Versant English Test 官方教程

Versant TM English Test Test Description

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Validation Summary

Contents

1. Introduction (3)

2. Test Description (3)

Test Format (3)

Part A: Reading (3)

Part B: Repeat (4)

Part C: Short Answer Questions (5)

Part D: Sentence Builds (5)

Part E: Story Retelling (6)

Part F: Open Questions (6)

Number of Items (6)

Test Administration (7)

Telephone Administration (7)

Computer Administration (7)

Test Construct (8)

3. Content Design and Development (10)

Vocabulary Selection (10)

Item Development (10)

4. Scoring (11)

Score Use (13)

Score Interpretation (13)

5. Validation (16)

Native and Non-native Group Performance (16)

Correlations Among Subscores (17)

Scoring Precision and Reliability (18)

Correlations Between the Versant English Test and Human Scores (19)

Correlations with Other English Language Tests (20)

Conclusions (22)

6. About the Company (23)

7. References (23)

8. Appendix: Test Paper and Instructions (25)

1. Introduction

The Versant TM English Test with Versant technology evaluates the facility in spoken English of people whose native language is not English. Academic institutions, corporations, and government agencies throughout the world use the Versant English Test to evaluate the ability of students, staff or officers to understand spoken English and to express themselves clearly and appropriately in English. The test is intended for use with adults and with students over 15 years of age.

2. Test Description

The Versant English Test is a fifteen-minute spoken English test for adult non-native speakers of English. The test is delivered over the telephone or on a computer and is scored automatically.

During the test, the system presents a series of spoken prompts in English at a conversational pace and elicits oral responses in English. The Versant English Test provides numeric scores and

performance levels that describe the test taker’s facility in spoken English – that is, the ability to understand spoken English on everyday topics and to respond appropriately at a native-like

conversational pace in intelligible English.

The Versant English Test has six sections: Reading, Repeats, Short Answer Questions, Sentence Builds, Story Retelling, and Open Questions. All items in the first five sections elicit

responses that can be analyzed automatically. These item types provide multiple, fully independent measures that underlie facility with spoken English, including phonological fluency, sentence

comprehension, vocabulary, and pronunciation of rhythmic and segmental units. More than one task type contributes to each subscore; thus, the use of multiple item types maximizes score reliability.

The Versant testing system analyzes the test taker’s responses and posts scores usually within minutes of the completed call. Test administrators and score users can view and print out test results from a password-protected website.

The Versant English Test score report is comprised of an Overall score and four diagnostic subscores: Sentence Mastery, Vocabulary, Fluency, and Pronunciation. Together, these scores describe the test taker’s facility in spoken English.

Test Format

Instructions for the test are spoken over the testing system in an examiner voice and are also presented verbatim on a printed test paper during telephone administration and on the computer screen during computer administration. Test items themselves are presented in various native-

speaker voices that are distinct from the examiner voice.

The following subsections provide brief descriptions of the task types and the abilities required to respond to the items in each of the six parts of the Versant English Test.

Part A: Reading

In this task, test takers read printed, numbered sentences, one at a time, in the order requested.

For telephone administration, the printed text is available from a test paper, which is given to the test taker before beginning the test. For computer administration, the text is displayed on the computer screen. Reading items are grouped into sets of four sequentially coherent sentences, as in the

example below.

Examples:

Presenting the sentences in a group helps the test taker disambiguate words in context and helps suggest how each individual sentence should be read aloud. The test paper or computer screen presents three sets of four sentences and asks the test taker to read eight of these sentences in a random order. The system tells the test taker which of the numbered sentences to read aloud. After the system hears the end of one sentence, it prompts the test taker to read another sentence from the list.

The sentences are relatively simple in structure and vocabulary, so they can be read easily and in a fluent manner by literate speakers of English. For test takers with little facility in spoken English but with some reading skills, this task provides samples of their pronunciation and reading fluency. The readings start the test because, for many test takers, reading aloud presents a familiar task and is a comfortable introduction to the interactive mode of the test as a whole.

Part B: Repeat

In this task, test takers repeat sentences verbatim. The sentences are presented to the test taker in approximate order of increasing difficulty. Sentences range in length from 3 words to 15 words. The audio item prompts are read in a colloquial manner.

Examples:

To repeat a sentence longer than about seven syllables, the test taker has to recognize the words as spoken in a continuous stream of speech (Miller & Isard, 1963). Highly proficient speakers of English can generally repeat sentences that contain many more than seven syllables because these speakers are very familiar with English words, phrase structures, and other common syntactic forms. If a person habitually processes five-word phrases as a unit (e.g. “her really big apple tree”), then that person can usually repeat utterances of 15 or 20 words in length. Generally, the ability to repeat material is constrained by the size of the linguistic unit that a person can process in an automatic or nearly automatic fashion. As the sentences increase in length and complexity, the task becomes increasingly difficult for speakers who are not familiar with English sentence structure.

Because the Repeat items require test takers to organize speech into linguistic units, it tests their sentence mastery. In addition, the task has them repeat back full sentences (as opposed to just words and phrases), and therefore, it also offers a sample of the test taker’s pronunciation and fluency in spoken English.

Part C: Short Answer Questions

In this task, test takers listen to spoken questions in English and answer each of these questions with a single word or short phrase. The questions generally present at least three or four (sometimes more) lexical items spoken in a continuous phonological form and framed in an English sentence structure. Each question asks for basic information, or requires simple inferences based on time, sequence, number, lexical content, or logic. The questions do not presume any knowledge of specific facts of Anglo-American culture, geography, history, or other subject matter; they are intended to be within the realm of familiarity of both a typical 12-year-old native speaker of English and an adult who has never lived in an English-speaking country.

Examples:

To respond to the questions, the test taker needs to identify the words in phonological and syntactic context, and then infer the demand proposition. Short Answer Questions manifest a test of receptive and productive vocabulary within the context of spoken questions presented in a conversational style.

Part D: Sentence Builds

For the Sentence Build task, test takers are presented with three short phrases. The phrases are presented in a random order (excluding the original word order), and the test taker is asked to rearrange them into a sentence.

Examples:

For this task, the test taker has to understand the possible meanings of the phrases and know how they might combine with other phrasal material, both with regard to syntax and pragmatics. The length and complexity of the sentence that can be built is constrained by the size of the linguistic unit (e.g., one word versus a three-word phrase) that a person can hold in verbal working memory. This is important to measure because it reflects the candidate’s ability to access and retrieve lexical items and to build phrases and clause structures automatically. The more automatic these processes are, the more the test taker demonstrates facility in spoken English.

The Sentence Build task involves constructing and saying entire sentences. As such, it is a measure of test takers’ mastery of sentences in addition to their pronunciation and fluency.

Part E: Story Retelling

In this task, test takers listen to a story and are then asked to describe what happened in their own words. The test taker is encouraged to tell as much of the story as they can, including the situation, characters, actions and ending. The stories consist of two to six sentences and contain from 30 to 90 words. The situation involves a character (or characters), setting and goal. The body of the story describes an action from the agent of the story followed by a possible reaction or implicit sequence of events. The ending introduces a new situation, actor, patient, thought, or emotion.

Example:

The Story Retelling items assess the test takers’ ability to listen and understand a passage, reformulate the passage using their own vocabulary and grammar, and then retell it in their own words. This elicits longer, more open-ended speech samples than other items in the test, and will allow for the assessment of a wider range of spoken interactions. Performance on Story Retelling will feed into Fluency and Vocabulary scores.

Part F: Open Questions

In this task, test takers listen to a spoken question in English asking for an opinion, and the test taker provides an answer, with an explanation, in English. The questions deal either with family life or with the test taker’s preferences and choices.

Examples:

This task is used to collect a spontaneous speech sample. The test taker’s responses are not scored automatically at present, but these responses are available for human review by authorized listeners.

Number of Items

In the administration of the Versant English Test, the Versant testing system presents a series of discrete items. In total, 63 items are presented to each test taker in six separate sections. The 63 items are drawn at random from a larger item pool. For example, each test taker is presented with ten Sentence Builds from among those items available in the pool, but most items will be different from one test administration to the next. Proprietary algorithms are used by the Versant testing system to select from the item pool – the algorithms take into consideration, among other things, the item’s level of difficulty and the order of presentation. Table 1 shows the number of items presented in each section.

Table 1. Number of items presented per task.

Task Presented

A. Readings 8

B. Repeats 16

C. Short Answer Questions 24

D. Sentence Builds 10

E. Story Retelling 3

F. Open Questions 2

Total 63

Test Administration

The Versant English Test generally takes 17-18 minutes to complete. Tests can be administered over the telephone or on a computer.

Telephone Administration

Telephone administration is supported by a test paper. The test paper is a single sheet of paper with material printed on both sides. The first side contains general instructions and an introduction to the test procedures (see Appendix). These instructions are the same for all test takers. On the second side is the individual test form, which contains the phone number to call, the Test Identification Number, the spoken instructions written verbatim, item examples, and the printed sentences for Part A: Reading. The individual test form is unique for each test taker.

It is best practice for the administrator to give the test paper to the test taker at least five minutes before starting the Versant English Test. The test taker then has the opportunity to read both sides of the test paper and ask questions before the test begins. The administrator should answer any procedural or content questions that the test taker may have.

When the test taker calls into the Versant testing system, the system will ask the test taker to use the telephone keypad to enter the Test Identification Number on the test paper. This identification number keeps the test taker’s information secure.

An examiner voice speaks all the instructions for the test. The spoken instructions for each section are also printed verbatim on the test paper to help ensure that test takers understand the directions. Test takers interact with the test system in English going through all six parts of the test until they complete the test and hang up the telephone.

Computer Administration

For computer administration, the computer must have an Internet connection and the Versant Computer Delivered Test (CDT) software, which is available at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bd17578508.html,/idt. During the test administration, the test taker is fitted with a microphone headset. The system allows the test taker to adjust the volume and calibrate the microphone before the test begins.

The instructions for each section are spoken by an examiner voice and are also displayed on the computer screen. Test takers interact with the test system in English, speaking their responses into the microphone. When the test is finished, the test taker clicks a button labeled, “END TEST”.

Test Construct

The Versant English Test measures facility in spoken English – that is, the ability to understand spoken English on everyday topics and to respond appropriately at a native-like conversational pace in intelligible English. Another way to express the construct facility in spoken English is “ease and immediacy in understanding and producing appropriate conversational English.” This definition relates to what occurs during the course of a spoken conversation. While keeping up with the conversational pace, a person has to track what is being said, extract meaning as speech continues, and then, on occasion, formulate and produce a relevant and intelligible response. These component processes of listening and speaking are schematized in Figure 1, adapted from Levelt (1989).

Listen

hear utterance

exact words

get phrase structure

decode propositions

conceptualize

infer demand (if any)

Adapted from Levelt, 1989

Figure 1. Conversational processing components in listening and speaking.

In the Versant English Test, the Versant testing system presents a series of discrete prompts to the test taker at a native conversational pace as recorded by several different native speakers, producing a range of native accents and speaking styles. These integrated “listen-then-speak” items require real-time receptive and productive processing of spoken language forms, and the items are designed to be relatively independent of social nuance and high-cognitive functions. The same facility in spoken English that enables a person to participate in everyday native-paced English conversation also enables that person to satisfactorily understand and respond to the listening/speaking tasks in the Versant English Test.

The Versant English Test measures the test taker’s control of core language processing components, such as lexical access and syntactic encoding. For example, in normal everyday conversation, native speakers go from building a clause structure to phonetic encoding (the last two stages in the right-hand column of Figure 1) in about 40 milliseconds (Van Turennout, Hagoort, and Brown, 1998). Similarly, the other stages shown in Figure 1 have to be performed within the small period of time available to a speaker involved in everyday communication. The typical time window in turn taking is about 500-1000 milliseconds (Bull and Aylett, 1998). If language users involved in communication cannot perform the whole series of mental activities presented in Figure 1 in real-time, both as listeners and as speakers, they will not be able to participate actively in such communication.

In this process, automaticity in language processing is required in order for the speaker/listener to be able to pay attention to what needs to be said/understood rather than to how the encoded message is to be structured/analyzed. Automaticity in language processing is the ability to access

and retrieve lexical items, to build phrases and clause structures, and to articulate responses without conscious attention to the linguistic code (Cutler, 2003; Jescheniak, Hahne, and Schriefers, 2003; Levelt, 2001).

Some measures of automaticity can be misconstrued as memory tests. Since some of the tasks involve repeating long sentences or holding phrases in memory in order to piece them together into reasonable sentences, it may seem that these tasks measure memory instead of language ability. However, psycholinguists have shown that short-term or verbal working memory for such things as remembering a string of digits is distinct from cognitive resources used to process and comprehend sentences (Caplan & Waters, 1999). The fact that syntactic processing resources are generally separate from short-term memory stores is also evident in the empirical results of the Versant English Test validation experiments (see Section 5: Validation). Empirical findings show that virtually all native speakers achieve high scores on the test whereas non-native speakers obtain scores distributed across the scale. If memory, as such, were an important component of performance on the Versant English Test, then the native speakers would show greater variation according to the range of memory spans. Also, the test would not correlate so highly with other accepted measures of oral proficiency as it does, since it would be measuring memory capacity and not language ability.

The Versant English Test probes the psycholinguistic elements of spoken language performance rather than the social, rhetorical and cognitive elements of communication. The reason for this focus is to ensure that test performance relates most closely to the test taker’s facility with the language itself and is not confounded with other factors. The goal is to tease apart familiarity with spoken language from cultural knowledge, understanding of social relations and behavior, and the test taker’s own cognitive style. Also, by focusing on context-independent material, less time is spent developing a background cognitive schema for the tasks, and more time is spent collecting data for language assessment.

The Versant English Test is a measurement of the real-time encoding and decoding of spoken English. Performance on Versant English Test items predicts a more general spoken language facility, which is essential in successful oral communication. The reason for the predictive relation between spoken language facility and oral communication skills is schematized in Figure 2. This figure puts Figure 1 into a larger context, as one might find in a social situated dialog.

Figure 2. Message decoding and message encoding as a real-time chain-process in oral interaction.

The language structures that are largely shared among the members of a speech community are

used to encode and decode various threads of meaning that are communicated in spoken turns.

These threads of meaning that are encoded and decoded include declarative information, as well as social information and discourse markers. World knowledge and knowledge of social relations and behavior are also used in understanding the spoken turns and in formulating the content of spoken turns. However, these social-cognitive elements of communication are not represented in this model and are not directly measures in Versant for English.

3. Content Design and Development

The Versant English Test measures both listening and speaking skills, emphasizing the test taker’s facility (ease, fluency, immediacy) in responding aloud to common, everyday spoken English.

All Versant English Test items were designed to be region neutral. The content specification also requires that both native speakers and proficient non-native speakers find the items very easy to understand and to respond to appropriately. For English learners, the items cover a broad range of skill levels and skill profiles.

Each Versant English Test item is independent of the other items and presents unpredictable spoken material in English. Context-independent material is used in the test items for three reasons.

First, context-independent items exercise and measure the most basic meanings of words, phrases, and clauses on which context-dependent meanings are based (Perry, 2001). Second, when language usage is relatively context-independent, task performance depends less on factors such as world knowledge and cognitive style and more on the test taker’s facility with the language itself. Thus, the test performance relates most closely to language abilities and is not confounded with other test-taker characteristics. Third, context-independent tasks maximize response density; that is, within the time allotted, the test taker has more time to demonstrate performance in speaking the language. Less time is spent developing a background cognitive schema needed for successful task performance.

Item types maximize reliability by providing multiple, fully independent measures. They elicit

responses that can be analyzed automatically to produce measures that underlie facility with spoken English, including phonological fluency, sentence comprehension, vocabulary, and pronunciation of rhythmic and segmental units.

Vocabulary Selection

The vocabulary used in the test items and responses was restricted to forms of the 8,000 most frequent words found in the Switchboard Corpus (Godfrey and Holliman, 1997), a corpus of three million words taken from spontaneous telephone conversations. In general, the language structures used in the test reflect those that are common in everyday English. This includes extensive use of pronominal expressions such as “she” or “their friend” and contracted forms such as “won’t” and “I’m.”

The 8,000 most common roots were used to create the base lexicon for the English test item

development.

Item Development

Versant English Test items were drafted by item developers in the US. In general, the language structures used in the test reflect those that are common in everyday English. The items were

designed to be independent of social nuance and high-cognitive functions. To ensure conversational

content, conversations from 540 North Americans guided the design of test items. Lexical and

stylistic patterns of these actual conversations were used in developing all item materials.

Conversation samples were balanced by geography and gender and represented every major dialect of American English.

Draft items were sent for outside review to ensure that they conformed to current colloquial English usage in different countries and would be appropriate for test takers trained to standards other than U.S. English. British and Australian linguists reviewed all items to ensure conformity to colloquial usage in the United Kingdom and Australia.

All items, including anticipated responses for short-answer questions, were checked for compliance with the vocabulary specification. Vocabulary items that were not present in the lexicon were either changed to other entries that were listed or kept and added to a supplementary

vocabulary list. The changes proposed by the different reviewers were then reconciled and the

original items were edited accordingly.

For an item to be retained in the test, it had to be understood and responded to appropriately by at least 90% of a reference sample of educated native speakers of English.

4. Scoring

The Versant English Test score report is comprised of an Overall score and four diagnostic subscores (Sentence Mastery, Vocabulary, Fluency1 and Pronunciation).

Overall: The Overall score of the test represents the ability to understand spoken English and

speak it intelligibly at a native-like conversational pace on everyday topics. Scores are based on

a weighted combination of the four diagnostic subscores. Scores are reported in the range from

20 to 80.

Sentence Mastery: Sentence Mastery reflects the ability to understand, recall, and produce

English phrases and clauses in complete sentences. Performance depends on accurate syntactic processing and appropriate usage of words, phrases, and clauses in meaningful sentence

structures.

Vocabulary: Vocabulary reflects the ability to understand common everyday words spoken in

sentence context and to produce such words as needed. Performance depends on familiarity

with the form and meaning of everyday words and their use in connected speech.

Fluency: Fluency is measured from the rhythm, phrasing and timing evident in constructing,

reading and repeating sentences.

Pronunciation: Pronunciation reflects the ability to produce consonants, vowels, and stress in a native-like manner in sentence context. Performance depends on knowledge of the phonological structure of everyday words as they occur in phrasal context.

Of the 63 items in an administration of the Versant English Test, 54 responses are currently used in

1

Within the context of language acquisition, the term “fluency” is sometimes used in the broader sense of general language mastery. In the narrower

sense used in Versant English Test score reporting, “fluency” is taken as a component of oral proficiency that describes certain characteristics of the

observable performance. Following this usage, Lennon (1990) identified fluency as “an impression on the listener’s part that the psycholinguistic processes

of speech planning and speech production are functioning easily and efficiently” (p. 391). In Lennon’s view, surface fluency is an indication of a fluent

e

process of encoding. The Versant English Test fluency subscore is based on measurements of surface features such as the response latency, sp aking

rate, and continuity in speech flow, but as a constituent of the Overall score it is also an indication of the ease of the underlying encoding process.

the automatic scoring. The first item response in each part of the test is considered a practice item and is not incorporated into the final score. The three Story Retelling items will be incorporated into the scoring soon. The two Open Questions are not scored automatically. Figure 3 illustrates which sections of the test contribute to each of the four subscores. Each vertical rectangle represents a response from a test taker. The items that are not included in the automatic scoring are shown in grey.

Figure 3. Relation of subscores to item types.

Among the four subscores, two basic types of scores are distinguished: scores relating to the content of what a test taker says (Sentence Mastery and Vocabulary) and scores relating to the manner (quality) of the response production (Fluency and Pronunciation). This distinction corresponds roughly to Carroll’s (1961) distinction between language performance in relation to a knowledge aspect and a control aspect. In later publications, Carroll (1986) identified the control aspect as automatization, which suggests that people speaking fluently without realizing they are using their knowledge about a language have attained the level of automatic processing as described by Schneider & Shiffrin (1977).

In each section of the Versant English Test, each incoming response is recognized automatically by a speech recognizer that has been optimized for non-native speech. The words, the pauses, the syllables, the phones, and even some subphonemic events are located in the recorded signal. The content of the response is scored according to the presence or absence of expected correct words in correct sequences. The content accuracy dimension counts for 50% of the Overall score, and reflects whether or not the test taker understood the prompt and responded with appropriate content.

The manner-of-speaking scores (Fluency and Pronunciation, or the control dimension) are calculated by measuring the latency of the response, the rate of speaking, the position and length of pauses, the stress and segmental forms of the words, and the pronunciation of the segments in the words within their lexical and phrasal context. These measures are scaled according to the native and non-native distributions and then re-scaled and combined so that they optimally predict the human judgments on manner-of-speaking (when the process is run on a reference set of non-native speakers). The manner-of-speaking scores count for the remaining 50% of the Overall score, and reflect whether or not the test taker speaks like a native (or like a favorably-judged non-native).

Producing accurate lexical and structural content is important, but excessive attention to accuracy can lead to disfluent speech production and can also hinder oral communication; on the other hand, inappropriate word usage and misunderstood syntactic structures can also hinder communication. In the Versant English Test scoring logic, content and manner (i.e. accuracy and control) are weighted equally because successful communication depends on both.

Score Use

Once a test taker has completed a test, the Versant testing system analyzes the spoken performances and posts the scores at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bd17578508.html,. Test administrators and score users can then view and print out the test results from a password-protected section of the website.

Score users may be educational and government institutions as well as commercial and business organizations. Pearson endorses the use of Versant English Test scores for making valid decisions about oral English interaction skills of individuals, provided score users have reliable evidence confirming the identity of the individuals at the time of test administration. Score users may obtain such evidence either by administering the Versant English Test themselves or by having trusted third parties administer the test. In several countries, education and commercial institutions provide such services.

Versant English Test scores can be used to evaluate the level of spoken English skills of individuals entering into, progressing through, and exiting English language courses. Scores may also be used effectively in evaluating whether an individual’s level of spoken English is sufficient to perform certain tasks or functions requiring mastery of spoken English.

The Versant English Test score scale covers a wide range of abilities in spoken English communication. Score users must decide what Versant English Test score can be regarded as a minimum requirement in their context. Score users may wish to base their selection of an appropriate criterion score on their own localized research. Pearson can provide a Benchmarking Kit and further assistance in establishing criterion scores.

Score Interpretation

Two summary tables offer a quick reference for interpreting Versant English Test scores in terms of the Common European Framework of Reference descriptors. Table 2 presents an overview relating the Common European Framework global scale (Council of Europe, 2001:24) to Versant English Test Overall scores. Table 3 provides the more specific oral interaction scale of descriptors used in the studies designed to align the two scales. The method used to create the reference tables is described in the Can-Do Guide. Please contact Pearson for this report.

Table 2. General level descriptors of the Council of Europe aligned with Versant English Test scores.

Level Council of Europe, 2001 Descriptor

Versant English Test Score

C2 Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. Can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in coherent presentation.

Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and

precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in more

complex situations. 80 79

Proficient

User C1 Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning. Can express him/herself fluently and

spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions.

Can use language flexibility and effectively for social, academic

and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured,

detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of

organizational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices. 78 69

B2 Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialization. Can interact with a degree of fluency and

spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers

quite possible without strain for either party. Can produce clear,

detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of

various options. 68 58

Independent

User

B1 Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Can

deal with most situations likely to arise whilst traveling in an area

where the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. Can describe

experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. 57 47

A2 Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g., very basic

personal and family information, shopping, local geography,

employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks

requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of

his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need. 46 36

Basic User

A1 Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete

type. Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and

answer questions about personal details such as where he/she

lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in

a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly

and is prepared to help. 35

26 20

Table 3. Relation of Versant English Test Overall scores to Oral Interaction Descriptors

based on Council of Europe (2001) framework.

Versant

English Test

Oral Interaction Descriptors Based on Council of Europe (2001)

80

79 C2

Conveys finer shades of meaning precisely and naturally.

Can express him/herself spontaneously at length with a natural colloquial flow.

Consistent grammatical and phonological control of a wide range of complex

language, including appropriate use of connectors and other cohesive devices.

78

69 C1

Shows fluent, spontaneous expression in clear, well-structured speech.

Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously, almost effortlessly, with a smooth flow of language. Clear, natural pronunciation. Can vary intonation and stress for emphasis. High degree of accuracy; errors are rate. Controlled use of connectors and cohesive devices.

68

58 B2

Relates information and points of view clearly and without noticeable

strain.

Can produce stretches of language with a fairly even temp; few noticeably long pauses. Clear pronunciation and intonation. Does not make errors that cause misunderstanding. Clear, coherent, linked discourse, though there may be

some “jumpiness.”

57

47 B1

Relates comprehensibly main points he/she wants to make on familiar

matters.

Can keep going comprehensibly, even though pausing for grammatical and

lexical planning and repair may be very evident. Pronunciation is intelligible

even if a foreign access is sometimes evident and occasional

mispronunciations occur. Reasonably accurate use of main repertoire

associated with more predictable situations. Can link discrete, simple elements into a connected sequence.

46

36 A2

Relates basic information on, e.g., work, background, family, free time,

etc.

Can make him/herself understood in very short utterances, even though

pauses, false starts, and reformulation are very evident. Pronunciation is

generally clear enough to be understood despite a noticeable foreign accent.

Uses some simple structures correctly, but still systematically makes basic

mistakes. Can link groups of words with simple connectors like “and,” “but,” and “because.”

35

26 A1

Makes simple statements on personal details and very familiar topics.

Can manage very short, isolated, mainly prepackaged utterances. Much

pausing to search for expressions to articulate less familiar words.

Pronunciation is very foreign.

25

20

5. Validation

Prototype versions of the Versant English Test (previously PhonePass and SET-10) were administered in a series of validation studies to over 4,000 native and non-native speakers. The native norming group comprised 376 literate adults, geographically representative of the U.S.

population aged 18 to 50. It had a female/male ratio of 60/40, and was 18% African-American. The non-native norming group was a stratified random sample of 514 callers sampled from a larger group of more than 3,500 non-native callers. Stratification was aimed at obtaining an even representation for gender and for native language. Over 40 different languages were represented in the non-native norming group, including Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, Japanese, French, Korean, Italian, and Thai.

Ages ranged from 17 to 79 and the female/male ratio was 50/50. More information about these

previous validation studies can be found in Validation Summary for PhonePass SET-10, available from the Versant website.

Because of the introduction of several modifications to the test, a number of additional validation studies were performed. These studies used a native norming group of 775 native speakers of

English, from the U.S. and the U.K. and a non-native norming group of 603 speakers from a number of countries in Asia, Europe and South America. The native norming group consisted of

approximately 33% speakers from the U.K. and 66% speakers from the USA and had a female/male ratio of 55/45. Ages ranged from 18 to 75. The non-native norming group had a female/male ratio of 62/38. Ages ranged from 12 to 56.

The correlation between the current version of the Versant English Test and the version for which previous validation studies were conducted is 0.98 (n=200). This suggests that many of the

inferences from validation studies conducted with the previous release remain warranted for the new version.

Native and Non-native Group Performance

Figure 4 presents the main results for the two norming groups. The figure shows the cumulative distribution of Overall scores for the native and non-native speakers. Note that the range of scores displayed in this figure is from 10 through 90, whereas the Versant English Test scores are reported on a scale from 20 to 80. Scores outside the 20 to 80 range are deemed to have saturated the

intended measurement range of the test and are reported as 20 or 80.

Versant English Test Overall Score

Figure 4. Cumulative density functions of Versant English Test Overall scores for the native

and non-native norming groups (native n=775 and non-native n=603).

The results show that native speakers of English consistently obtain high scores on the Versant English Test. Fewer than 5% of the native sample scored below 68. Learners of English as a second or foreign language, on the other hand, are distributed over a wide range of scores. Note also that only 5% of the non-natives scored above 68. In sum, the Overall scores show effective separation between native and non-native test takers.

Correlations Among Subscores

Table 4 presents the correlations among the Versant English Test subscores and the Overall score for the non-native sample.

Table 4. Correlations among Versant English Test subscores for the

non-native sample (n=603).

Vocabulary Pronunciation Fluency Versant Overall

Sentence Mastery 0.73 0.71 0.67

0.88

Vocabulary 0.65

0.61

0.84

Pronunciation 0.92

0.92

Fluency 0.90

Test subscores correlate with each other to some extent by virtue of presumed general covariance within the test-taker population between different component elements of spoken

language skills. The correlations between the subscores are, however, significantly below unity,

which indicates that the different scores measure different aspects of the test construct, using

different measurement methods, and different sets of responses.

Figure 5 illustrates the relationship between two relatively independent machine scores

(Sentence Mastery and Fluency). These machine scores are calculated from a subset of responses

that are mostly overlapping (Repeats and Sentence Builds for Sentence Mastery and Repeats,

Sentence Builds and Readings for Fluency). Although these measures are derived from a data set

that contains mostly the same responses, the subscores clearly extract distinct measures from these

responses. For example, many test takers with Fluency scores in the 50-70 range have a Sentence

Mastery score in the 20-40 range.

Figure 5. Machine scores of Sentence Mastery versus Fluency

for the non-native norming group (n=603 and r=0.67).

Scoring Precision and Reliability

For the non-native sample (n=603), the Versant English Test Overall scores have a mean of 43

and a standard deviation of 13. The standard error of the Overall score is 2.9.

Table 5 displays reliabilities for a subset of 50 calls for which both machine scores and human

scores were computed. The human scores were calculated from human transcriptions (for the

Sentence Mastery and Vocabulary subscores) and human judgments (for the Pronunciation and

Fluency subscores). That is, Table 5 compares the same individual performances, scored by close

human rating in one case and by independent automatic machine scoring in the Versant English Test

case. The values in Table 5 suggest that there is sufficient information in a Versant English Test item

response set to extract reliable information, and that the effect on reliability of scoring with the

Versant speech recognition technology, as opposed to a careful human rating, is quite small.

Sentence Mastery F l u e n c y

Table 5. Reliability analysis for human scoring (one rater)

and Versant English Test machine scoring (n=50).

Types of Score Human Score Versant English Test Score

Overall 0.98 0.97

Sentence Mastery 0.96 0.93

Vocabulary 0.85 0.88

Fluency 0.98 0.95

Pronunciation 0.98 0.97

Correlations Between the Versant English Test and Human Scores

Table 6 presents correlations between machine-generated scores and human scores for the same subset of 50 test-takers. The correlations presented in Table 6 suggest that the Versant English Test machine-generated scores are not only reliable, but that they generally correspond as they should with human ratings. Among the subscores, the human-machine relation is closer for the content accuracy scores than for the manner-of-speaking scores, but the relation is close for all four subscores. At the Overall score level, Versant English Test machine-generated scores are virtually indistinguishable from scoring that is done by careful human transcriptions and repeated independent human judgments.

Table 6. Correlations between the Versant English Test and human scores (n=50).

Types of Score Human Score

Overall 0.97

Sentence Mastery 0.93

Vocabulary 0.94

Fluency 0.89

Pronunciation 0.89

The data presented in Figure 6 show human and machine scores for this subset.

V e r s a n t E n g l i s h T e s t O v e r a l l S c o r e

Human Grade Figure 6. Versant English Test scores versus human scores (n=50).

Correlations with Other English Language Tests

Over the years the Versant Test Development team and third parties have collected data on

parallel administrations of the Versant English Test and other well-established language

examinations, enabling a measure of concurrent validity of the Versant English Test.

Table 7 presents correlations of scores for these instruments with Versant English Test Overall

scores. The table is divided into three sections: the upper section shows data from overall scores on

tests that include multiple language skills (e.g., speaking, listening, writing, and reading), which are

expected to have only a moderate correlation with the Versant English Test because it specifically

targets speaking and listening. The middle section shows tests of listening comprehension, which,

being in the oral mode, are expected to have a somewhat higher correlation with the Versant English

Test. The bottom section shows correlations with instruments for assessing oral skills, which focus

mainly or entirely on speaking. These instruments are expected to show the highest correlation with

the Versant English Test. The data suggest that the Versant English Test measures overlaps

substantially with that of other instruments designed to assess spoken language skills.

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