them the strongest adult force in the novel, must step in. He is a likable(adj. 可爱的), entertaining character, but he never manages to earn the respect of the reader. 3.Discuss the theme of Fitzgerald’s "The Great Gatsby".(at least 200 words) (两个主题，有上千字，我不知道怎么概括，我把对每个主题描述的第一段话写在下面了)

英美文学名词解释(1)

1puritanism清教主义 The dogmas 教条preached by Puritans. They believed that all men were predestined命中注定and the individual ‘s free will played no part in his quest for salvation. This was a rejection of the dogmas preached by the Roman Catholic Church and its rites仪式. The Puritans also advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry-makings.清教徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他许多世俗的快乐的气质。They stressed the virtues of self-discipline,自律thrift节俭and hard work as evidence that one was among the “elect” to be chosen to go to Heaven after death 2Romanticism The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, 残忍的stupidity, superstition,迷信的and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics asserted that reliance 依赖upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics 伦理and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts 声称，代言the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status 特权地位of imagination and fancy想象和幻想, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”价值的理解“技巧”和“公约”，the human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction 精神上的摧残of urban life.城市生活。Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive 强迫性的concern with “innocent” characters—children, young

英美文学名词解释 2

01. Humanism(人文主义) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人） It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century english poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poets was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. 04. Classcism(古典主义) Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)

(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版

01. Humanism(人文主义) 1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) 1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. 2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. 3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) 1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. 2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. 3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. 04. Classicism(古典主义) Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) 1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century. 2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century. 3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. 5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义) 1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.