光伏专业英文词汇

Glossary

Activated shelf life: The time it takes for the capacity of a charged battery to fall to an unusable level when stored at a specified temperature.

Activation voltage:The voltage at which the controller will operate to protect the batteries.

AGM (Adsorbed Glass Mat): a newer type of battery construction that uses saturated adsorbant glass mats rather than gelled or liquid electrolyte. AGM batteries are typically more expensive than flooded (liquid), but offer enhanced reliability.

Air mass:The air mass relates to the path length of solar radiation through the atmosphere. An air mass of 1.0 means the sun is directly overhead and the radiation travels through one atmosphere thickness. Approximately equal to the secant of the zenith angle, i.e. the angle from directly overhead to a line to the sun.

Alternating current (AC):Electrical current that continually reverses direction of flow. The frequency at which it reverses is measured in cycles-per-second, or Hertz (Hz). The magnitude of the current itself is measured in amps (A).

Alternator:A device for producing Alternating Current ("AC") electricity. Usually driven by a motor, but can also be driven by other means, including water and wind power.

Ambient temperature: The temperature of the surroundings.

Ammeter:A device used for measuring current flow at any point in an electrical circuit.

Amorphous silicon: A thin-film solar PV cell material which has a glassy rather than crystalline structure. Made by depositing layers of doped silicon on a substrate normally using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silane.

Amp hour: The quantity of electrical energy corresponding to the flow of current of one ampere for one hour. The term is used to quantify the energy stored in a battery. Most batteries are rated in Ah.

Ampere (A) or amp: The unit for the electric current; the flow of electrons. One amp is 1 coulomb passing in one second. One amp is produced by an electric force of 1 volt acting across a resistance of 1 ohm.

Anemometer: A device used to measure wind speed.

Angle of incidence:Angle between the normal to a surface and the direction of incident radiation; applies to the aperture plane of a solar panel. Only minor reductions in power output within plus/minus 15 degrees.

Anode: The positive electrode in a battery. The positive terminal of a diode.

Anti-reflection coating: A thin coating of a material with a specific refractive index applied to a cell to reduce the reflection of light.

Array: A number of solar modules connected together in a single structure.

Array current: The electrical current output of a PV array when exposed to sunlight. Array operating voltage: The voltage output of a PV array when exposed to sunlight and feeding a load.

Autonomous system: A PV System that operates without any other energy generating source.

Availability:The quality or condition of a PV system that is available to provide power to a load. Usually measured in hours per year.

AWG: American Wire Gauge: a standard system for designating the size of electrical wire. The higher the number, the smaller the wire. Most house wiring is #12 or 14.

Azimuth:The Angle between the north direction and the projection of the surface normal into the horizontal plane; measured clockwise from north. As applied to the PV array, 180 degree azimuth means the array faces due south.

Balance of system (BOS): All the parts of a PV System excluding the solar module Ballast:a circuit used to stabilize an electric current, for example, in a fluorescent light.

Battery: A system in which stored chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy. Can be either rechargeable or non-rechargeable. Different to a fuel cell in that it contains a fixed quantity of stored chemical energy rather than a continuous supply of fuel.

Battery capacity: The total number of ampere-hours (Ah) that a fully charged battery can output.

Battery cell:An individual unit of a battery that can store electrical energy and is capable of furnishing a current to an external load. For lead-acid batteries the voltage of a cell (fully charged) is about 2.2 volts dc. A battery may consist of a number of cells.

Battery charger:A device used to charge a battery by converting (usually) mains voltage AC to a DC voltage suitable for the battery. Chargers often incorporate some form of regulator to prevent overcharging and damage to the battery.

Battery cycle Life: The number of times a battery can undergo a cycle of discharge and recharge before failing. Cycle Life is normally specified as a function of discharge rate and temperature.

Battery self-discharge: Energy loss by a battery that is not under load.

Battery state of charge (SOC): Extent of battery charge status as a percentage of full charge. Also 100 per cent minus the Depth of Discharge.

BIPV:Building Integrated Photovoltaics. As the name suggests, this is where PV modules are integrated in to the building construction materials as on integrated unit. Blocking diode: A diode used to prevent current flow in an undesirable direction e.g. from the rest of the PV array to a failed module or from the battery to the PV array when current generation is low.

British Thermal Unit (BTU): The amount of heat energy required to raise one pound of water from a temperature of 60 degrees F to 61 degrees F at one atmosphere pressure. One Watt hour equals 3,413 BTU.

Bypass diode:A diode connected across one or more solar cells in a photovoltaic module such that the diode will conduct if the cell(s) become reverse biased. [UL 1703]

Capacitor: An electronic component used for the temporary storage of electricity, as well for removing unwanted noise in circuits. A capacitor will block Direct Current but will pass Alternating Current.

Capacity: See Battery Capacity.

Captive electrolyte battery: A battery with an immobilized electrolyte (gelled or

Glossary

absorbed in a material).

Cathode:The negative electrode in an electrochemical cell. Also, the negative terminal of a diode.

Cathodic protection:A method of preventing oxidation (rusting) of exposed metal structures, such as bridges and pipelines, by imposing between the structure and the ground a small electrical voltage that opposes the flow of electrons and that is greater than the voltage present during oxidation.

Cell efficiency:The ratio of the electrical energy produced by a photovoltaic cell (under full sun conditions or 1 kW/m2) to the energy from sunlight falling upon the photovoltaic cell.

Cell junction:The area of immediate contact between two layers (positive and negative) of a photovoltaic cell. The junction lies at the center of the cell barrier or depletion zone.

Cell: The basic unit of a PV module or battery. The most basic unit that contains the necessary materials, such as electrodes and electrolyte in a battery, to produce electricity.

Charge: The process of inputting electrical energy to a battery.

Charge controller:A component that controls the flow of current to and from the battery subsystem to protect the batteries from overcharge and over discharge. Essential for ensuring that batteries obtain maximum state of charge and longest life. The charge controller may also monitor system performance and provide system protection. Charge Controllers are also sometimes called Regulators.

Charge factor: A number corresponding to the time (in hours) for which a battery can be charged at a constant current without damaging it. Usually expressed as a function of battery capacity, e.g. C/10 indicates a charge factor of 10 hours. Related to Charge Rate.

Charge rate: A measure of the current used to charge a battery as a proportion of its capacity.

Circuit: A continuous system of conductors providing a path for electricity

Circuit breaker: A circuit breaker acts like an automatic switch that can shut the power off when it senses too much current.

Cloud enhancement:The increase in solar intensity due to reflected light from nearby clouds.

Cogeneration: The joint production of electricity and useful heat at a single facility, resulting in more efficient use of the thermal energy.

Concentrator: A photovoltaic device that uses optical elements (e.g. mirrors or lenses) to increase the amount of light incident on a solar PV cell. Concentrator arrays track the sun and use only direct sunlight since the diffuse portion cannot be focused. Concentrators therefore work best in clear sky locations. Efficiency is increased, but cell life may be reduced because operating temperatures are higher. Conductor: A material used to transfer, or conduct, electricity, often in the form of wires.

Conduit: A pipe or elongated box used to house and protect electrical cables. Conversion efficiency: The ratio of the electrical energy generated by a solar PV cell

to the solar energy impacting the cell.

Cross-flow turbine: A turbine where the flow of water is at right angles to the axis of rotation of the turbine. Crystalline silicon: A type of PV cell material made from a single crystal or polycrystalline ingot of silicon.

Current:Current is the flow of electric charge in a conductor between two points having a difference in electrical potential (voltage) and is measured in Amps. Current at maximum power (Imp):The current at which maximum power is available from a module. [UL 1703]

Cut-off voltage:The voltage levels at which the charge controller (regulator) disconnects the PV array from the battery, or the load from the battery.

Cycle: The discharge and re-charge of a battery, one complete charge/discharge cycle of the battery.

Cycle life: Number of charge-discharge cycles a battery can perform under specified conditions before it fails to meet its specified performance (e.g. capacity decreases to 80% of nominal capacity).

Days of storage: The number of days that a stand-alone system will power a specified load without solar energy input. A measure of system autonomy.

DC to DC converter:Electronic circuit to convert dc voltages (e.g., PV module voltage) into other levels (e.g., load voltage). Can be part of a maximum power point tracker (MPPT).

Dealer: A Retailer of PV products and/or PV Systems

Deep cycle battery:A battery designed to regularly discharge 80% of its capacity before recharging.

Deep discharge: Discharging a battery by more than 80% of its full charge.

Depth of discharge (DOD): the amount of energy withdrawn from a battery or cell expressed as a percentage of its rated capacity.

Design month: The month in which the combination of insolation and load requires the maximum energy from the array.

Diffuse insolation: Incident sunlight received indirectly because of scattering due to clouds, fog, particulates, or other obstructions in the atmosphere. The other component of sunlight is Direct.

Diffuse radiation: Radiation received from the sun after reflection and scattering by the clouds, fog, haze, dust or other substances in the atmosphere, and the ground. Diode: Electronic device that allows current flow only in one direction.

Direct beam radiation:Radiation received by direct sunlight. Measured by a pyrheliometer with a solar aperture of 5.7° to transcribe the solar disc.

Direct current (DC): Electrical current that flows only in one direction, although it may vary in magnitude. Contrasts with alternating current.

Direct insolation:Sunlight falling directly upon a collector. Opposite of diffuse insolation.

Direct radiation: Light that has traveled in a straight path from the sun (also referred to as beam radiation). An object in the path of direct radiation casts a shadow on a clear day.

Discharge: Withdrawal of electrical energy from a battery.

Glossary

Discharge factor: A number equivalent to the time in hours during which a battery is discharged at constant current usually expressed as a percentage of the total battery capacity, i.e., C/5 indicates a discharge factor of 5 hours.

Discharge rate:A measure of the current withdrawn from a battery over time, expressed as a percentage of battery capacity. A C/5 discharge rate indicates a current of one-fifth of the rated capacity of the battery.

Disconnect: Switch used to connect or disconnect components in a PV system. Dispatchability: The ability of a generating unit or other source of electric power to vary output.

Dispatchable power: Energy output that can be planned on and typically provides a continuous power output. Solar power and Wind power in not dispatchable without configuration with out some other power or storage mechanism. Hydrocarbon based power plants or nuclear plants are dispatchable.

Distributed systems:Systems that are installed at or near the location where the electricity is used, as opposed to central systems that supply electricity to grids. A residential photovoltaic system is a distributed system.

Distributor: Using means a wholesaler of PV products

Downtime: Time when the PV system cannot provide power to the load, expressed either in hours per year or as a percentage.

Dry cell battery: A battery that uses a solid paste for an electrolyte.

Duty cycle: The ratio of active to total time, used to describe the operating regime of loads in PV systems.

Duty rating: The amount of time an inverter can operate at full rated power. Some inverters can operate at their rated power for only a short time without overheating. Earth: Refers to physically connecting a part of an electrical system to the ground, done as a safety measure, by means of a conductor embedded in suitable soil.

Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB):A device used to prevent electrical shock hazards in mains voltage power systems, including independent power systems. Also known as residual current devices (RCD's).

Efficiency: The ratio of output power or energy to input power or energy, expressed as a percentage.

Electric circuit: Path followed by electrons from a power source (generator or battery) through an external line (including devices that use the electricity) and returning through another line to the source.

Electric current: The flow of electrons measured in Amps.

Electrical grid: A network for electricity distribution across a large area. Electricity:The movement of electrons (a sub-atomic particle), produced by a voltage, through a conductor.

Electrode: An electrically conductive material, forming part of an electrical device, often used to lead current into or out of a liquid or gas. In a battery, the electrodes are also known as plates.

Electrolysis: A chemical reaction caused by the passage of electricity from on electrode to another.

Electrolyte:The medium that provides ionic transport between the electrodes of a

battery. All common batteries contain an electrolyte, such as the sulfuric acid used in lead-acid batteries.

Energy density: The ratio of the energy available from an energy storage device such as a battery to its volume (Wh/m3) or weight (Wh/kg).

Energy payback time: The time required for any energy producing system or device to produce as much energy as was required in its manufacture. For solar electric panels, this is normally in the range 6-36 months.

Energy: Power consumed multiplied by the duration of use. For example, 1000 Watts used for four hours is 4000 Watt hours.

Equalization charge: Periodical overcharging the batteries for a short time to mix the electrolyte solution in batteries.

EV A (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate): An encapsulant used between the glass cover and the solar cells in PV modules. It is durable, transparent, resistant to corrosion, and flame retardant.

Fill factor: On an I-V (current-voltage) curve characterizing the output of a solar cell or module, the ratio of the maximum power to the product of the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current. The higher the fill factor (FF) the "squarer" the shape of the I-V curve.

Fixed tilt array: A solar PV array set at a fixed angle to the horizontal.

Flat-plate PV:A solar PV array or module that does not contain concentrating devices and so responds to both direct and diffuse sunlight.

Float charge:A battery charge current that is equal to, or slightly greater than, the self-discharge rate.

Float life: The time (usually in years) a battery can maintain its stated capacity when kept at float charge.

Flooded cell battery: A form of rechargeable battery where the plates are completely immersed in a liquid electrolyte. Most cars use flooded-cell batteries. Flooded cell batteries are the most commonly used type for independent and remote area power supplies.

Fluorescent light: A form of lighting that uses long thin tubes of glass which contain mercury vapor and various phosphor powders (chemicals based on phosphorus) to produce white light. Generally considered to be the most efficient form of home lighting.

Frequency:The number of cycles or repetitions per unit time of a complete waveform, in electrical applications usually expressed in cycles per second or Hertz (Hz). Electrical equipment in the United States requires 60 Hz, in Europe 50Hz. Fresnel lens: A concentrating lens, positioned above and concave to a PV material to concentrate light on the material.

Fuel cell: An electrochemical device that converts the energy of a fuel directly into electricity and heat and is therefore very energy efficient.

Fuse: A fuse is a device used to protect electrical equipment from short circuits. Fuses are made with metals that are designed to melt, when the current passing through them is high enough. When the fuse melts, the electrical connection is broken, interrupting power to the circuit or device.

Glossary

Gassing:Gaseous by-products when charging a battery, e.g. hydrogen from a lead acid battery.

Gel-type battery: Lead-acid battery in which the electrolyte is immobilized in a gel. Usually used for mobile installations and when batteries will be subject to high levels of shock or vibration.

Generator: A mechanical device used to produce DC electricity. Power is produced by coils of wire passing through magnetic fields inside the generator. Most alternating current generating sets are also referred to as generators.

Gigawatt (GW): A measurement of power equal to a thousand million Watts. Gigawatt-hour (GWh): A measurement of energy. One Gigawatt-hour is equal to one Gigawatt being used for a period of one hour, or one Megawatt being used for 1000 hours.

Grid: An electrical utility distribution network.

Grid-connected:An energy producing system connected to the utility transmission grid. Also called Grid tied.

Ground loop:An undesirable feedback condition caused by two or more circuits sharing a common electrical line, usually a grounded conductor.

Halogen lamp:A special type of incandescent globe made of quartz glass and a tungsten filament, enabling it to run at a much higher temperature than a conventional incandescent globe. Efficiency is better than a normal incandescent, but not as good as a fluorescent light.

Harmonic content:Frequencies in the output waveform in addition to the primary frequency (usually 50 or 60 Hz.) Energy in these harmonics is lost and can cause undue heating of the load.

Head: The vertical distance that water will fall from the inlet of the collection pipe to the water turbine in a hydro power system.

Hertz (Hz):Unit of measurement for frequency. Home mains power is normally 50Hz in Europe and 60Hz in the USA. The magnitude of the current is measured in Amps.

High voltage disconnect: V oltage at which the charge controller will disconnect the array to prevent overcharging the batteries.

Hot spot: A phenomenon where one or more cells within a PV module or array act as a resistive load, resulting in local overheating or melting of the cells.

Hybrid system: A PV system that includes solar PV and some other electricity generating power source.

Incandescent light:an electric lamp which is evacuated or filled with an inert gas and contains a filament (commonly tungsten). The filament emits visible light when heated to extreme temperatures by passage of electric current through it.

Incident light: Light that shines on to the surface of a PV cell or module. Independent power system: A power generation system that is independent of the mains grid.

Insolation: The amount of sunlight reaching an area, usually expressed in Watt hours per square meter per day.

Installer: Usually a retailer and installer of PV Systems

Insulation:A material used to prevent the flow of electricity. Normally used on electrical wires to prevent electric shock. Typical materials used include plastics such as PVC and polypropylene.

Integrator: Integrates PV components in to a complete PV System Interconnect:A conductor within a module or other means of connection which provides an electrical interconnection between the solar cells. [UL 1703]

Inverter:An inverter converts DC power from the PV array/battery to AC power. Used either for stand-alone systems or grid-connected systems.

Irradiance: The solar power incident on a surface, usually expressed in kilowatts per square meter. Irradiance multiplied by time gives insolation.

I-V curve:A graph that plots the current versus the voltage from a PV cell as the electrical load (or resistance) is increased from short circuit (no load) to open circuit (maximum voltage). The shape of the curve characterizing cell performance. Three important points on the I-V curve are the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and peak or maximum power (operating) point.

I-V data: The relationship between current and voltage of a photovoltaic device in the power-producing quadrant, as a set of ordered pairs of current and voltage readings in a table, or as a curve plotted in a suitable coordinate system [ASTM E 1036]

Joule (J): The energy conveyed by one Watt of power for one second, unit of energy equal to 1/3600 kilowatt-hours.

Junction box: A PV junction box is a protective enclosure on a PV module where PV strings are electrically connected and where electrical protection devices such as diodes can be fitted.

Junction diode: A semiconductor device, having a junction and a built-in potential, that passes current better in one direction than the other. All solar cells are junction diodes.

Kilowatt(kW): A unit of electrical power, one thousand Watts.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh):The amount of energy that derives from a power of one thousand Watts acting over a period of 1 hour. The kWh is a unit of energy. 1 kWh=3600 kJ

Langley:Unit of solar irradiance, one calorie per square centimeter. 1 L = 41.84 kJ/m2.

Lead-acid battery: A type of battery that consists of plates made of lead, lead-antimony, or lead-calcium and lead-oxide, surrounded by a sulfuric acid electrolyte. The most common type of battery used in RAPS systems.

Life: The period during which a system can operate above a specified performance level.

Life-cycle cost: The estimated cost of owning, operating and disposing of a system over its useful life.

Light emitting diode: A semi conductor device composed of a p-n junction designed such that electrons emit visible light during their migration across the junction.

Light trapping: The trapping of light inside a semiconductor material by refracting and reflecting the light at critical angles; trapped light will travel further in the material, greatly increasing the probability of absorption and hence of producing

Glossary

charge carriers.

Light-induced defects:Defects, such as dangling bonds, induced in an amorphous silicon semiconductor upon initial exposure to light.

Line wire loss: refers to the voltage or power lost due to the resistance of any wire or wires in any electrical circuit.

Linear current booster:an electronic circuit that matches PV output directly to a motor. Used in array direct water pumping.

Liquid electrolyte battery: A battery containing a liquid solution of an electrolyte in a solvent (e.g. sulfuric acid in water). Also called a flooded battery because the plates are covered with the electrolyte solution.

Load: The electrical power being consumed at any given moment or averaged over a specified period. The load that an electric generating system supplies varies greatly with time of day and to some extent season of year. Also, in an electrical circuit, the load is any device or appliance that is using power.

Load circuit: The wiring including switches and fuses that connects the load to the power source.

Load current: The current required to power the electrical device.

Load resistance: The electrical resistance of the load.

Low voltage cut-off: The voltage at which a controller will disconnect the load from the battery.

Low voltage disconnect (LVD):The voltage at which the charge controller will disconnect the load from the batteries to prevent over-discharging.

Low voltage warning:A warning buzzer or light that indicates the low battery voltage set-point has been reached.

Maintenance free battery:A sealed battery to which water cannot be added to maintain the level of the electrolyte solution.

Maximum power point (MPP): Operating a PV array at that voltage will produce maximum power. The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum. [UL 1703] This corresponds to the point on an I-V curve that represents the largest area rectangle that can be drawn under the curve. For a typical silicon cell panel, this is about 17 volts for a 36 cell configuration.

Maximum power point tracker (MPPT): A power conditioning unit that automatically operates the PV generator at its MPP under all conditions. An MPPT will typically increase power delivered to the system by 10% to 40%, depending on climate conditions and battery state of charge.

Megawatt (MW): A measurement of power equal to one million Watts.

Megawatt-hour (MWh): A measurement of power with respect to time (i.e. energy). One megawatt-hour is equal to one megawatt being used for a period of one hour, or one kilowatt being used for 1000 hours.

Microgroove: A small groove scribed into the surface of a cell which may be filled with metal for contacts.

Modified sine wave: A waveform with at least three states (positive, off, and negative) used to simulate a sine wave. It has less harmonic content than a square wave. This

type of waveform is better than a square wave, but not as suitable for some appliances as a sine wave.

Modularity: The use of complete sub-assemblies to produce a larger system. Also the use of multiple inverters connected in parallel to service different loads.

Module:An encapsulated panel containing a number of electrically connected PV cells.

Module de-rating factor:A factor that lowers the power output of a module to account for field operating conditions e.g. dirt build-up on the module. Monocrystalline solar cell: A form of solar cell made from a thin slice of a single large crystal of silicon.

Monolithic:Fabricated as a single structure, as used to describe thin film series interconnected PV cells on a single sheet substrate.

Multicrystalline: A material that has solidified at a rate such that many small crystals (crystallites) form. The atoms within a single crystallite are symmetrically arranged with a particular orientation, whereas the crystallites themselves are differently oriented. The multitude of grain boundaries in the material (between the crystallites) reduce the cell efficiency. Multicrystalline is also referred to as polycrystalline.

Multi-junction device:A PV device containing two or more cell junctions each of which may be different in nature and optimized to absorb a particular part of the solar spectrum in order to achieve higher overall cell efficiency.

Multi-stage controller: A charge controller that allows different charging currents as the battery approaches full state of charge.

NEC: US National Electrical Code which contains guidelines for all types of electrical installations which should be followed when installing a PV system. NEMA: US National Electrical Manufacturers Association, sets standards for some non-electronic products e.g. junction boxes.

Net metering: The practice of exporting surplus solar power during the day (to actual power needs) to the electricity grid, which either causes the home owner electric meter to (physically) go backwards and/or simply creates a financial credit on the home owner's electricity bill. (At night, the homeowner draws from the electricity grid in the normal way).

Nickel-cadmium battery (NiCad): A form of rechargable battery, having higher storage densities than that of lead-acid batteries, that uses a mixture of nickel hydroxide and nickel oxide for the anode, and cadmium metal for the cathode. The electrolyte is potassium hydroxide.

Noise: Unwanted electrical signals produced by electric motors and other machines that can cause circuits and appliances to malfunction.

Nominal voltage: A rounded voltage value used to describe batteries, modules, or systems based on their specification (e.g. a 12V, 24V or 48V battery, module, or system).

Normal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT): The estimated temperature of a solar PV module when it is operating under 800 W/m2 irradiance, 20°C ambient temperature and a wind speed of 1 meter per second. NOCT is used to estimate the

Glossary

nominal operating temperature of a module in the field.

N-type semiconductor: A semiconductor produced by the doping of an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron-donor impurity, for example phosphorous in silicon. N-Type silicon: Silicon doped with an element that has more electrons in its atomic structure than does silicon (e.g. phosphorus).

Ohm:The resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant potential difference of one V olt applied between these points produces in the conductor a current of one Amp.

Ohm's Law:A simple mathematical formula that allows either voltage, current or resistance to be calculated when the other two values are known. The formula is: V = I x R, where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance.

One-axis tracking: A PV System structure that is capable of rotating on a single axis in order to track the movement of the sun.

Open circuit voltage:The maximum voltage produced by an illuminated solar PV cell, module, or array when no load is connected. OCV increases as the temperature of the PV material decreases.

Operating point:Defined by the current and voltage that a module or array produces when connected to a load. It is dependent on the load or the batteries connected to the output terminals.

Orientation: Position with respect to the cardinal directions, N, S, E, W. Overcharge:Applying current to a fully charged battery. This can damage the battery.

Panel: Used interchangeably with "module".

Parallel connected: A method of connection in which positive terminals are connected together and negative terminals are connected together. Current output adds and voltage remains the same.

Passive solar home: A house that utilizes part of the building as a solar collector, as opposed to active solar, such as PV.

Peak load:The maximum usage of electrical power occurring in a given period of time, typically a day. The electrical supply must be able to be meet the peak load if it is to be reliable.

Peak power current: Current in Amperes produced by a module or array operating at the voltage on the I-V curve that will produce its maximum power.

Peak sun hours:The equivalent number of hours per day when solar irradiance averages 1000 W/m2.

Peak Watt:The amount of power a solar PV cell or module will produce under standard test conditions (normally 1000 W/m2 and 25°C cell temperature, AM 1.5 spectrum).

Photon:Light is composed of energy particles called photons which have variable energy but constant speed.

Photovoltaic (PV) array:A number of PV modules connected together in a single structure.

Photovoltaic (PV) cell: The smallest discrete element in a PV module that performs

the conversion of light into electrical energy to produce a DC current and voltage. Photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiency: The ratio of the electrical power generated by a PV device to the power of the light incident on it. This is typically in the range 5% to 15% for commercially available modules.

Photovoltaic (PV) generator:The total of all PV strings of a PV power supply system, which are electrically interconnected.

Photovoltaic (PV) module: A single assembly of solar cells and ancillary parts, such as interconnections, terminals, (and protective devices such as diodes) intended to generate DC power under un-concentrated sunlight. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer (substrate). [UL 1703]

Photovoltaic (PV) panel: a term often used interchangeably with PV module (especially in single module systems).

Photovoltaic (PV): refers to any device which produces free electrons when exposed to light.

Photovoltaic system:All the parts connected together that are required to produce solar electricity.

Photovoltaic cell: The semiconductor device that converts solar irradiance (light) into dc electricity.

Photovoltaic effect:The effect that causes a voltage to be developed across the junction of two different materials when they are exposed to light.

Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) system:A photovoltaic system that, in addition to converting sunlight into electricity, collects the residual heat energy and delivers both heat and electricity in usable form. Also called a total energy system.

Plates: The electrodes in a battery, usually take the form of metal plates. Polycrystalline cell: a wafer of silicon with a multi-grained structure. All grains have the same atomic crystal lattice, however, each grain has a unique orientation in space thereby producing a unique reflection of light.

Polycrystalline silicon:A material used to make solar PV cells which consists of many crystals, compared to single crystal silicon.

Poly-vinyl chloride (PVC): A plastic used as an insulator on electrical cables. A toxic material, which is being replaced with alternatives made from more benign chemicals Power (Watts): Basic unit of electricity equal to the product of current and voltage (in DC circuits).

Power conditioning equipment: Electrical equipment, or power electronics, used to convert power from a photovoltaic array into a form suitable for subsequent use. A collective term for inverter, converter, battery charge regulator, and blocking diode. Power conversion efficiency:The ratio of output power to input power e.g. of an inverter.

Power density: The ratio of the power available from a battery to its volume (Watts per liter) or weight (Watts per kilogram).

Power factor:The cosine of the phase angle between the voltage and the current waveforms in an AC circuit. A measure of inverter performance.

Power:The rate of doing work. Expressed as Watts (W). For example, a generator

Glossary

rated at 800 watts can provide that amount of power continuously. 1 Watt = 1 joule/sec.

Primary battery: A battery that cannot be re-charged.

PV array: two or more photovoltaic panels wired in series and or parallel.

PV: Short hand for Photovoltaics.

PV components: The individual parts of a PV System. Individual items like Batteries, Inverters, Regulators, Wiring

PV system: All the parts in combination required to generate solar electricity Pyranometer: An instrument for measuring total hemispherical solar irradiance on a flat surface, or "global" irradiance; thermopile sensors have been generally identified as pyranometers, however, silicon sensors are also referred to as pyranometers. Qualification test (PV):A testing procedure for PV modules relating to electrical, mechanical, or thermal stress.

Quasi sine-wave: A description of the type of waveform produced by some Inverters RAPS (Remote Area Power Supply):A power generation system used to provide electricity to remote and rural homes, usually incorporating power generated from renewable sources such as solar panels and wind generators, as well as non-renewable sources such as petrol-powered generators.

Rated battery capacity (Ah):Term used by battery manufacturers to indicate the maximum amount of energy that can be withdrawn from a battery at a specified discharge rate and temperature.

Rated module current (A):The current output of a PV module measured under standard test conditions of 1000 W/m2 and 25°C cell temperature.

Rated power: Nominal power output of an inverter, some units cannot produce rated power continuously.

Reactive power:The sine of the phase angle between the current and voltage waveforms in an AC system.

Rechargeable battery: A type of battery that uses a reversible chemical reaction to produce electricity, allowing it to be re-used many times. The chemical reaction is reversed by forcing electricity through the battery in the opposite direction to normal discharge.

Rectifier: A device that converts ac to dc, as in a battery charger or converter. Regulator:A device used to limit the current and voltage in a circuit, normally to allow the correct charging of batteries from power sources such as solar panels and wind generators.

Remote site: A site with no electrical utility grid connection.

Renewable energy: Energy that is produced from a renewable source.

Resistance (R): The property of a material which resists the flow of electric current when a potential difference is applied across it, measured in Ohms.

Resistive voltage drop: The voltage developed across a cell by the current flow through the resistance of the cell which may result from the bulk resistance of the materials in the cell and at interfaces between them.

Resistor:An electronic component used to restrict the flow of current in a circuit. Sometimes used specifically to produce heat, such as in a water heater element.

Reverse bias:Condition where the current producing capability of a PV cell is significantly less than that of other cells in its series string. This can occur when a cell is shaded, cracked, or otherwise degraded or when it is electrically poorly matched with other cells in its string.

Reverse current protection: Any means of preventing current flow from the battery to the solar PV array (e.g. at night) that would discharge the battery.

Sacrificial anode: A piece of metal electrically connected to a buried or submerged structure that is to be protected from corrosion. The metal of the sacrificial anode is selected to corrode preferentially to the metal of the protected structure and so reduce its corrosion rate.

Sealed battery: A battery with a captive electrolyte and a re-sealing vent cap to which electrolyte cannot be added. Also called a valve-regulated battery.

Sealed lead-acid battery: A form of lead-acid battery where the electrolyte is immobilized, either by being contained in an absorbent fibre separator or gel between the batteries plates.

Secondary battery: A battery that can be recharged; a rechargeable battery.

Self discharge:Self discharge represents energy lost to internal chemical reactions within the cell.

Self discharge rate:The rate at which a battery will lose its charge when at open circuit (with no load connected).

Semiconductor:A material that has an electrical conductivity in between that of a metal and an insulator. Transistors and other electronic devices are made from semiconducting materials, and are often called semiconductors. Typical semiconductors for PV cells include silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium diselenide, and cadmium telluride.

Series connected:A method of connection in which the positive terminal of one device is connected to the negative terminal of another. The voltages add and the current is limited to the least of any device in the string.

Series regulator: A type of battery charge controller or regulator in which the charging current is controlled by a switch, transistor, or field-effect transistor connected in series with the PV module or array.

Series resistance: Resistance to current flow within a cell due to factors such as the bulk resistance of the cell materials and contact resistances.

Shallow-cycle battery: A battery with small plates that cannot withstand many deep discharges (i.e. to a low state of charge).

Shelf life:The time for which a device can be stored and still retain its specified performance.

Short circuit current (Isc) : The current generated by an illuminated solar PV cell, module, or array when its output terminals are shorted; the maximum current possible. Shunt controller:A controller or regulator that re-directs, or shunts, the charging current away from the battery. Generally used for smaller systems.

Silicon (Si):A chemical element with atomic number 14, a dark gray semi-metal. Occurs in a wide range of silicate minerals and makes up approximately 28% of the earth's crust (by weight). Silicon has a face-centered cubic lattice structure like

Glossary

diamond. The most common semiconductor material used in making PV cells either traditionally in its crystalline form or more recently as an amorphous thin film.

Sine wave: A waveform that has is defined by an equation in which one variable is proportional to the sine of the other, as generated by an oscillator in simple harmonic motion. The sine wave is the most ideal form of electricity for running more sensitive appliances, such as radios, TVs, computers and the like.

Sine wave inverter: An inverter that produces grid-quality, sine wave AC electricity. Single-crystal silicon:Silicon material with a single crystal structure. A common material for the construction of solar PV cells.

Solar constant: The power density of solar radiation on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the sun at the mean earth-sun distance outside the earth's atmosphere; its value is 1.37 kW per square meter.

Solar energy: Energy from the sun.

Solar noon: The mid-point between sunrise and sunset; the time when the sun reaches its highest point in its daily arc across the sky.

Solar power: Electricity generated by conversion of sunlight, either directly through the use of photovoltaic panels, or indirectly through solar-thermal processes.

Solar module: A device used to convert light from the sun directly into DC electricity by using the photovoltaic effect. Usually made of multiple solar cells bonded between glass and a backing material. A typical Solar Module would be 100 Watts of power output (but module powers can range from 1 Watt to 300 Watts) and have dimensions of 2 feet by 4 feet.

Solar resource: The amount of solar insolation received at a site, normally measured in units of kWh/m2/day which equates to the number of peak sun hours.

Solar spectrum: The total distribution of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the sun.

Solar thermal electric: Method of producing electricity from solar energy by using focused sunlight to heat a working fluid, which in turn drives a turbogenerator.

Solar thermal: A form of power generation using concentrated sunlight to heat water or other fluid that may then used to drive a motor or turbine.

Solar-grade silicon: Intermediate-grade silicon used in the manufacture of solar cells. Less expensive than electronic-grade silicon.

Specific gravity: The ratio of the weight of a solution to the weight of an equal volume of water at a specified temperature; used with reference to the sulfuric acid electrolyte solution in a lead acid battery as an indicator of battery state of charge. More recently called relative density.

Split-spectrum cell: A compound photovoltaic device in which sunlight is first divided into spectral regions by optical means. Each region is then directed to a different photovoltaic cell optimized for converting that portion of the spectrum into electricity. Such a device achieves significantly greater overall conversion of incident sunlight into electricity.

Square wave: A train of rectangular voltage pulses that alternate between two fixed values for equal lengths of time.

Square wave inverter:The simplest and the least expensive type of inverter, but

which produces the lowest quality of power. The inverter uses switches that can carry a large current and withstand a high voltage that are turned on and off in the correct sequence and at a certain frequency.

Stand-alone (PV system): A solar PV system that operates without connection to a grid a supply of electricity.

Standard test conditions (STC): Conditions under which a module is typically tested in a laboratory: (1) Irradiance intensity of 1000 W/square meter (0.645 watts per square inch), AM1.5 solar reference spectrum, and (3) a cell (module) temperature of 25 degrees C, plus or minus 2 degrees C (77 degrees F, plus or minus 3.6 degrees F). [IEC 1215]

Standby current:The current used by the inverter when no load is active, corresponding to lost power.

Stand-off mounting:Technique for mounting a PV array on a sloped roof, which involves mounting the modules a short distance above the pitched roof and tilting them to the optimum angle.

State of charge (SOC): The capacity of a battery at a particular time expressed at a percentage of its rated capacity.

Static head:The height of the water level above the point of free discharge of the water, normally measured when the pump is off.

Storage: Storing energy in a battery or battery stack. In water pumping, storage can be achieved by pumping water to a storage tank.

Storage density:The capacity of a battery, in amp-hours compared to its weight. Measured in Watt-hours per kilogram.

Stratification:Occurs in a liquid electrolyte solution when its concentration varies from top to bottom. Can be solved by periodic controlled charging at voltages that produce gassing to mix the electrolyte solution.

String: A number of cells, modules or panels interconnected electrically in series to produce the required operating voltage.

Substrate: The physical material upon which a photovoltaic cell is made. Sub-system: Any one of several components in a PV system (i.e., array, controller, batteries, inverter, load).

Suction head: The height of pump above the surface of the water source when the pump is located above the water level.

Sulfation: The formation of lead-sulfate crystals on the plates of a lead-acid battery; large crystals of lead sulfate grow on the plate, instead of the usual tiny crystals, making the battery extremely difficult to recharge. If the crystals get large enough, shorting of the cell may occur.

Superstrate: The covering on the sun side of a PV module, providing protection for the PV materials from impact and environmental degradation while allowing maximum transmission of the appropriate wavelengths of the solar spectrum.

Surge capacity: The ability of an inverter or generator to deliver instantaneous high currents when starting motors, for example.

Surge:An excessive amount of power drawn by an appliance when it is first switched on. An unexpected flow of excessive current, usually caused by excessive voltage,

Glossary

that can damage appliances and other electrical equipment.

Switch: a common device which breaks an electrical circuit thereby halting the flow electricity through the circuit.

Switch-mode:A form of converting one form of electricity to another by rapidly switching it on and off and feeding it through a transformer to effect a voltage change. System availability: The proportion of time (usually expressed in hours per year) that a solar PV system will be able to meet fully the load demand.

System operating voltage:The output voltage of a solar PV array under load, dependent on the electrical load and size of the battery stack connected to the output terminals.

Temperature compensation: Adjustment via the use of electronic circuitry to change the charge controller activation points depending on battery temperature. This is desirable if the battery temperature is expected to vary by more than 5 deg C from the ambient temperature. The temperature coefficient for lead acid batteries is typically -3 to -5 millivolts/deg C per cell.

Temperature factors: Are used to decrease battery capacity at cold temperatures, to decrease PV module voltage at high temperatures and to increase the resistance of wire at high temperatures.

Thermal electric:Electric energy derived from heat energy, usually by heating a working fluid, which drives a turbogenerator.

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) device: A device in which solar energy is concentrated on to a radiator which reaches a high temperature and emits the energy in a different part of the spectrum, better matched to the bandgap of the matched solar cell. This approach should enable high cell efficiencies to be obtained.

Thick cells :Conventional solar cells in most types of PV modules, such as crystalline silicon cells, which are typically from 200-400 micrometers thick. In contrast, thin-film cells are several microns thick.

Thick-crystalline materials:Semiconductor material, typically measuring from 200-400 micromterers thick, that is cut from boules, ingots or ribbons.

Thin film PV module: A solar PV module constructed with sequential layers of thin film semiconductor materials usually only micrometers thick. Currently, thin film technologies account for around 12% of all solar modules sold around the world. This share is expected to increase, since thin film technologies represent a potential route to lower costs.

Thin film:A layer of semiconductor material, such as copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride, gallium arsenide, or amorphous silicon, a few microns or less in thickness, used to make photovoltaic cells.

Tilt angle: The angle of inclination of a solar collector or solar module measured from the horizontal.

Total AC load demand: The sum of the AC loads; its value is important to select the correct Inverter.

Total internal reflection:The trapping of light within the PV cell by internal reflection of incident light at angles greater than the critical angles for the interfaces, so that the light cannot escape the cell and is therefore eventually absorbed by the

semiconductor.

Tracker: any device used to direct a PV array towards the sun.

Tracking array: A PV array that is moved to follow the path of the sun in order to maintain the maximum incident solar radiation on its surface. The two most common methods are firstly single-axis tracking in which the array tracks the sun from east to west, and secondly, two-axis tracking in which the array points directly at the sun all the time. Two-axis tracking arrays capture the maximum possible daily energy. Typically, a single axis tracker will give 15% to 25% more power per day, and dual axis tracking will add a further 5%.

Transformer:A transformer is a device that changes voltage from one level to another. A device used to transform voltage levels to facilitate the transfer of power from the generating plant to the customer.

Transistor: A semi-conductor device used to switch or otherwise control the flow of electricity.

Trickle charge: A small charging current designed to keep a battery fully charged. Two-axis tracking: A system capable of rotating independently about two axes (e.g., vertical and horizontal) and following the sun for maximum efficiency of the solar array.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS): A power supply capable of providing continuous uninterruptible service; normally containing batteries to provide energy storage.

Utility-interactive inverter: An inverter that can operate only when connected to the utility grid supply and an output voltage frequency fully synchronized with the utility power.

V AC: V olts alternating current

Varistor:A non-ohmic or voltage-dependent variable resistor. Normally used as over-voltage limiters to protect sensitive equipment from power spikes or lightning strikes by shunting the energy to ground.

VDC: V olts direct current

Vented cell: A battery with a vent to expel gases liberated during charging.

Vmp: The voltage at which a PV device is operating at maximum power.

Voc: Open-circuit voltage V olt (V): The unit of electromotive force that will force a current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm. V oltage at maximum power Volt: The unit if electric potential and potential difference. The amount of work done per unit charge in moving a charge from one place to another. The potential difference across a resistance of 1 Ohm when a current of 1 Amp is flowing. Voltage drop:The voltage lost along a length of wire or conductor due to the resistance of that conductor. This also applies to resistors. The voltage drop is calculated by using Ohm's Law.

Voltage protection: A sensing circuit on an Inverter that will disconnect the unit from the battery if input voltage limits are exceeded.

Voltage regulator:A device that controls the operating voltage of a photovoltaic array.

Voltage:Unit of measurement for the electrical `pressure' of electricity. Measured in

Glossary

V olts (V).

Voltmeter: An electrical or electronic device used to measure voltage.

Wafer: A thin sheet of crystalline semiconductor material either made by mechanically sawing it from a single-crystal boule or multicrystalline ingot or block, or made directly by casting.The wafer is "raw material" for the solar cell.

Watt (W) :The unit of electrical power commonly used to define the electricity consumption of an appliance. The power developed when a current of one ampere flows through a potential difference of one volt; 1/746 of a horsepower. 1 Watt = 1 Joule/s.

Watt hour (Wh):A unit of energy equal to one Watt of power being used for one hour.

Waveform:The shape of a wave or pattern representing a vibration. The shape characterizing an AC current or voltage output.

Watt peak (User friendly definition): Is the Direct Current Watts output of a Solar Module as measured under an Industry standardized Light Test before the Solar Module leaves the Manufacturers facility.

Watt peak: (technical definition): The Watt Power output of a Solar module is the number of Watts Output when it is illuminated under standard conditions of 1000 Watts/meter2 intensity, 25°C ambient temperature and a spectrum that relates to sunlight that has passed through the atmosphere (AM or Air Mass 1.5).

Wet shelf life: The period over which a charged battery, filled with electrolyte, can remain unused before its performance falls below a specified.

Zenith angle: The angle between directly overhead and a line through the sun. The elevation angle of the sun above the horizon is 90° minus the zenith angle.

最全电力英语专业词汇中英文.

A A．B．C极密度继电器（第二报警值）Density relay For A.B.C. pole (2th alarm value) A．B．C极密度继电器（第一报警值）Density relay For A.B.C. pole (first alarm value) A．B．C极主储压器漏氮指示器Indicator for N2 leakage from the main accumulator of A.B.C.pole 安(培) ampere (A) 安全边界safety boundaries 安全标志safety mark 安全标准safety standard 安全操作规程safety operation specifications 安全措施safety measure / safety action 安全电压safety voltage 安全阀relief valve / safety valve 安全阀打开Safety valve opening 安全防护技术要求safeguarding specifications 安全分析报告safety analysis report 安全工程(学) safety engineering 安全工作压力safe working pressure 安全管理safety management 安全技术措施safety technical steps (measurement)) 安全技术规程safety technical regulation 安全距离safe distance 安全可靠运行safe and reliable operation 安全认证safety certification 安全色safety color 安全设[措]施maintenance prevention 安全生产safety in production 安全特低电压safety extra-low voltage 安全限度safe limit 安全性safety 安全要求safety requirement 安全裕度safety margin 安全运行safe and reliable operation / safe operation 安全责任制system of safety responsibility 安全注意事项safety precautions 安匝ampere-turns 安装erection / mounting / installation 安装垫mounting pad 安装费用installation cost 安装和使用条件condition of installation and use 安装和维护erection and maintenance 安装结构mounting structure 安装结构或间距mounting structure or spacing 安装竣工检验final installation inspection 安装孔fixing hole 安装面mounting face 安装平面mounting plane 安装使用说明书instructions for installation & operation 安装说明mounting instruction 安装条件mounting conditions 安装图assembly drawing 安装有…… be installed / be fitted with 氨气检漏ammonia sniffing 鞍型端子saddle terminal 按钮push-button 按钮开关push button actuator 按生产要素分配distribution based on production factors 按照in accordance with (to) / according to 按指数衰减的直流恢复电压exponentially decaying d.c. recovery voltage 盎斯-英寸ounce-inch 凹坑pit 奥氏体austenite B 八小时工作制8-hour duty 巴(表压) bar (gauge pressure) 扒钉anti-cheking iron 扒渣dross trap 拔模斜度draft 把...拆开take apart 把M安装在N上fit M on N 把M套在N上fit M over N 把M装（插）进N fit M into N 把手handle 坝址dam site 白班dayshift 白点fish eye / flake 白金white gold 白金电极platinum electrode 白口铁white cast iron 白口铸铁white cast iron 白铁皮white iron 白噪声white noise 百分比抽样检验percent sampling inspection and test 百分数percentage 百分数导电率percent conductivity 百分阻抗percentage impedance 摆动wobble 摆动焊welding with weaving; weave bead welding 摆动振动wagging vibration 摆脱电流let-go current 扳手wrench / spanner 斑点spot 搬运handling 板材sheets 板规（靠模）plate gauge (shaping plate) 板坯slab 板条箱（包装用）crate 板牙screw plate / die-block 半波half-wave / half-cycle / loop 半波持续时间loop duration 半成品semi-finished product 半打（六个）half a dozen 半导体semiconductor 半导体层semiconducting layer 半干法semi-dry method 半个正弦波 a half sine wave 半个周波one-half cycle 半极half a pole 半控half control 半年度检验semiannual inspection and test 半衰期half-life 半小时half an hour 半硬钢half-hard steel 半圆棒half round bar 半自动semi-automatic 半自动的semi-automatic 半自动焊semi-automatic welding 伴随accompany 棒料billet 棒形绝缘子rod insulator 包封encapsulating 包封胶encapsulating compound 包覆导体clad conductor 包含体inclusion body 包括include / comprise / contain 包络线envelope curve

(完整版)光伏常用英语

一、光伏词汇篇 光伏行业P h o t o v o l t a i c i n d u s t r y 光伏电站P h o t o v o l t a i c p o w e r s t a t i o n 并网光伏电站G r i d-c o n n e c t e d P V p o w e r s t a t i o n 铸锭I n g o t 硅片W a f e r 多晶P o l y c r y s t a l l i n e 单晶M o n o c r y s t a l l i n e 电池C e l l 光伏组件P V m o d u l e 光伏支架P V s u p p o r t b r a c k e t 光伏阵列P V a r r a y 光伏组串P V s t r i n g 调试D e b u g g i n g 产能C a p a c i t y 电池效率E f f i c i e n c y 接线盒J u n c t i o n b o x 焊接S o l d e r i n g 串焊S t r i n g i n g 层叠L a y o u t 层压L a m i n a t i o n 装框F r a m i n g

包装P a c k a g i n g 汇流箱C o m b i n i n g m a n i f o l d s 逆变器G r i d-c o n n e c t e d i n v e r t e r 电力变压器P o w e r t r a n s f o r m e r 油浸式变压器o i l-i m m e r s e d t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r 干式变压器D r y-t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r 中性点端子N e u t r a l t e r m i n a l 绕组W i n d i n g 分接T a p p i n g 变压器绕组的分级绝缘N o n-u n i f o r m i n s u l a t i o n o f a t r a n s f o r m e r w i n d i n g 变压器绕组的全绝缘U n i f o r m i n s u l a t i o n o f a t r a n s f o r m e r w i n d i n g 并联电抗器S h u n t i n d u c t o r 消弧线圈A r c-s u p p r e s s i o n c o i l 互感器I n s t r u m e n t t r a n s f o r m e r 电压互感器V o l t a g e t r a n s f o r m e r 接地极G r o u n d i n g e l e c t r o d e 接地线G r o u n d i n g c o n d u c t o r 接地装置G r o u n d i n g c o n n e c t i o n 接地网G r o u n d i n g g r i d 短路电流S h o r t–c i r c u i t c u r r e n t

电力专业常用英语词汇()

网易电力专业英语词汇(较全) 1）元件设备 三绕组变压器：three-column transformer ThrClnTrans 双绕组变压器：double-column transformer DblClmnTrans 电容器：Capacitor 并联电容器：shunt capacitor 电抗器：Reactor 母线：Busbar 输电线：TransmissionLine 发电厂：power plant 断路器：Breaker 刀闸(隔离开关)：Isolator 分接头：tap 电动机：motor 2）状态参数 有功：active power 无功：reactive power 电流：current 容量：capacity 电压：voltage 档位：tap position 有功损耗：reactive loss 无功损耗：active loss 空载损耗：no-load loss 铁损：iron loss 铜损：copper loss 空载电流：no-load current 阻抗：impedance 正序阻抗：positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance 零序阻抗：zero sequence impedance 无功负载：reactive load 或者QLoad 有功负载: active load PLoad 遥测：YC(telemetering) 遥信：YX 励磁电流(转子电流)：magnetizing current 定子：stator 功角：power-angle

上限:upper limit 下限：lower limit 并列的：apposable 高压: high voltage 低压：low voltage 中压：middle voltage 电力系统 power system 发电机 generator 励磁 excitation 励磁器 excitor 电压 voltage 电流 current 母线 bus 变压器 transformer 升压变压器 step-up transformer 高压侧 high side 输电系统 power transmission system 输电线 transmission line 固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定 stability 电压稳定 voltage stability 功角稳定 angle stability 暂态稳定 transient stability 电厂 power plant 能量输送 power transfer 交流 AC 装机容量 installed capacity 电网 power system 落点 drop point 开关站 switch station 双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站 transformer substation 补偿度 degree of compensation 高抗 high voltage shunt reactor 无功补偿 reactive power compensation 故障 fault 调节 regulation 裕度 magin 三相故障 three phase fault 故障切除时间 fault clearing time 极限切除时间 critical clearing time 切机 generator triping

光伏-相关专业英语词汇[1]

A A, Ampere的缩写, 安培 a-Si:H, amorph silicon的缩写, 含氢的, 非结晶性硅. Absorption, 吸收. Absorption of the photons:光吸收;当能量大于禁带宽度的光子入射时，太阳电池内的电子能量从价带迁到导带，产生电子——空穴对的作用，称为光吸收。 Absorptionscoefficien t, 吸收系数, 吸收强度. AC, 交流电. Ah, 安培小时. Acceptor, 接收者, 在半导体中可以接收一个电子. Alternating current, 交流电，简称“交流. 一般指大小和方向随时间作周期性变化的电压或电流. 它的最基本的形式是正弦电流. 我国交流电供电的标准频率规定为50赫兹。交流电随时间变化的形式可以是多种多样的。不同变化形式的交流电其应用范围和产生的效果也是不同的。以正弦交流电应用最为广泛，且其他非正弦交流电一般都可以经过数学处理后，化成为正弦交流电的迭加。

AM, air mass的缩写, 空气质量. 直射阳光光束透过大气层所通过的路程，以直射太阳光束从天顶到达海平面所通过的路程的倍数来表示。 当大气压力P=1.013巴，天空无云时，海平面处的大气质量为1。 amorphous silicon solar cell:非晶硅太阳电池（a—si太阳电池） 用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池称为非晶硅太阳电池，亦称无定形硅太阳电池，简称a—si太阳电池。 Angle of inclination, 倾斜角，即电池板和水平方向的夹角，0-90度之间。 Anode, 阳极, 正极. B Back Surface Field, 缩写BSF, 在晶体太阳能电池板背部附加的电子层, 来提高电流值. Bandbreak, 在半导体中, 价带和导带之间的空隙,对于半导体的吸收特性有重要意义. Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond, 法国物理学家, 在1839年发现了电池板效应. BSF, back surface field的缩写.

土建专业常用英文词汇

土建专业常用英文词汇(较完整版) A-frame A型骨架水泥cement 粉煤灰pulverized fuel ash 碎石broken stone cracked sto ne A-truss A型构架供应量supply 外加剂admixture cement additive abrasion 磨耗；磨蚀桩的平面布置pile layo ut 伸缩接头expansion joint 稀释沥青cut back bitumen abrasive cut-off machine 磨切机回填backfill 摩擦角an angle of frictio n 颗粒材料granular fill abrasive grinding machine 磨机(火石机) 颗粒层granular layer 立方码cubic yard abrasive particle 磨粒psi ＝po und/square inch 英制压力单位Psi具体单位是“lb/in2”, 就是“磅/平方英寸”路堤embankment 粗滤层coarse fliter abso rptio n 吸收ingredients 组成部分，成分，原料；要素，因素job mix formula 工地配合比abutment 桥台；拱座sampling 抽样frequency of test 检测频率 abutting end 邻接端co mpliance with 遵守符合co nform to 遵照符合acceleratio n 加速 in accordance with 依照与…一致wet cohesion 湿粘聚力Asphalt Binder 沥青胶泥 acceleratio n lane 加速车道potholes 坑洞locatio n 现场 acceleratio n pedal 加速器踏板reno mattress 石笼垫层splash pad 冲刷层geo-textile 土工布accelerato r 催凝剂；加速器；催化剂free drainage 自由排水 acceptance criteria 接受准则 access 通路；通道 access door 检修门；通道门 access lane 进出路径 access panel 检修门 access point 入口处；出入通道处 access ramp 入口坡道；斜通道 access ro ad 通路；通道 access shaft 竖井通道 access spiral loop 螺旋式回旋通道 access staircase 通道楼梯 access step 上落踏板；出入踏板 access tunnel 隧道通道 accessible roof 可到达的屋顶；有通道的屋顶 accessory 附件；配件 accident 事故；意外 accidental collapse 意外坍塌 acco mmodate 装设；容纳 accredited private laborato ry 认可私营实验室 accumulato r 储压器；蓄电池 accuracy limit 准确度极限 acetylene cylinder 乙炔气(风煤)樽 acid plant 酸洗设备；酸洗机 acid pump 酸液泵 acid tank 酸液缸 aco ustic co uplant 声耦合剂 aco ustic co upler 声耦合器 aco ustic lining 隔音板

最常用2000英语单词(全部标有注释)

最常用2000英语单词 adv.表示副词 prep.表示介词 vi.不及物动词 vt.及物动词 其他有： prep = 介系词；前置词，preposition的缩写 pron = 代名词，pronoun的缩写 n = 名词，noun的缩写 v = 动词，兼指及物动词和不及物动词，verb的缩写conj = 连接词，conjunction的缩写 s = 主词 sc = 主词补语 o = 受词 oc = 受词补语 vi = 不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写 vt = 及物动词，transitive verb的缩写 aux.v = 助动词，auxiliary的缩写 a = 形容词，adjective的缩写 ad = 副词，adverb的缩写 art = 冠词，article的缩写 num = 数词，numeral的缩写 int = 感叹词，interjection的缩写 u = 不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写 c = 可数名词，countable noun的缩写 pl = 复数，plural的缩写 语气词 int. 缩写词 abbr. One 1 the [e?, ei:]art.这，那 ad.[用于比较级；最高级前] 2 be [bi:,bi]aux. v.(am,is,are之原型) vi.是;在 3 of [?v, ?, ?v]prep.…的；由…制成的；关于；由于 4 and [?nd, ?nd]conj.和；那么;然后;而且 5 a[ei, ?, ?n, ?n]art.一(个)；任何一(个)；每一(个) 6 to [tu:, tu, t?]prep.向；对；趋于；直到…为止；比；到 7 in [in]prep.在…里；以；穿着；由于 ad.进；到达 8 he[hi:, hi]pron.他；(不论性别的)一个人 9 have[h?v,h?v]aux. v.已经 vt.有；进行；经受；吃；取得 10 it [it]pron.它；这；那 11 that[e?t]a./ pron.那，那个； ad.那样，那么 12 for[f?, f?:]prep.为；对，供，适合于；向 conj.因为故 13 they[eei]pron.他(或她、它)们 14 I[ai]pron.我 15 with[wie, wiθ]prep.和，跟，同；具有；用；关于；随着 16 as [?z, ?z]ad.同样地 prep.当作 conj.随着;因为 17 not[n?t]ad.不，没，不是 18 on[?n]prep.在…上；向；处于；在 ad.上；向前 19 she[?i:, ?i]pron.她 20 at [?t, ?t]prep.在;向;以;处于;因为;从事 21 by [bai]prep.被；凭借；经由；由于 ad.在近旁；经过 22 this [eis]a.这，这个；今，本 pron.这，这个 23 we[wi:, wi]pron.我们 24 you [ju, ju:]pron.你，你们 25 do[du, du:]aux. v.[代替动词] v.做，干，行动 26 but[b?t,b?t]conj.但是；而(是) prep.除…以外 ad.只 27 from[fr?m,fr?m]prep.出自；离；去除；从；因为；由；与 28 or[?:, ?]conj.或，或者；或者说；否则，要不然29 which[wit?]pron./ a.哪一个(些)；[关系代词]那个(些) 30 one[w?n]num.一 pron.一个(人) a.一个的；一体的 31 would [wud]aux. v.[will的过去式]；总会；也许；请 32 all [?:l]a.全部的；尽量的 ad.很 pron.全部 33 will [wil]aux. v.将；愿意 n.意志；遗嘱 vt.用意志驱使 34 there [e??]pron.[与be连用，“有”] ad.在那里 35 say [sei]v.说；表明 ad.比如说，大约 n.发言权 36 who [hu:]pron.谁，什么人；[关系代词]…的人 37 make [meik]vt.做，制造；产生；成为 n.品牌，类型 38 when[wen]ad./ pron.什么时候；在…时 conj.当…时 39 can[k?n,k?n]aux. v.能；可以 n.罐(头) vt.把…装罐保存 40 more [m?:r]ad.更(多) a.更多(大)的 n.更多的人(或物) 41 if[if]conj.如果，假如；是否；即使；无论何时 42 no [n?u]ad.不，不是，没有 a.没有的；不许的 43 man[m?n]n.(成年)男人；人，人类 vt.给…配备人员 44 out aut]ad.出，向外；在外；出现；完；过时 45 other[??e?]a.别的；其余的 pron.另一个人(或物) 46 so [s?u]ad.那么，非常；如此 conj.所以；以便 47 what[w?t, wɑ:t]pron.什么；[关系代词] a.多么；什么 48 time[taim]n.时间；次；倍[ pl.]时期 vt.为…安排时间 49 up[?p]ad./ a.向上(的) prep.沿…往上；在…上面 50 go[g?u]vi.去；变得；进行；放；通往；消失 n.尝试 51 about[??baut]prep.关于；在…周围 ad.大约；在附近 52 than[e?n, e?n]conj.比 53 into[?intu, ?int?]prep.进，入，到…里；成为；很喜欢 54 could[kud]v. aux.can的过去式；[虚拟语气等]可以(能) 55 state [steit]n.状态；国家，政府；州 vt.陈述，说明 56 only[??unli]ad.只；反而 a.唯一的；最好的 conj.可是 57 new[nju:]a.新的，新出现的，新生产的；生疏的 1 / 18

电力中英文词汇对

abrasion-Proof component of burner 燃烧器耐磨件arm-brace 撑脚 ash conditoner 调灰器 basket removal panel 元件盒检修护板 BDV blow down valve 疏水阀，排污阀 blind 堵板 blind flange 法兰堵板/盲板法兰（盖calling 催交 campell diagram 叶片埃贝尔曲线 dado 墙裙 daily service fuel tank level switch 日用油缸液位掣 damage 损毁 damper 挡板 damper linkage 风闸联动装置 damper motor 风闸马达 damping mat 阻尼垫 dangerous earth potential 危险性对地电势dashpot 减震器 data transmission 数据传输 DC/AC converter 直流电／交流电转换器dead 不带电 dead weight 自重 decanter 沉淀分取器 declaration of conformity 符合规范声明decommissioning 解除运作；停止运作decompression chamber 减压室 decorative lighting 装饰照明；灯饰 deep bore well pump 深钻井泵 defect liability period 故障修理责任期；保用期defectograph 钢缆探伤仪；故障检查仪defence in depth 纵深防御 definite sequence 固定次序 deflection 偏转；挠度 deflector sheave 折向轮；导向轮 defrost timer 防霜时间掣 defrost unit 溶雪组合dehumidifier 抽湿机 deleterious substance 有害物质 delivery and return air temperature 送风及回风温度 delivery connection 出油接头 delivery pressure 输出压力 demand side management 用电需求经管demand side management agreement 用电需求经管协议 demand side management programme 用电需求经管计划 dent 凹痕 dental instrument 牙科仪器 dental scaler 洗牙具 Departmental Administration Division [Electrical and Mechanical Services Department] 行政部〔机电工程署〕 Departmental Safety Unit [Electrical and Mechanical Services Department] 部门安全组〔机电工程署〕 deposition 沉积物 depth measuring facility 深度测量装置derating factor 额定值降低因子 derust 除锈 descale 清除氧化皮 design current 设计电流 design parameter 设计参数 designated employee 指定雇员 detachable grip 可拆除的夹扣 Details of Branch Offices of Registered Electrical Contractors 注册电业承办商分行详情申报 deterioration 变质；变坏 Deutsche Industrie Normen [DIN] 德国工业规范 device 器件；装置 dewatering 脱水；排水 diaphragm 膜片；隔板 dielectric strength test 电介质强度测试 diesel fuel tank 柴油燃料缸 diesel oil 柴油 differential gasket 差速器衬垫 differential lock 差速器锁 differential oil 差速器机油

光伏行业英文词汇

太阳电池 solar cell 通常是指将太阳光能直接转换成电能的一种器件。 硅太阳电池silicon solar cell 硅太阳电池是以硅为基体材料的太阳电池。 单晶硅太阳电池single crystalline silicon solar cell 单晶硅太阳电池是以单晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。非晶硅太阳电池（a—si太阳电池）amorphous silicon solar cell 用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池称为非晶硅太阳电池，亦称无定形硅太阳电池，简称a—si太阳电池。 多晶硅太阳电池polycrystalline silicon solar cell 多晶硅太阳电池是以多晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。 聚光太阳电池组件photovoltaic concentrator module 系指组成聚光太阳电池，方阵的中间组合体，由聚光器、太阳电池、散热器、互连引线和壳体等组成。 电池温度cell temperature 系指太阳电池中P-n结的温度。 太阳电池组件表面温度solar cell module surface temperature 系指太阳电池组件背表面的温度。 大气质量（AM）Air Mass (AM) 直射阳光光束透过大气层所通过的路程，以直射太阳光束从天顶到达海平面所通过的路程的倍数来表示。太阳高度角 solar 太阳高度角 solar elevation angle 太阳光线与观测点处水平面的夹角，称为该观测点的太阳高度角。 辐照度 irradiance 系指照射到单位表面积上的辐射功率（W/m2）。 总辐照（总的太阳辐照）total irradiation (total insolation) 在一段规定的时间内，（根据具体情况而定为每小时，每天、每周、每月、每年）照射到某个倾斜表面的单位面积上的太阳辐照。 直射辐照度direct irradiance 照射到单位面积上的，来自太阳圆盘及其周围对照射点所张的圆锥半顶角为8o的天空辐射功率。 散射辐照度diffuse irradiance 除去直射太阳辐照的贡献外，来自整个天空，照射到单位面积上的辐射功率。 太阳常数solar constant 在地球的大气层外，太阳在单位时间内投射到距太阳平均日地距离处垂直于射线方向的单位面积上的全部辐射能，称为太阳常数，常用毫瓦/厘米2或瓦/米2来表示。 环境温度ambient temperature 是光伏发电器周围空气的温度。在一个通风而能避开阳光，天空和地面辐射的箱体内测量。

常用工程英语词汇

常用工程英语词汇 Construction Site 建筑工地 Apologize for any inconvenience caused during building operation 对施工期间带来的不便表示歉意。 Danger of death. Keep out. 生命危险，严禁入内。 Danger，building site, keep out 工地危险，禁止入内。 Danger，evacuation 危险,请走开 Dangerous structure, this bridge is unsafe 危险结构，该桥不安全。 Hot work in progress 正在施工 No persons allowed beyond this point 任何人不许越过此处。 Safety footwear.穿安全靴 Safety helmets must be worn on this site 此工地必须戴安全帽。 Site entrance, dangerous 工地入口，危险 Slow, site entrance 工地入口请慢行 This button has been moved for remedial work 该按钮已卸下拿去修理。 This is just for construction personnel 仅供施工人员使用。 This lift is only for construction personal 此电梯仅供施工人员使用。 This work will be completed by the end of this year. Thank you fo r your patience during the inevitable disruption 此工程于年底完工，感谢你施工期间的宽容大度。 We apologize for any inconvenience caused during this works 对施工期间引起的不便表示歉意。 Working overhead 上面在施工

光伏常用英文单词

附录B:峰值日照时数计算方法 式中：是一段时间的峰值日照时数，Q是一段时间的总辐射吧暴辐量，1000W/m指的是太阳电池的标准官员测试条件；Q在气象站的测量单位是MJ/m2,1kwh/m=3.6MJ/m. 附录C:倾斜面太阳能总辐射量计算方法 从气象站得到的资料，均为水平面上的太阳辐射量，需要换算成光伏阵列倾斜面的辐射量才能进行发电量的计算。 假定散射和地面反射是各向同性的，参考Klein(1977)的计算方法，倾斜面上的太阳总辐射月暴辐量计算公式为：

式中QS,DS ,SS , RS 分别是倾斜面上的总辐射、间接辐射、散射辐射和反射辐射月曝辐量：QH ,DH , SH 分别是水平面上的总辐射、直接辐射和散射辐射月曝辐量：Rb 是倾斜面与水平面上的日太阳直接辐射曝辐量之比的月平均值；？是纬度，?是倾斜面与水平面之间的夹角（倾角）， 是各月代表日的太阳赤纬，是各月代表日的日落时角，这四个量的单位均为角度， 各月代表日的选择见表2；是月平均地表反照率，典型下垫面的地表反照率如表3所示。 注：各月代表日的选择参考杨金换等《太阳能光伏发电应用技术》(电子工业出版社，2009，P27);各代表日的赤纬角引自中国气象局《地面气象观测规范》（气象出版社，2003，P140）.

光伏常用英文单词 晶体ingot 生长炉p*不良词语*ler 更换砂浆slurry exchange 断线wire break 热场hot zone 石英quarts 加热器heater 电极electrode 搀杂剂dopant 泵pump 维修保养maintenance 电机motor 籽晶seed 真空vacuumm 阀门valve 过滤器filter 温度temperature 湿度humidity 参数parameter 电阻率resistivity 报警alarm 警告warning 熔化alarm 分段cropping 开方squaring 切片slicing 寿命lifetime 切削液glycol 成品率yield 密度density 张力tension 直径diameter 可编程programmable 电压voltage 频率frequency 石墨坩埚graphite crucible 头尾tops & tails 工艺手册process manual 操作面板operation panel 排气air exhaust 液压系统hydra*不良词语*ic system 可编程控制器PLC 水流water flow 电气柜electric cabinet 冷却水cooling water 纲线速度wire speed 热交换器heat exchanger 进给启始终止位feed start / end position 总厚度差异TTV 工件夹具workp*不良词语*e holder 切割进给速度cutting feed rate 导轮wire guide rooll 压缩空气compressed air 工作台workp*不良词语*e fixation table 固定/活动轴承fixed / mobile bearing 触摸屏touch screen

常用工程英语词汇详解

PO，Purchase order,采购订单 TBE，To be executed,待执行or Technic bidding evaluation 技术标评价ANSI=American national standard insititute 美国标准化组织 AMSE=American society of Mechanical Engineers 美国机械工业工程协会 BWD=ButtWeld 对焊 SWF=Female socketwelding 内承插 TVB=Pipe or tube 管子 VENT=open to vent 放空口 SCF=Screwed Female 内螺纹 SCM=Screwed Male 外螺纹 SWM=Male Socketwelding 外承插焊 DP=Damper 风门 EJ=Expation Joint 膨胀节 FH=Flanged Hose 法兰连接软管 HC=Hose Coupling 软管活接头 RO=Restrict Orifice 限流孔板 RP=Rupture Plate 爆破板 RV=relief Valve 减压阀 SG=Sight Glass 视镜 SS=Safety shower & Eye Washer 安全淋浴洗眼器 ST=Steam Trap 疏水阀 STR=Strainer 过滤器 SV=Safety Valve 安全阀

TS=Temporary Strainer 临时过滤器 SL=Silencer 消音器 SP=Special Items 特殊管件 SY=Stack Yard 渣场 ESD=Emergency Shutdown System 紧急停车系统 DW=feeD Water 生活水 WFR=Fresh Water 新鲜水 FW=Fire protection Water 消防水 OD=Oiled Drain 含油废水 SD=Sewerage Drain 污水 CWSU=Cooling Water Supply 冷却循环给水 CWRT=Cooling Water Return 冷却循环回水 PA=Phoshoric Acid 磷酸 SO=seal oil 密封油 UR=urea 尿素 AA=Atmospheric Air FL=Flare gas 火炬气体 FLG=Flue Gas 烟道气 FG=Fuel GAS 燃料气 OFR=For Review 供审查 OFA=For Approval 供批准 ACF=Advancede Certified Final Drawing 最终确定版图纸

一生最常用的英文单词

a able about above action add advance afraid after again against age agree air airplane all almost along already also although always am amount and anger angry animal another answer any appear apple April are army around arrive art article as ask at attempt August aunt away baby back bad bag ball bank banker basket battle bay be bear beauty because become bed been before began begin behind being believe bell belong below beside best better between beyond bicycle big bird black blood blow blue board boat body bone book born borrow both bottle box boy branch brand bread break bridge bright bring broke broken brought brown bug build building built burn bus business busy but butter buy by cake call came can can't captain car care carry case catch caught cause cent century chair chance change character charge chief child childhood children choose church cigarette circle city class classroom clean clear clock close cloth clothes cloud coat cold college color come command company complete condition consider considerab le contain continue control cook corn cost could count country course cover cross crowd cry cup cut daily dance dark date daughter day dead deal dear December decide deep degree delight demand desire destroy device did die difference different difficult dig dinner direct discount dish distance distant dive divide do doctor does dog doll dollar done don't door double doubt down dream dress dried drink drive drop dry duck during dust duty each ear early earth east easy eat edge effort egg eight either electric electricity else embrace end enemy